Um dos principais problemas no emprego do biodiesel como combustível de automóveis é a corrosão que ele pode provocar nos motores, devido à facilidade com que pode degradar. A natureza corrosiva do biodiesel é relacionada com a presença de água, ácidos graxos livres, ions metálicos, impurezas, a incidência da luz, a temperatura e a presença de insaturações na cadeia de alquil ésteres. Na atualidade existem poucos trabalhos na literatura sobre a corrosão dos metais em contato com biodiesel e a maioria deles têm um enfoque mais qualitativo que quantitativo. O maior desafio para avaliar a corrosividade do biodiesel mediante técnicas eletroquímicas é sua baixa condutividade. A espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) é uma técnica sensível que tem sido empregada para estudar meios resistivos como o etanol, por muitos anos. No entanto, os experimentos são difíceis assim como a análise dos resultados, principalmente pelo desenvolvimento da queda ôhmica no meio, devido à alta resistividade do meio ao fluxo da corrente elétrica. Os microeletrodos têm sido empregados em várias pesquisas em eletroquímica e têm apresentado algumas vantagens com respeito aos eletrodos de tamanhos convencionais. O principal benefício é a redução da queda ôhmica em meios resistivos, devido às baixas correntes registradas. No presente trabalho foi avaliada a corrosão do cobre e do aço inoxidável, os quais se encontram presentes no circuito de combustível dos motores, quando entram em contato com o biodiesel obtido a partir do óleo de soja (B100) e etanol. A avaliação foi feita mediante técnicas eletroquímicas com auxilio dos microeletrodos clássicos e na forma de arranjos (de 25 m de diâmetro), sem adição de eletrólito suporte. Adicionalmente, os resultados foram correlacionados com as mudanças nas propriedades fisicoquímicas do biodiesel (viscosidade, teor de água, teor de acidez e estabilidade oxidativa) e com ensaios gravimétricos segundo a norma ASTM G31. Os ensaios de impedância eletroquímica com os microeletrodos clássicos e os arranjos de microeletrodos mostraram duas constantes de tempo e foi possível demostrar que a constante em altas frequências está relacionada com a qualidade do biodiesel, enquanto que a constante nas baixas frequências é uma resposta da interface metal-biodiesel. A viscosidade e o teor de umidade aumentaram com a degradação do biodiesel e a estabilidade oxidativa diminuiu na mesma proporção independentemente do metal que estava em contato com o biocombustível. A presença de defeitos nos arranjos de microeletrodos obtidos por fotolitografia é um problema importante e é preciso estar sempre atento para evitar resultados equivocados. A voltametria cíclica se mostrou como técnica quantitativa para caracterizar e controlar a área exposta dos microeletrodos simples e em arranjos. Finalmente se corroborou com os ensaios eletroquímicos, a maior velocidade de corrosão para o cobre obtida nos ensaios gravimétricos, comparada à do aço inoxidável. / One of the most relevant aspects related with the use of biodiesel in automobile motors is its corrosivity, due to its susceptibility to oxidation reactions. The corrosive nature of biodiesel is related with the presence of water, free fatty acids, metallic ions, impurities, incidence of light, temperature, as well as the insaturation degree of the main chain of the alkyl esters. Currently there are few works in literature about corrosion of metals in contact with biodiesel, and most of them have more a qualitative than a quantitative focus. The main issue for electrochemical studies in biodiesel is its low conductivity. Electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive technique that has been used for studying resistive media like ethanol for many years. However the experiments are difficult and the results are complex to understand, mainly because of the ohmic drop developed in this media due to the inherent solution resistance to the flow of electrical current. Microelectrodes have been used in many researches in electrochemistry showing some advantages with respect to conventional electrodes. The principal benefit is the reduction of the ohmic drop in resistive media, due to its negligible value when small currents are registered. In this work corrosiveness of copper and stainless steel which are present in fuel circuit of an automobile motor was evaluated when they come in contact with biodiesel, obtained from soybean oil and ethanol (B100). The evaluation was made using classic microelectrodes and arrays of microelectrodes (25m diameter) without addition of supporting electrolyte. Aditionally the results were correlated with the changes in biodiesel physicochemical properties (viscosity, water content, acid number and oxidation stability) and weight loss tests according to ASTM G31. The electrochemical results with classic microeletrodes and arrays of microelectrodes showed two time constants and it was demonstrated that the time constant at high frequencies is related with biodiesel quality, while the time constant at low frequencies is due to the response of metal-biodiesel interface. The viscosity and water content increased with biodiesel degradation and oxidation stability decrease in the same proportion independently of the metal in contact with biofuel. The presence of defects in the microelectrodes arrays obtained by photolitography is an important issue and the researcher must be atempt to them to avoid equivocated results. Cyclic voltammetry has shown to be a useful technique to characterize and control the exposed are in microlectrodes and their arrays. Finally, the electrochemical measurements corroborate the higher corrosion rate for copper obtained from weight loss tests compaired to corrosion rate for stainless steel.

