Baigiamojo darbo tikslas – radiolokatoriaus elektromagnetinio spinduliavimo srauto tankio skaičiavimas bei analizė, remiantis Europos Sąjungos bei Lietuvos higienos normomis impulsiniams elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės šaltiniams. Skaičiavimo ypatybė ta, kad atsižvelgiama į reljefo įtaką srauto kitimui erdvėje. Tyrimui naudojama Matlab duomenų analizės programa suteikia galimybę gauti maksimalų tikslumą bei ištirti galimą antenos aukščio mažinimą, neviršijant higienos normoje nustatyto 10µW/cm2 vidutinio elektromagnetinio srauto tankio vertės 1,5 m aukštyje gyvenamojoje zonoje. Parašytas programos kodas leidžia analizuoti bet kokio reljefo įtaką pasirinkto radiolokatoriaus spinduliavimo parametrams. Rezultatuose pateikiami dvimačiai bei trimačiai grafikai kaip pagrindą naudojant Palangos oro uosto teritorijos išplanavimą, taip pat skaičiavimai menamam reljefui bei esant skirtingiems antenos aukščio parametrams. Magistriniame darbe nustatyta, kad tiriamo radiolokatoriaus darbo zona atitinka higienos normas net ir sumažinus anteną iki minimalaus aukščio. Aptariami spinduliavimo mažinimo būdai, alternatyvių sistemų galimybė. / The object of this thesis is evaluation and analysis of spatial radar electromagnetic radiation density with reference to EU and Lithuania Hygiene Norm for pulse electromagnetic wave emitters. Relief influence on spatial electromagnetic radiation density distribution is taken into account. Calculations and analysis are processed using Matlab data analysis program and allows to upscale the precision and manipulate antenna height to reach its minimum value without exceeding 10μW/cm2 radiation density for inhabited area at a height of 1,5m as directed by Hygiene Norm. Written Matlab script enables to analyze various relief influence on a range of radar performance. Results are produced in the form of two and three dimensional charts having Palanga airport area as a base for building layout as well as the results for artificial relief including variable height of antenna. Results brought the conclusion of analyzed radar to be well ahead of the Hygiene Norm even with the minimum antenna height. Possible methods of minimizing radiation are explained in conjunction with new alternative aircraft detection systems being introduced.

Η ερευνητική εργασία που ακολουθεί, έχει σαν στόχο, σε πρώτο επίπεδο, να μελετήσει τα διάφορα μοντέλα ηλεκτρομαγνητικής διάδοσης και σε δεύτερο πλάνο, να δωθεί μία εικόνα σχετικά με τις επιπτώσεις της μη ιονίζουσας ακτινοβολίας, που εκπέμπεται από κεραίες και ασύρματα δίκτυα, στον άνθρωπο και στον περιβάλλοντα χώρο. Στα πρώτα κεφάλαια γίνεται μία θεωρητική αναφορά στις βασικές έννοιες της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ακτινοβολίας και στους μηχανισμούς διάδοσης της, αλλά και στις επιπτώσεις της ακτινοβολίας αυτής στον άνθρωπο. Ακολουθεί, εκτενής παρουσίαση των πιο σημαντικών θεωρητικών μοντέλων διάδοσης ραδιοσήματος εξωτερικών και εσωτερικών χώρων αντίστοιχα. Στη συνέχεια, δίνεται λεπτομερής περιγραφή των πεδιομέτρων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την καταγραφή των μετρήσεων σε διάφορες περιοχές ενδιαφέροντος. Στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται παρουσίαση των μετρήσεων με συγκριτικά διαγράμματα καθώς και αναφορά για το κατά πόσο οι μετρήσεις βρίσκονται εντός των ορίων ασφαλείας που τίθενται από διεθνείς οργανισμούς. / In the present work, were studied the models of the radio signal distribution at open and close area and the consequences of the non-ionized radiation, which emits from a wide variety of wirelesses systems, on human body. Initially, the basic significances of the electromagnetic radiation, the Maxwell’s equations and the mechanics of RF distribution, were shortly presented. Further emphasis at the models of the radio signal distribution, at open and close area, was given. The consequences of the electromagnetic radiation concerning basic factors of thermal and no-thermal effect were presented. An additional report of the RF safety limits, according to various international organizations, was given. For the experimental process, we used the Narda Broadband Field meter, which recorded all the frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum and a laptop with a suitable software (NETSTUMBLER 0.40), which allows the operator of the laptop to know the exact received power coming from the specific router of the WLAN, excluding all other signals even if they belong to the same frequency of 2.4 GHz. The comparison of the experimental measurements with the theoretical, reveals the potential of each theoretical model. Furthermore, we came to the conclusion that the experiments are in the limits of RF safety.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is an international project to build the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope interferometer. It will consist of thousands of antennas distributed over many kilometers, with the hosting country being either South Africa or Australia. Various pathfinders have been initiated to demonstrate the technologies needed to implement the SKA. The astronomy community has defined five Key Science Projects (KSP), which are the drivers for the SKA. The science goals determine the technical requirements needed to design SKA systems. Many years of planning and development are still needed in order to meet to the requirements of such a large and complex project. This thesis aims to present the various SKA pathfinder systems in terms of their application to the SKA key science projects, with main focus that of pulsar observations. In order to achieve this, a thorough overview of basic radio astronomy principles and techniques is presented, followed by a detailed look at the various pathfinders. Throughout the work, aspects of pulsar observations are given particular attention with the goal of designing optimal systems for the SKA. