Ce travail de thèse est centré sur l’étude de matériaux LiMPO4 (M=Fe, Mn, Co) et de leur évolution en cyclage (processus rédox et interfaces électrode / électrolyte) dans des accumulateurs Li-ion. Il a été mené essentiellement sur la base d’analyses en spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS) couplées à des tests électrochimiques. Une oxydation de surface du phosphate LiFePO4 a été mise en évidence lors d’une exposition à l’air de ce matériau avec la formation d’impuretés de surface type Fe2O3. Au plan structure électronique, l’analyse des bandes de valence des matériaux LiMPO4 (M=Fe, Mn, Co) a notamment permis, pour LiFePO4, la visualisation de l’électron spin down du niveau Fe 3d amenant la première preuve expérimentale de la configuration électronique particulière (3d↑)5(3d↓)1 de Fe2+dans ce matériau. Ce travail a également contribué à mieux comprendre l’influence de la température de fonctionnement ainsi que de la nature de l’électrode négative sur les mécanismes de vieillissement des accumulateurs Li-ion. Pour les accumulateurs LiFePO4 // Graphite, la comparaison d’interfaces solide/électrolyte distribuées spatialement a montré que le vieillissement se caractérisant par la perte de lithium actif pouvait être mis en parallèle avec une hétérogénéité de fonctionnement de l’électrode positive. Enfin, l’extension des travaux aux matériaux prometteurs d’électrode positive Li(FeMn)PO4 a révélé que le potentiel de travail de fin de charge plus élevé pour le phosphate mixte, comparativement à LiFePO4, résultait dans une réactivité accrue vis-à-vis de l’électrolyte dont les conséquences ont été analysées. / This thesis is focused on the study of LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co) materials and on their evolution upon cycling (redox process end electrodes / electrolyte interfaces) in lithium ion cells. It is based on X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses coupled with electrochemical tests. During air exposure, a surface oxidation of phosphate LiFePO4 was observed that lead to the formation of surface impurities such as Fe2O3. Concerning electronic structure, the analysis of LiMPO4 (M=Fe, Mn, Co) materials valence spectra allowed for LiFePO4 the visualization of spin down Fe 3d electron which is the first experimental proof of the particular electronic configuration (3d↑)5(3d↓)1 of Fe2+ in this material. This work also allowed a better understanding of the effect of the working temperature as well as the nature of the negative electrode on Li-ion cells ageing mechanisms. For LiFePO4 // Graphite cell, the comparison of spatially distributed solid/electrolyte interfaces showed that ageing mechanisms, characterized by a loss of active lithium, could be associated with a heterogeneity of working of the positive electrode. In addition, the extension of these studies on new promising Li(FeMn)PO4 materials for positive electrode showed that higher working potential of mixed phosphate material compared to LiFePO4 material leads to a higher electrolyte reactivity which consequences were analysed.

This paper reports a novel and remarkably facile approach towards vertically aligned nanosheets on three-dimensional (3D) Ni foams. Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) sheets were grown on Ni foam through the volatilization of the environmentally friendly solvent from an ethanol–water solution of pyrrole (Py), followed by the polymerization of the coated Py in ammonium persulfate (APS) solution. The PPy-decorated Ni foams and commercial activated carbon (AC) modified Ni foams were employed as the two electrodes for the assembly of flexible all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. The sheet-like structure of PPy and the macroporous feature of the Ni foam, which render large electrode–electrolyte interfaces, resulted in good capacitive performance of the supercapacitors. Moreover, a high energy density of ca. 14 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 6.2 kW kg−1 were achieved for the all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors due to the wide cell voltage window.

This paper reports a novel and remarkably facile approach towards vertically aligned nanosheets on three-dimensional (3D) Ni foams. Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) sheets were grown on Ni foam through the volatilization of the environmentally friendly solvent from an ethanol–water solution of pyrrole (Py), followed by the polymerization of the coated Py in ammonium persulfate (APS) solution. The PPy-decorated Ni foams and commercial activated carbon (AC) modified Ni foams were employed as the two electrodes for the assembly of flexible all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. The sheet-like structure of PPy and the macroporous feature of the Ni foam, which render large electrode–electrolyte interfaces, resulted in good capacitive performance of the supercapacitors. Moreover, a high energy density of ca. 14 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 6.2 kW kg−1 were achieved for the all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors due to the wide cell voltage window.