A corrosão provocada pelo biodiesel é um problema relevante associado à incompatibilidade do biodiesel com diversos materiais metálicos e poliméricos, sendo de suma importância quanto à durabilidade dos motores automotivos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a corrosividade do biodiesel sobre os metais presentes no circuito de combustível dos motores que trabalham segundo o ciclo diesel aplicando técnicas gravimétricas e eletroquímicas. Todos os ensaios foram realizados em biodiesel puro obtido pela reação de transesterificação do óleo de soja refinado com etanol na presença de um catalisador alcalino. Foi avaliada a influência de dois métodos de purificação na corrosividade do biodiesel. A corrosividade do biodiesel e a degradação após contato com os íons metálicos foram avaliadas bem como em função da incidência de luz natural, temperatura e disponibilidade de oxigênio. Os resultados foram comparados com um biodiesel comercial fornecido pela Petrobrás. Ensaios de perda de massa segundo as normas ASTM G1 e ASTM G31 foram realizados para determinar a taxa de corrosão para cada metal nas diferentes condições de incidência de luz e temperatura. Na caracterização eletroquímica foi empregada a técnica de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica para avaliar o comportamento de corrosão dos metais em contato com o biodiesel puro, sem adição de eletrólito suporte. A qualidade do biodiesel e a degradação após contato com metais foram avaliadas pelas medidas do teor de água, teor de ácidos livres, viscosidade e estabilidade à oxidação a 110 °C. Além disso, foram empregadas na caracterização química do biodiesel a cromatografia gasosa associada à espectrometria de massas, a espectroscopia vibracional Raman e a fluorescência de Raios-X. Alguns produtos de corrosão foram caracterizados por difração de Raios-X. Os resultados dos testes de imersão segundo ASTM G1 mostraram que a perda de espessura é levemente maior quando há incidência de luz e estes valores diminuem significativamente quando o biodiesel é exposto à alta temperatura em atmosfera natural de oxigênio. A inibição da corrosão provocada em temperatura mais elevada quando o biodiesel é exposto em atmosfera natural de oxigênio deve-se à redução da solubilidade de oxigênio no biodiesel provocada pela temperatura mais elevada. Os resultados dos testes segundo a ASTM G31 indicaram que o borbulhamento de ar que favorece a reposição constante de oxigênio no meio, favorece o aumento da velocidade de corrosão, afetando principalmente os metais parcial ou totalmente imersos em biodiesel. Os testes de imersão realizados nas diferentes condições de luz, temperatura e oxigênio permitiram concluir que a corrosividade do biodiesel e a resistência à corrosão apresentada pelos metais dependem de um conjunto de variáveis os quais incluem a composição do biodiesel (matéria prima empregada na sua obtenção), grau de purificação do biodiesel somado ao efeito provocado pelo conjunto de fatores externos, tais como, incidência da luz, calor, presença de íons metálicos e oxigênio. Os ensaios eletroquímicos por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica permitiram usar uma célula de condutividade com eletrodos de platina como sensor da qualidade do biodiesel, mas os resultados com dois eletrodos iguais e com grande área não permitiram quantificar a corrosividade do biodiesel, apenas a qualidade do biodiesel. Os poucos resultados com microeletrodo de platina indicaram a possibilidade de uso dessa técnica para avaliar os fenômenos na interface metal/biodiesel. / Corrosion caused by biodiesel is a relevant issue regarding the problem of biodiesel compatibility with various metallic and polymeric materials, which is extremely important to assure durability of engines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the corrosiveness of the biodiesel on the metals commonly encountered in the automotive fuel system in diesel engine by gravimetric and electrochemical techniques. The influence of two purification methods was investigated. The biodiesel corrosiveness and degradations after the contact with metallic ions were also evaluated in relation to the influence of natural light incidence, temperature and oxygen availability. The results were compared with a commercial biodiesel supplied by Petrobras. Immersion tests according to ASTM G1 and ASTM G31 standards were performed to determine the corrosion rate for each metal at different conditions. The electrochemical characterization was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the metals corrosion behavior in contact with pure biodiesel, without addition of supporting electrolyte. The biodiesel quality and degradation after contact with metals were evaluated by assessing water content, viscosity and oxidation stability at 110 °C. In addition, the vibrational Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence were also performed. Some of the corrosion products were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results of ASTM G1 tests showed that the thickness loss for metals determined at room temperature is slightly higher when there is light incidence and these values significantly decrease for the highest temperature at low availability of oxygen. The main conclusion is that the significant reduction in corrosion rate when the biodiesel is exposed to high temperature (heat) in a natural atmosphere of oxygen (ASTM G1) should be assigned to the impressive decrease of oxygen solubility caused by high temperature. The results of ASTM G31 tests indicated that air bubbling along with higher temperature affects mostly partial or totally immersed samples. The increase of corrosion rate evidenced by the weight loss measurements according to ASTM G31 for different metals is attributed to the effect of high concentration of dissolved oxygen. The immersion tests showed that biodiesel corrosiviness as well as corrosion resistance presented by metals depends on a set of variables including composition (dependent on feedstock), biodiesel purity summed to external factors like incidence of light, heat, oxygen and presence of metallic ions. The degradation of biodiesel is strongly affected by heat, light and presence of metallic ions as evidenced by the increase in water content and viscosity as reduction in induction period and Raman peaks intensity decrease for assigned double bonds. The electrochemical characterization by EIS allowed finding that a classical conductivity cell can be used as an interesting quality of sensor for biodiesel quality, but the results with two similar electrodes and big exposed area could not evaluate the biodiesel corrosiveness. The potenciostatic tests performed for copper and carbon steel indicated that it is possible to evaluate both metals corrosion behavior in biodiesel and this is promising technique for this purpose and needs deeper investigation. The few results with a platinum microelectrode have indicated the possibility of using the technique to assess the metal/biodiesel interface phenomena.