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is ’n internasionale projek om die wêreld se grootste en mees sensitiewe radio teleskoop interferometer te bou. Dit sal bestaan uit duisende antennas versprei oor etlike kilometers, met die gasheer land óf Suid-Afrika óf Australië. Verskeie koersbepalers is geïnisieer om die tegnologie te demonstreer wat benodig is om die SKA te implementeer. Die astronomie gemeenskap het vyf sleutel wetenskap projekte (KSP) gedefinieër wat dien as die drywers vir die SKA. Die wetenskap doelwitte bepaal die tegniese vereistes wat nodig is om SKA stelsels to ontwerp. Talle jare van beplanning en ontwikkeling word steeds benodig om te voldoen aan die vereistes van so ’n groot en komplekse projek. Hierdie tesis het ten doel die aanbieding van verskeie SKA koersbepaler stelsels in terme van hulle aanwending tot die SKA sleutel wetenskap projekte, met hoof fokus op die van pulsar waarnemings. Om dit te behaal, word ’n deeglike oorsig van basiese radio astronomie beginsels en tegnieke aangebied, gevolg deur ’n gedetailleerde kyk na die verskeie koersbepalers. Regdeur die werk word spesifieke aandag gegee aan aspekte van pulsar waarnemings met die doel om optimale stelsels vir die SKA te ontwerp.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The phantoms used in Brazil are mostly imported and have relatively high financial cost. Although these phantoms can be considered as essentials for use in quality control, probably high quotas and import bureaucracy are obstacles to their acquisition by the nuclear medicine departments. The main objective of this work was the development of national phantoms for use in quality control of scintillation cameras used in nuclear medicine and for training professional personnel. Initially, we sought to know the interest of medical physicists and radiation protection supervisors in the acquisition of phantoms. After that, it was initiated the construction of three distinct types of physical phantoms, the SENCOR, to evaluate the sensitivity and the center of rotation; the SIMUFÍGADO, which is a liver phantom; and the ANTROFÍGADO, which is an anthropomorphic liver phantom in three versions. Besides these, we set up a computational phantom liver based on a physical phantom using Visual Monte Carlo. The conclusion obtained from inquiring professionals is that there is motivation for sharing and acquiring of national phantoms. The results obtained from characterization of materials used in the development of the phantoms should that such materials are suitable for the construction of such objects, observing only a change in color of acrylics irradiated with doses above 10 kGy. Through analysis of images of non anthropomorphic phantoms it is possible to study several parameters, such as sensitivity of the scintillation cameras, center of rotation, matrix size of pixels, the energy window, counting density and organs geometry. The images obtained from ANTROFÍGADO in SPECT and PET/CT systems can be useful to simulate the geometry of the healthy liver and cirrhotic liver, serving this object to the study of simulations of diagnostic analysis of location and evaluation of morphology and anomalies in the liver. Even though industrial processes for production of phantoms proposed here represent a significant increase in the final cost of these objects, it can be said that it is possible to reproduce many copies of these objects using the same methodology employed in the manufacture of the prototypes here studied. / Os objetos simuladores utilizados no Brasil são, em sua maioria, importados e de custo financeiro relativamente elevado. Embora esses objetos possam ser considerados essenciais para o uso em controle de qualidade, os custos financeiros elevados e a burocracia da importação, provavelmente, são empecilhos para a aquisição deles por parte dos serviços de medicina nuclear. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de objetos simuladores nacionais para uso em controle de qualidade de câmaras de cintilação utilizadas em medicina nuclear e em treinamento de profissionais da área. Inicialmente, buscou-se conhecer o interesse de físicos médicos e supervisores de radioproteção em adquirir objetos simuladores e deu-se início à construção de três tipos distintos de objetos simuladores físicos: o SENCOR, para avaliação de sensibilidade e centro de rotação; o SIMUFÍGADO, que é um simulador de fígado; e ANTROFÍGADO, que é um objeto simulador antropomórfico de fígado em três versões. Além desses, elaborou-se um objeto simulador computacional de fígado baseado num simulador físico usando o Visual Monte Carlo. Pôde-se concluir, a partir da consulta aos profissionais que há motivação para o compartilhamento e aquisição de objetos simuladores