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-17T13:06:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Giselle BANCA.pdf: 2438394 bytes, checksum: 8b3d0cc9d7991a7ac011cdf4cdccabaf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T13:06:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Giselle BANCA.pdf: 2438394 bytes, checksum: 8b3d0cc9d7991a7ac011cdf4cdccabaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / FACEPE / A esquistossomose é um sério problema de saúde pública, é uma doença negligenciada e intimamente relacionada com baixos índices de desenvolvimento social. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma detecção eletroquímica de DNA Schistosoma mansoni com base em uma monocamada auto-montada de ácido mercaptobenzóico (MBA) imobilizando nanoestruturas compostas por nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) e nanopartículas de magnetita (Fe3O4_NPs). Espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) e voltametria cíclica (CV) foram utilizadas para monitorar o evento de bioreconhecimento do sistema de MBA-Fe3O4_NPs-AuNPs-DNAsonda revela uma resposta eletroquímica eficaz indicando a modificação da superfície. O biosistema proposto foi capaz de reconhecer sequências de nucleótidos específica de S. mansoni presente em amostras de soro e líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) em diferentes concentrações de DNA do genoma. O resultado do bioreconhecimento gerou um aumento na resistência de transferência de elétrons e uma diminuição dos picos de corrente em concentrações de DNA durante as medições eletroquímicas. A plataforma desenvolvida mostrou um limite de detecção do DNA de 0,781 e 0,685 pg.μL- 1 para soro e LCR respectivamente. Portanto, o biossensor obtido pode ser considerado como um instrumento útil para a detecção especifica de S. mansoni em baixas concentrações em vários fluidos biológicos. / Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease closely related to the low levels of social development and a serious public health problem. In this work, we performed an electrochemical detection of Schistosoma mansoni DNA with a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) immobilizing nanostructures composed by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4_NPs). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) were used to monitor the biorecognition event. MBA-Fe3O4_NPs-AuNPs-DNAprobe system reveals an effective electrochemical response indicating the surface modification. The proposed biosystem was capable to recognize specific nucleotide sequence of S. mansoni present in cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) serum samples at different genome DNA concentrations. The biorecognition results in an increase in the electron transfer resistance and a decrease of the current peaks at higher DNA concentrations during electrochemical measurements. The developed platform showed a DNA detection limit of 0.781 and 0.685 pg.μL- 1 for serum and CFS, respectively. Therefore, the obtained biosensor can be considered as a useful tool for specific detection of S. mansoni at low concentrations in various biological fluids.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho descreve uma proposiÃÃo mecanÃstica para a deposiÃÃo de cÃdmio em meio de sulfato Ãcido sobre substrato de platina utilizando tÃcnicas eletroquÃmicas. Os estudos de eletrodeposiÃÃo de cÃdmio foram feitas em meio de sulfato de sÃdio 1 mol Lâ1 contendo 10â2 mol Lâ1 de sulfato de cÃdmio, em que o pH das soluÃÃes foi ajustado com Ãcido sulfÃrico PA. O intervalo de pH das soluÃÃes de trabalho foi variado entre 1 e 3. Em todos os meios estudados, as curvas de polarizaÃÃo potenciostÃtica mostraram a formaÃÃo de um patamar difusional que obedece a equaÃÃo de Levich. Os estudos de pH local revelaram a influÃncia do equilÃbrio Ãcidoâbase do Ãon bissulfato com formaÃÃo de compostos de coordenaÃÃo Cd(HSO4)+ no eletrodo de platina. PropÃe-se que o Ãon cÃdmio, associado ao equilÃbrio Ãcidoâbase do Ãon bissulfato, deposita como bissulfato de cÃdmio numa etapa irreversÃvel, e seguida pela deposiÃÃo de cÃdmio metÃlico reversÃvel com a saÃda do Ãon bissulfato, sendo esta Ãltima etapa mais lenta que a primeira. Desse modo, foi calculado um modelo matemÃtico para o mecanismo proposto, sendo realizados estudos qualitativos em relaÃÃo ao comportamento da curva de polarizaÃÃo e do espectro de impedÃncia eletroquÃmica / This work describes a mechanistical proposition for cadmium electrodeposition in acid sulfate medium on platinum substrate using electrochemical techniques. The cadmium electrodeposition studies were carried in sodium sulfate 1 mol Lâ1 medium containing cadmium sulfate 10â2 mol Lâ1, which the pH of the solutions were adjusted with analytical grade sulfuric acid. The pH interval of the work solutions were ranged between 1 and 3. In all studied medium, the potentiostatic polarization curves showed a diffusional plateau which obeys the Levich equation. The interfacial pH studies showed the influence of acidâbase equilibrium of bisulfate ion with the formation of a coordination compound Cd(HSO4)+ in platinum electrode. It is proposed that the cadmium ion associated in acidâbase equilibrium of bisulfate ion, deposits as cadmium bisulfate at an irreversible step, and followed by a reversible metallic deposition of cadmium with the leaving of bisulfate ion, and this step is slower than the first one. Then, a mathematical model was calculated for the mechanism proposed, and qualitative studies were carried regarding to the polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy behavior

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO JOSE RODRIGUES DELFINO.pdf: 1176188 bytes, checksum: f5f37c5f597e0393d23bfcfc6e7abeec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-10 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The moisture in biodiesel is an important parameter that should be monitored to ensure the final quality of the biofuel. We have developed a new and alternative method for determination of this parameter in biodiesel by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The method is based on the variation of the resistance to charge transfer medium depending on the amount of water in the biodiesel as a treatment of the sample using a simple dilution of samples of biodiesel in acetonitrile. Operating parameters optimized for the quantification of water content by electrochemical impedance were: 10 mV amplitude, time OCP = 20s, frequency range 10⁶ to 10ˉ¹ Hz and points per frequency decade = 10. In optimized conditions was obtained a good linear correlation between the resistivity of the medium and the water content, which allowed the determination of this parameter on samples of biodiesel. A substantial change in charge transfer resistance was observed with the additions of water in the sample solution, confirming the viability of the analytical method under study. The procedure was applied to samples of biodiesel and statistically validated, the results were considered satisfactory. The accuracy of the method was checked by recovery tests (ranging from 96.15% to 102.69%), and also application of Student's t-test, with concordant results, as there was no significant difference between the averages obtained by this method (Sample1 = 460.6 mg kgˉ¹ and Sample2 = 512.7 mg kgˉ¹) and the average obtained by the official method, Norma ANP 14/12 (Sample1 = 486.8 mg kgˉ¹ and Sample2 = 540,6 mg kgˉ¹) for a confidence level of 95%. The precision showed a coefficient of variation less than 5%. Average detection limits of 1.77 mg kgˉ¹for the samples proved the good sensitivity (10.1 Ω/cm2.Kg.mgˉ¹) of the proposed method. The values obtained for water content of the samples were between 270.3 ± 3.4 mg kgˉ¹ and 540.6 ± 12.9 mg kgˉ¹ for the water content in the samples of biodiesel certified by the program interlaboratory ANP. / A umidade em biodiesel é um importante parâmetro que deve ser monitorado para garantia da qualidade final do biocombustível. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo e alternativo método para determinação desse parâmetro em biodiesel por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. O método baseia-se na variação da resistência a transferência de carga do meio em função da quantidade de água no biodiesel, usando como tratamento da amostra uma simples diluição das amostras de biodiesel em acetonitrila. Os parâmetros operacionais otimizados para a quantificação do teor de água por impedância eletroquímica foram: amplitude 10 mV, tempo em potencial de circuito aberto = 20s, faixa de frequência 10⁶ a 10ˉ¹ Hz e pontos por década = 10. Em condições otimizadas obteve-se uma boa correlação linear entre a resistividade do meio e o teor de água, a qual permitiu a determinação desse parâmetro nas amostras de biodiesel. Uma sensível variação da resistência de transferência de carga foi verificada com as adições de água na solução da amostra, confirmando a viabilidade analítica do método em estudo. O procedimento foi aplicado a amostras de biodiesel e validado estatisticamente, cujos resultados foram considerados satisfatórios. A exatidão do método foi verificada através de testes de recuperação (que variaram entre 96,15% e 102,69%), e também com aplicação do Teste-t de Student, com resultados concordantes, pois não houve diferença significativa entre as medias obtidas pelo presente método (Amostra1 = 460,6 mg Kgˉ¹ e Amostra2 = 512,7 mg Kgˉ¹) e a média obtida pelo método oficial, Norma ANP 14/12 (Amostra1 = 486,8 mg Kgˉ¹ e Amostra2 = 540,6 mg Kgˉ¹) para um nível de confiança de 95%. A precisão apresentou um coeficiente de variação inferior a 5%. Limites de detecção médio de 1,77 mg Kgˉ¹ para as amostras analisadas, comprovaram a boa sensibilidade (10,1 Ω/cm2.Kg.mgˉ¹) do método proposto. Os valores de teor de água obtidos para as amostras analisadas situaram-se entre 270,3 ± 3,4 mg Kgˉ¹ e 540,6±12,9 mg Kgˉ¹ para o teor de água nas amostras de biodiesel certificadas pelo programa interlaboratorial da ANP.

Orientador: Celia Marina de Alvarenga Freire / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe_AugustaMariaPaulainFerreira_D.pdf: 5466222 bytes, checksum: 02a424089af5fbce85c2746574716881 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: As características das latas em folha-de-flandres utilizadas no acondicionamento da polpa de cupuaçu foram estudadas com o objetivo de avaliar a interação produto/embalagem uma vez que, este fruto apresenta elevada acidez e por sua produção ser expressiva na Amazônia torna-se necessário a avaliação dos fatores que possam indicar a adequação deste tipo de embalagem à polpa. A lata em folha-de-flandres apresenta vantagens de uso tais como baixo peso, hermeticidade, boa resistência mecânica, praticidade, conveniência de transporte e utilização pelo consumidor. No entanto, a ocorrência de interações entre o material da lata e o produto pode causar perda de qualidade e perda de propriedades físicas e mecânicas da lata. A técnica de Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica foi aplicada para verificar os aspectos da interação embalagem e produto durante o período de estocagem de 300 dias a temperatura de 32º C. Foram analisadas as características físicas das embalagens, assim como os teores de ferro e estanho dissolvidos, propriedades físico-químicas microbiológicas e sensoriais no produto. Os resultados mostraram que a associação da técnica de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, espectrometria de emissão atômica microscopia de varredura e as demais utilizadas, proporcionaram um entendimento quanto ao desempenho do verniz utilizado, sugerindo que, a aplicação do verniz na região de solda do corpo das embalagens constituiu-se em um fator determinante para a perda das características protetivas do revestimento. / Abstract: The characteristics of the tinplate cans used in the packaging of cupuaçu pulp, were studied aiming the evaluation of the interaction product/packaging, provided that this fruit has high acidity and its has a massive production in the Amazon region, it becomes necessary the evaluation of the factors that may indicate the adequacy of this type of packaging to the pulp. The tinplate can has advantages in usage such as low weight, hermeticism, high mechanical strength, practicality, and transport and customer-usage conveniences. However, the occurrence of interactions between the product and the can material may cause quality loss of the product, besides physical and mechanical properties loss of the can. The technique of electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy was applied to verify aspects of the interaction between the package and product during a 300-day storage period at a temperature of 32o C. Physical characteristics of the cans, levels of dissolved iron and tin, besides physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of the product were analyzed. The results showed that the combination of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique, atomic emission spectrometry, scanning microscopy and other used provided an understanding on the performance of the varnish used, suggesting that its application on the welding region of the packaging is a determinant factor to the loss of protective features of the coating. / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Les techniques non-conventionnelles de lithographie ont fait depuis deux décennies une entrée remarquée dans les sciences de l'ingénierie. Elles sont considérées aujourd'hui comme un enjeu majeur pour le développement des dispositifs. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'explorer de nouvelles voies pour la conception des micro&nanabiocapteurs en procédant à des impressions de poly(pyrrole) (PPy) à haute résolution par microtamponnage assisté par polymérisation catalytique (nanoCP-CCP) sur des substrats polymériques (poly(téréphtalate) d'éthylène (PETE), Copolymère d'oléfine cyclique (COC), polyétheréthercétone (PEEK), poly(éthylène 2,6-naphtalate (PEN) et le polyamide (PI)). Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis au point différentes techniques d'impression (greffage par impression, impression adressée et impression directe) et des conditions de polymérisation pour moduler les caractéristiques de PPy micro et nano-structurés, afin de contrôler la taille, la forme et les propriétés électriques désirées. Nous avons constaté que les paramètres les plus importants qui influent sur le processus d'impression surtout à l'échelle nanométrique sont: a) Le rapport des concentrations des réactifs pour le procédé de polymérisation qui comprend le Py-silane, nitrate d'argent (AgNO3), le chlorure du fer (III)/ le chlorure de Lithium (FeCl3/LiCl). b) Les paramètres physiques de la machine GeSIM; la pression d'impression, le niveau de contact, le temps d'encrage du tampon polydiméthylesiloxane (PDMS), et le temps d'impression. Finalement, on est arrivé à fabriquer des nanofils de PPy (PPy-NF) de 747±12,2 nm de largeur, 114±8 nm de hauteur et avec une séparation de 573±13,4 nm entre deux PPy-NF consécutifs. Ces films micro et nano-structurés ont été caractérisées par microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM), microscopie à force atomique (AFM) et spectrométrie de photon-électrons induits par rayons X (XPS). Dans une deuxième partie, on a développé des immunocapteurs à base de PPy-NF sensible aux biomarqueurs interleukine 8 et 6. Pour cela, différentes stratégies ont été adoptées pour immobiliser les anticorps spécifiques à ces deux biomarqueurs. Ces immunocapteurs ont été caractérisés par la méthode de spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique (EIS). Les résultats obtenus par rapport à la sensibilité et la sélectivité sont très satisfaisants avec des limites de détection de l'ordre de quelques pg/L pour les deux immunocapteurs développés / Non-conventional lithography techniques have made for the two last decades a huge impact in the engineering sciences. They are now regarded as a main challenge for the development of the devices. The objective of this thesis is to explore new alternative possibilities for designing micro & nano biosensors based on poly(pyrrole) (PPy) high resolution microprinting attended by catalytic polymerization (nanoCP-CCP) on substrates Polymer (poly (terephthalate) ethylene (PETE), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), poly (ethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN), and polyamide (PI)). In a first step We have developed various printing techniques (grafting printing, addressed printing and direct printing) and polymerization conditions to modulate the characteristics of PPy micro and nano-structured in order to control the size, shape and Electrical desired properties. We found that the most important parameters that affect the printing process especially at the nanoscale are: a.) The ratio of the concentrations of reagents for the polymerization process which includes the Py-silane, nitrate silver (AgNO3), iron chloride (III) / lithium chloride (FeCl3 / LiCl). b) The physical parameters of the GeSIM machine; the printing pressure, contact level, the inking time stamp of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and printing time. Finally, we got to manufacture PPy nanowires (PPy-NW) 747 ± 12.2 nm wide, 114 ± 8 nm in height and with a separation of 573 ± 13.4 nm between two consecutive PPy-NW. These micro and nano-structured films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron-photon spectroscopy induced by X-rays (XPS). In the second part, we have developed a PPy-NW-based immunosensors sensitive to interleukin 8 and 6 biomarkers. For this, different strategies have been adopted to immobilize antibodies specific to these two biomarkers. These immunosensors were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method (EIS). The results obtained in relation to the sensitivity and selectivity are very satisfactory with the security detection limits of a few pg / L for both developed immunosensors

Le présent travail de thèse porte sur la synthèse chimique de matériaux nanostructurés inorganique et organique utilisés comme matériaux d’électrodes pour le stockage de l’énergie. L’objectif de la première partie de cette thèse a été d’optimiser les conditions expérimentales de la synthèse chimique de la variété cristallographique γ-MnO2, reconnue comme la plus réactive, afin d’étudier ses performances électrochimiques comme matériau de batterie dans le milieu KOH 1 M. Les résultats de la caractérisation des poudres de MnO2 synthétisées à différentes conditions (température de synthèse, durée de synthèse et identité d’oxydant) sont présentés dans le chapitre III. L’étude de la réactivité électrochimique dans KOH 1 M des poudres de MnO2 a été réalisée par voltampérométrie cyclique et impédance électrochimique à l’aide de la microélectrode à cavité et les résultats sont présentés dans le chapitre IV. Ces derniers montrent que la variété cristallographique γ-MnO2 synthétisée par oxydation des ions Mn2+ par Na2S2O8 à 90°C pendant 24 h est la plus réactive par rapport aux autres variétés synthétisées.La deuxième partie de cette thèse porte sur l’utilisation de la poudre de γ-MnO2 ainsi synthétisée comme agent d’oxydation, grâce à ses propriétés oxydantes vis-à-vis du monomère pyrrole, et comme template sacrificiel, grâce à sa structure nanométrique, pour la production de poudres de polypyrrole envisagées comme matériaux d’électrode de supercondensateur pour l’amélioration de la performance capacitive d’un carbone activé. Dans le chapitre V sont exposés les résultats de la caractérisation du polypyrrole nanostructuré synthétisé par le γ-MnO2 à différentes conditions (durée de polymérisation, pH du milieu de synthèse et la morphologie du MnO2). Le mécanisme réactionnel de polymérisation a été étudié par les méthodes de complexation et de voltampérométrie cyclique. Les résultats de l’étude électrochimique réalisée par voltampérométrie cyclique et impédance électrochimique à l’aide d’un dispositif de type Swagelok sont présentés dans le chapitre VI. Ces résultats montrent que l’ajout de la poudre de polypyrrole nanostructuré améliore la performance capacitive du carbone activé. / The present thesis deals with the chemical synthesis of nanostructured inorganic and organic materials used as electrode materials for energy storage. The aim of the first part of this thesis was to optimize the experimental conditions of the chemical synthesis of the crystallographic variety γ-MnO2, recognised as the most reactive form, in order to study its electrochemical performance as a battery material in the medium KOH 1 M. The results of the characterization of MnO2 powders synthesized at different conditions (synthesis temperature, synthesis time and oxidant identity) are presented in chapter III. The study of the electrochemical reactivity of the synthesized MnO2 powders in KOH 1 M was realised by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance using a cavity microelectrode. The results presented in the chapter IV show that the crystallographic variety γ-MnO2 synthesized by Mn2+ ions oxidation by Na2S2O8 at 90°C for 24 h is the most reactive form comparatively with other synthesized powders. The second part of this thesis deals with the use of synthesized γ-MnO2 powder as oxidizing agent, due to its oxidizing properties towards pyrrole monomer, and sacrificial template, due to its nanometric structure, for the production of polypyrrole powders envisaged as electrode material in supercapacitors for the improvement of the capacitive performance of activated carbon. The chapter V exposes the results of the chemical synthesis of nanostructured polypyrrole synthesized by γ-MnO2 at different conditions (polymerization time, pH of the synthesis medium and the morphology of MnO2). The reaction mechanism was studied by complexation and cyclic voltammetry. The results of the electrochemical study realized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance, carried out with the help of a Swagelok device, are presented in chapter VI. These studies showed that adding nanostructured polypyrrole powder improves the capacitive performance of the activated carbon.