nacionais. Nos resultados da caracterização dos materiais empregados para preparação dos objetos simuladores, observou-se que tais materiais são adequados para a construção dos objetos, observando-se apenas uma alteração na coloração dos acrílicos irradiados com doses acima de 10 kGy. Por meio de análises das imagens dos objetos simuladores físicos não antropomórficos é possível o estudo de parâmetros como sensibilidade das câmaras de cintilação, centro de rotação, tamanho de matriz de pixels, janela energética, densidade de contagem e geometria de órgãos. Por meio das imagens adquiridas dos ANTROFÍGADO em sistemas de SPECT e PET/CT pode-se simular a geometria do fígado sadio e com cirrose hepática, servindo tais imagens para análises diagnósticas simuladas de localização e avaliação da morfologia e das anomalias do fígado. Mesmo que processos industriais para produção dos objetos simuladores aqui propostos representem um acréscimo significativo nos custo final desses objetos, é correto afirmar que é possível reproduzir muitos exemplares desses objetos simuladores seguindo a mesma metodologia empregada na confecção desses protótipos.

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Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-27T15:54:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luizcarlosdecairesjunior.pdf: 1316351 bytes, checksum: e029591c37abc938d7247930a9c7cd15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T15:50:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luizcarlosdecairesjunior.pdf: 1316351 bytes, checksum: e029591c37abc938d7247930a9c7cd15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T15:50:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luizcarlosdecairesjunior.pdf: 1316351 bytes, checksum: e029591c37abc938d7247930a9c7cd15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O sistema de telecomunicação móvel tem crescido ao longo dos anos. A comunidade científica tem demonstrado uma crescente preocupação sobre os possíveis efeitos da exposição à radiação electromagnética de radiofrequência (RFEMR) emitida por dispositivos móveis sobre a saúde dos usuários. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da RF-EMR sobre a via de MAPKs, verificando os níveis de fosforilação das enzimas MEK 1 / 2 e ERK 1 / 2, em células do hipotálamo e hipófise, sobre a secreção de catecolaminas, nível de glicose sérica, consolidação da memória de longo prazo e estabelecimento de comportamento de ansiedade. Ratos Wistar machos, com 60 dias de idade, foram expostos à radiação emitida pelos telefones celulares (1,8 GHz) em condições agudas (1 e 3 horas de exposição) e crônicas (3 e 10 noites de exposição). Os níveis de fosforilação de MEK 1 / 2 e ERK 1 / 2 foram alterados em células hipotalâmicas de animais expostos por 1 hora. Após 3 horas, 3 noites e 10 noites, foi observada alteração somente no nível de fosforilação das enzimas MEK 1 / 2, em células hipotalâmicas; e nenhuma alteração foi constatada na fosforilação das enzimas MEK 1 / 2 e ERK 1 / 2, em células hipofisárias. As exposições por períodos agudos promoveram aumento da secreção basal de catecolaminas e a glicemia foi alterada após 1 hora e 10 noites. Não foi constatado comportamento estado de ansiedade pelo teste de cruz elevada em quaisquer períodos de exposição. Porém, a exposição crônica, por 10 noites, aumentou a secreção de catecolamina, estimulada por cafeína, concomitantemente à diminuição a glicemia, podendo afetar a consolidação da memória. Os resultados sugerem que a exposição de ratos a campos electromagnéticos emitidos por celulares é capaz de alterar a via de MAPKs, mudar o perfil de secreção basal e estimulada de catecolaminas, de glicemia, além de afetar a consolidação de memória de longo prazo. / The mobile telecommunication system has grown over the years. There has been a growing concern about the possible effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile devices on the health of users. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of whole-body RF-EMR exposure on MAPK's pathway, verifying the phosphorylation levels of MEK 1 / 2 and ERK 1 / 2, in hypothalamus and pituitary cells, catecholamine secretion, serum glucose, long-term memory consolidation and anxiety-like behavior occurrence. Male Wistar rats, 60 days old, were subjected to electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones (1.8 GHz) in acute (1 and 3 hours of exposure) and chronic (3 and 10 nights of exposure) conditions. The phosphorylation levels of MEK 1 / 2 and ERK 1 / 2 changed in hypothalamus cells after 1 hour of exposure. After 3 hours, 3 nights and 10 nights, we have found changes only in phosphorylation of MEK 1 / 2 (hypothalamus); no changes were found in MEK 1 / 2 and ERK 1 / 2 from pituitary cells. The acute exposures lead to the increase of basal catecholamine secretion and the glycemia changed after 1 hour and 10 nights. On the other hand, the chronic exposure increased the catecholamine release, by caffeine stimulation, but decreased the serum glucose level, disturbing the memory consolidation. The results suggest that exposure of rats to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones is able to change the MAPK's pathway, profile of basal and stimulated secretion of catecholamines, and serum glucose level besides affecting long-term memory.