In this thesis different materials have been developed to use them in electrochemical cells. The electrochemical cells studied can be divided into two material big groups: solids oxides and acid salts materials. In the first group, materials to use them in electrodes for fuel cells an electrolyzer based on oxygen ion conductor electrolytes were optimized. Pertaining to this group, the influence of doping the Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d perovskite with 3% of Y, Zr and Sc in B position (ABO3-d) was checked. That optimization could reduce the polarization resistance of electrodes and improve the stability with time. Additionally, the limiting mechanisms in the oxygen reduction reaction were determined, and the influence of CO2 containing atmospheres was checked. La2NiO4+d;, pertaining to the Ruddlesden-Popper serie, is a mixed conductor of electron and oxygen ions. This compound was doped in La position (with Nd and Pr) and in Ni position (with Co). The dopants introduced were able to produce structural change and improve the cell performance, reducing in more than one order of magnitude the La1.5Pr0.5Ni0.8Co0.2O4+d; polarization resistance respect to the reference material (La2NiO4+d). In addition, the properties of an electrode based on the pure electronic conductor, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d; (LSM), were optimized. The triple phase boundary was enlarged by the addition of a second phase with ionic conductivity. That strategy made possible to reduce the electrode polarization resistance. In order to improve the oxygen reduction reaction, the addition of different catalysts by infiltration was studied. The different infiltrated oxides changed the electrochemistry properties, being the praseodymium oxide the catalyst which made possible a reduction in two orders of magnitude the electrode polarization resistance respects to the composite without infiltration. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cell working in fuel cell and electrolyzer mode was improved. Concerning the materials selected to use as electrodes on proton conductor electrolytes, the efficiency of electrodes based on LSM was optimized by using a second phase with protonic conductivity (La5.5WO12-d) and varying the sintering temperature of the electrode. Finally, the catalytic activity of the cell was boosted by infiltrating samaria doped ceria nanoparticles, achieving higher power densities for the fuel cell. The materials pertaining to the Ruddlesden-Popper series and studied for ionic conductor electrolytes were also used for cathodes in proton conductor fuel cells. After checking the compatibility with the electrolyte material, the influence of different electrode sintering temperatures and air containing atmospheres (dry, H2O y D2O) on the cathode performance was studied. Finally, the electrochemical cells based on acid salts (CsH2PO4) were designed and optimized. In that way, different cell configurations were studied, enabling to obtain thin and dense electrolytes and active electrodes for the hydrogen reduction/oxidation reactions. The thickness of the electrolyte was reduced by using steel and nickel porous supports. Furthermore, an epoxy resin type was added to the electrolyte material to enhance the mechanical properties. The electrodes configuration was modified from pure electronic conductors to composite electrodes. Moreover, copper was selected as an alternative of the expensive platinum working at high operation pressures. The cells developed were able to work with high pressures and with high content of water steam in fuel cell and electrolyzer modes. / En la presente tesis doctoral se han desarrollado materiales para su uso en celdas electroquímicas. Las celdas electroquímicas estudiadas, se podrían separar en dos grandes grupos: materiales de óxido sólido y sales ácidas. En el primer grupo, se optimizaron materiales para su uso como electrodos en pilas de combustible y electrolizadores, basados en electrolitos con conducción puramente iónica. Dentro de este grupo, se comprobó la influencia de dopar la perovskita Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d, con un 3% de Y, Zr y Sc en la posición B (ABO3-d). Esta optimización llevó a la reducción de la resistencia de polarización así como a una mejora de la estabilidad con el tiempo. Así mismo, se determinaron los mecanismos limitantes en la reacción de reducción de oxígeno, y se comprobó la influencia de la presencia de CO2 en condiciones de operación. El La2NiO4+d perteneciente a la serie de Ruddlesden-Popper, es un conductor mixto de iones oxígeno y electrones. Éste, fue dopado tanto en la posición del La (con Nd y Pr) como en la posición del Ni (con Co). Los dopantes introducidos además de producir cambios estructurales, provocaron mejoras en el rendimiento de la celda, reduciendo para alguno de ellos, como el La1.5Pr0.5Ni0.8Co0.2O4+d, en casi un orden de magnitud la resistencia de polarización del electrodo de referencia (La2NiO4+d). De la misma manera, se optimizaron las propiedades del electrodo basado en el conductor electrónico puro La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d (LSM). La adición de una segunda fase, con conductividad iónica, permitió aumentar los puntos triples (TPB) en los que la reacción de reducción de oxígeno tiene lugar y reducir la resistencia de polarización. Con el fin de mejorar la reacción de reducción de oxígeno, se estudió la adición de nanocatalizadores mediante la técnica de infiltración. Los diferentes óxidos infiltrados produjeron el cambio de las propiedades electroquímicas del electrodo, siendo el óxido de praseodimio el catalizador que consiguió disminuir en dos órdenes de magnitud la resistencia de polarización del composite no infiltrado. De la misma manera, la mejora de la eficiencia del electrodo infiltrado con Pr, mejoró los resultados de la celda electroquímica trabajando como pila (mayores densidades de potencia) y como electrolizador (menores voltajes). En lo que respecta a los materiales seleccionados para su uso como electrodos en electrolitos con conductividad protónica, se optimizó la eficiencia del cátodo basado en LSM, mediante el uso de una segunda fase conductora protónica (La5.5WO12-d) y variando la temperatura de sinterización del electrodo. Finalmente, se mejoró la actividad catalítica mediante la infiltración de nanopartículas de ceria dopada con samario, produciendo mayores densidades de corriente de la pila de combustible. Los materiales pertenecientes a la serie de Ruddlesden-Popper y usados para cátodos en pilas iónicas, fueron empleados también para cátodos en pilas protónicas. Después de comprobar que el material electrolítico (LWO) era compatible con los compuestos de la serie de Ruddlesden-Popper, se estudió la influencia de la temperatura de sinterización de los electrodos en el rendimiento, así como de la composición de la atmosfera de aire (seca, H2O y D2O). Finalmente, se diseñó y optimizó las celdas electroquímicas basadas en sales ácidas (CsH2PO4). En este sentido, se estudiaron diferentes configuraciones de celda, que permitieran obtener un electrolito denso con el menor espesor posible y unos electrodos activos a la reacción de reducción/oxidación de hidrógeno. Se consiguió reducir el espesor del electrolito soportando la celda en discos de acero y níquel porosos. Se añadió una resina tipo epoxi al material electrolítico para aumentar sus propiedades mecánicas. De la misma manera, se cambió la configuración de los electrodos pasando por conductores electrónicos puros a electrodos compuestos por conductores / En la present tesis doctoral es van desenvolupar materials per al seu ús en cel·les electroquímiques. Les cel·les electroquímiques estudiades poden ser dividides en dos grans grups: materials d'òxid sòlid i sals àcides. En el primer grup, es van optimitzar materials per al seu ús com a elèctrodes en piles de combustible i electrolitzadors, basats en electròlits amb conducció purament iònica. Dins d'este grup, es va comprovar la influència de dopar la perovskita Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d amb un 3% de Y, Zr i Sc en la posició B (ABO3-d;). Esta optimització va portar a la reducció de la resistència de polarització així com a una millora de l'estabilitat amb el temps. Així mateix, es van determinar els mecanismes limitants en la reacció de reducció d'oxigen, i es va comprovar la influència de la presència de CO2 en condicions d'operació. El La2NiO4+d pertanyent a la sèrie de Ruddlesden-Popper, és un conductor mixt d'ions oxigen i electrons. Este, va ser dopat tant en la posició del La (amb Nd i Pr) com en la posició del Ni (amb Co). Els dopants introduïts a més de produir canvis estructurals, van provocar millores en el rendiment de la cel·la, reduint per a algun d'ells, com el La1.5Pr0.5Ni0.8Co0.2O4+d, en quasi un ordre de magnitud la resistència de polarització de l'elèctrode de referència (La2NiO4+d). De la mateixa manera, es van optimitzar les propietats de l'elèctrode basat en el conductor electrònic pur La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d (LSM). L'addició d'una segona fase, amb conductivitat iònica, va permetre augmentar els punts triples (TPB), en els que la reacció de reducció d'oxigen té lloc, i reduir la resistència de polarització. A fi de millorar la reacció de reducció d'oxigen, es va estudiar l'adició de nanocatalitzadors per mitjà de la tècnica d'infiltració. Els diferents òxids infiltrats van produir el canvi de les propietats electroquímiques de l'elèctrode, sent l'òxid de praseodimi el catalitzador que va aconseguir disminuir en dos ordres de magnitud la resistència de polarització del composite no infiltrat. De la mateixa manera, la millora de l'eficiència de l'elèctrode infiltrat amb Pr, va millorar els resultats de la cel·la electroquímica treballant com a pila (majors densitats de potència) i com a electrolitzador (menors voltatges). Pel que fa als materials seleccionats per al seu ús com a elèctrodes en electròlits amb conductivitat protònica, es va optimitzar l'eficiència del càtode basat en LSM, per mitjà de l'ús d'una segona fase conductora protònica (La5.5WO12-d;) i variant la temperatura de sinterització de l'elèctrode. Finalment, es va millorar l'activitat catalítica mitjançant la infiltració de nanopartícules de ceria dopada amb samari, produint majors densitats de corrent de la pila de combustible. Els materials pertanyents a la sèrie de Ruddlesden-Popper i usats per a càtodes en piles iòniques, van ser empleats també per a càtodes en piles protòniques. Després de comprovar que el material electrolític (LWO) era compatible amb els compostos de la sèrie de Ruddlesden-Popper, es va estudiar la influència de la temperatura de sinterització dels elèctrodes en el rendiment, així com de la composició de l'atmosfera d'aire (seca, H2O i D2O). Finalment, es van dissenyar i optimitzar les cel·les electroquímiques basades en sals àcides (CsH2PO4). En este sentit, es van estudiar diferents configuracions de cel·la, que permeteren obtindre un electròlit dens amb el menor espessor possible i uns elèctrodes actius a la reacció de reducció/oxidació d'hidrogen. Es va aconseguir reduir l'espessor de l'electròlit suportant la cel·la en discos d'acer i níquel porosos. Es va afegir una resina tipus epoxi al material electrolític per a augmentar les seues propietats mecàniques. De la mateixa manera, es va canviar la configuració dels elèctrodes passant per conductors electrònics purs a elèctrodes compostos per conductors protònics / Navarrete Algaba, L. (2017). New electrochemical cells for energy conversion and storage [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/78458 / TESIS