This diploma thesis deals with electromagnetic radiation in its frequency spectrum. It also divides radiation into ionizing and non-ionizing. The principle of its effects and possible health problems from radiation exposure are also described. Hygienic limits – the maximum allowable and reference values of non-ionizing radiation are analysed too. The thesis should prove that the things of everyday need do not threaten the lives of human beings and are in compliance with the regulation No. 1/2008 Sb. on Health Protection Against Non-Ionizing Radiation. Measurement of low-frequency part is carried out with the cooperation of The National Institute of Public Health. Measurement of high-frequency part was carried out in 3 flats. The aim of this measurement was to find out the change of power density with the moving in a flat and the influence of the barriers (in this case walls).

<p>With the development of wireless communication technology, second-, third-, fourth-generation transmission systems based on electromagnetic (EM) waves are widely used. At the same time, public concerns have been raised about whether the use of such systems will have an impact on health and safety standards. The heating effect is the most prominent and scientifically verifiable biological effect. So, the influence of EM waves on human body is addressed by studying the heating characteristics on head models.</p> <p>The objective of this thesis is to study the effects of radio frequency (RF) waves radiation from mobile phones on the human head under different transmission generations. The six-layer head model is used to evaluate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution and thermal effect. This model allows to study the effects of SAR and temperature rise without the need for high computational resources. In order to find the effect of temperature rise and exposure time, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method was used to solve the biothermal equation with appropriate boundary conditions.</p> <p>Also, different age-dependent head models are used to study the differences of SAR for children at different ages.</p> <p>In general, the results show that with the increase in frequency, the influence of the EM wave is more pronounced, as demonstrated by the SAR and temperature rise distribution. In addition, SAR distribution of younger ages show a significant increase, which indicates that children exposed to EM waves are subject to more harmed. </p>

Indiana University School of Dentistry / Introduction: The goal of nonsurgical root canal therapy is to reduce the bacterial load within an infected root canal system, and the subsequent objective is to prevent or treat apical periodontitis. Clinical studies have shown more expedient healing of apical periodontitis treated with electromagnetic wave stimulation (EMS) as compared to apical periodontitis not treated with EMS. Stimulation of osteoblasts and growth factors has been shown when EMS was applied to rat calvaria, resulting in increased bone healing. Objective: The purpose of this vitro study was to evaluate the effects of EMS on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Using primary neonatal calvaria osteoblast-lineage cells, the effects of different EMS regimens on proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineral deposition were determined. Materials and Methods: EMS regimen included currents of 0mA, 0.1mA, 1mA, and 10mA delivered for five consecutive 1s pulses per day for one, two, and three days. Cell proliferation was assayed after 1 or 2 days using an MTS assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition were assayed after culturing the cells in osteogenic media containing ascorbic acid and -glycerol phosphate for 7 days. Comparisons were performed using analysis of variance, with a 5% significance level. Results: There was no statistically significant differences noted in MTS proliferation and mineral deposition between the experiment EMS treatment groups of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mA compared to the control group of 0 mA current on calvaria-derived osteoblast. While there were no statistically significant differences noted in ALP activity in the 0.1, and 1.0 mA EMS groups, compared to 0 mA control, alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased in the 10 mA EMS group. Conclusion: There was no significant differences in MTS proliferation and mineral deposition of the EMS group compared to the control group. However, 10 mA EMS favored increased ALP activity suggesting EMS can promote matrix maturation by osteoblasts. Additional in vitro experimental studies, including different stem cell populations, culture duration and EMS treatment regimens are needed to understand the mechanism of action of EMS for future applications in regenerative endodontics.