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that results from infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is regarded the most common infecting organism. TB has killed countless numbers of people particularly in underdeveloped countries. TB bacteria can remain inactive or in dormant state for years without causing symptoms or spreading to other subjects, but as soon as the immune system of the host becomes weakened, the bacteria become active and infect mainly the lungs along with other parts of body. TB cases are further aggravated by other illnesses that affect the immune system, such as human immune virus (HIV), which is very prevalent in resource-poor countries. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a TB biomarker that has found to have all the qualities that are needed to help and cure Tuberculosis disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential measures for effectively controlling the disease. Traditional microbial culture-based tests are the most common methodologies currently used. Usually, these methods involve cell culture, cell counts, and cell enrichment, but this process is time-consuming and laborious, especially for the slow-growing bacteria like M. tuberculosis. Sputum smear is one of the methods currently used to detect acid fast bacilli (AFB) in clinical specimens or fluorescent staining. It is a cost-effective tool for diagnosing patients with TB and to monitor the progress of treatment especially in developing countries. The traditional method of inoculating solid medium such as Lowerstein-Jensen (L-J) or 7H10/7H11 media is also used currently it is slow and takes 6-8 weeks of incubation to diagnose the infection and further more time to determine the susceptibility patterns. The microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay they are also used currently they rely on light microscopy to visualize the characteristic cording morphology of M. tuberculosis in liquid culture. MODS has shorter time to culture positivity (average 8 days) compared with LJ medium (average ~26 days), they are very expensive. The Gen-Probe assay specific for M. tuberculosis complex is a rapid detection that is also used, nucleic acid amplification (NAA) test results can be obtained as fast as in two hours (provided if a positive culture is present); it also has a high sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 99.2%. It holds the disadvantage of needing of positive culture that can take several days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is a test that uses antibodies and colour change to identify a substance. ELISA is an assay that uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a substance, usually an antigen, in a liquid sample or wet sample. It can be used to detection of Mycobacterium antibodies in tuberculosis. The Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test (AMTDT) is used for the detection of M. tuberculosis it enables the amplification and detection of M. tuberculosis rRNA directly from respiratory specimens. The diagnostic methods employing genetechnology based on the amplification of DNA or RNA are expected to improve the speed, sensitivity, and specificity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. TB rapid cultivation detection technique, such as MB/BacT system, BactecMGIT 960 system and flow cytometry. The BACTEC MGIT960 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) performs incubation and reading of the tubes continuously inside the machine using a predefined algorithm to interpret the fluorescent signal and giving the results as positive or negative. When performing DST, the BACTEC MGIT960 interprets the results as susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic under study. Results are available within 8 days. A recent meta-analysis of the published studies found high accuracy and high predictive values associated with the use of BACTEC MGIT960. These methods are more sensitive and rapid than the traditional microbial culture-based methods. However, they cannot provide the detection results in real-time and most of these methods are centralized in large stationary laboratories because complex instrumentation and highly qualified technical staff are required. Recently, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two new assays that were introduced. These two assays detect in vitro a specific immune response to M. tuberculosis. These tests are the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (Cellestis/Qiagen, Carnegie, Australia) and the T-SPOT.TB assay (Oxford Immunotec, Abingdon, United Kingdom). Both assays use whole blood from the patient and measure the production of interferon gamma after the whole blood is exposed to specific antigens from M. tuberculosis. These tests are based on the knowledge that IFN-γ is a product of an active cell-mediated immune response induced by M. tuberculosis. However, TB detection remains a major obstacle due to several drawbacks of these methods. To date, the number of diagnosis approaches for TB has increased as the disease continues to be a major public health problem worldwide and most conventional detection technologies present difficulties in recognizing the presence of M. tuberculosis, since they are time consuming, do not provide clinically reliable results and significantly lack of sensitivity. This thesis focusedon developing two binary and one ternary-electrochemically quantum dots, all synthesised at room temperature in aqueous media for detecting (IFN-γ). Copper telluride (CuTe) and Zinc telluride (ZnTe) was prepared to check how does the two quantum dot behave individual and also to check on how they behave when they are combined and formed ternary quantum dots (CuZnTe). The electrochemical studies of the binary CuTe quantum dots, ZnTe quantum dots and the ternary CuZnTe core-shell quantum dots reveal that ternary quantum dots were stable and showed a significant enhancement in the conductivity of CuZnTe core-shell solution compared to that of CuTe and ZnTe, all studied in solution. The three different quantum dots were capped with three different capping reagents which are tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), thioglycolic acid (TGA), (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPS). In the study, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was prepared for the first time using ternary quantum dots. The biosensor consists of water-soluble silica coated Copper Zinc telluride (CuZnTe core-shell) quantum dots conjugated to a gold electrode. The antibody-antigen were then conjugated on the CuZnTe core-shell QD modified gold electrode. Results from synthesis of two different binary quantum dots are also presented in the study and compared to the results of the CuZnTe core-shell QDs. The CuTe quantum dots had a small average size which was confirmed through HRTEM, SAXS and XRD analysis