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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Variability of the MABL and its effect on the electromagnetic (EM) refractive structure around the Greenland Sea marginal ice zone were examined. Rawinsonde profiles and surface observations collected from 3 ships during MIZEX-87(20 March-11 April) served as the data set. A program, developed to calculate the refractivity at each vertical level of the rawinsonde profiles, also identified the levels at which trapping, superrefraction and subrefraction occurred. Temporal studies showed that a higher incidence of anomalous refractive layers occurred during periods when the region was under the influence of high pressure. More than 50% of the time, trapping and super-refractive layers were attributed to development of a capping inversion just above the MABL during these periods. Spatial studies showed that the refractive structure varied relative to distance from the ice edge as did the depth of the MABL. An upward slope in refractive layer heights was observed from the ice toward the open water. Significant spatial inhomogeneity was observed over horizontal ranges of less than 100 km. This was attributed to both the large-scale synoptic forcing affecting the region and to variations in the surface fluxes of heat and moisture over the ice and over the water. A range-dependent ray trace model developed at the Naval Ocean Systems Center was used to show how the ray paths of EM waves vary with a changing refractive structures. Keywords: Air water interactions, Greenland Sea, Atmospheric refraction, Electromagnetic wave propagation, Heat flux, Sea ice. Theses. (EDC) / http://archive.org/details/temporalspatialv00grot / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Calculation of electromagnetic wave propagation over irregular terrain is an important problem in many applications such as coverage calculations for radars or communication links. Many different approaches to this problem may be found in the literature. One of the most commonly used methods to solve electromagnetic boundary value problems is the Method of Moments (MoM). However, especially at high frequencies, the very large number of unknows required in the MoM formulation, limits the applicability of this method, since the memory requirement and the operation count increases by O(N2) and O(N3), respectively, where N is the number of the unknowns. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to reduce the memory requirement and the operation count of the MoM. These approaches rely on the special structure of the impedance matrix generated by the MoM. The Conjugate Gradient (CG) method is a non stationary iterative technique that can be used to solve general asymmetric/non-Hermitian systems with an operational cost of O(N2) per iteration. Furthermore, the computational time can be improved by the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm to perform the matrix vector multiplication that appear in any iterative technique. This approach has been successfully used in the literature to solve scattering from electrically large objects and it has been shown that the computational cost and memory requirement can be reduced to O(KNlogN) with K being the number of iterations. In this thesis, CG method accelerated with Fast Fourier Transform (CG FFT) method is applied to the problem of electromagnetic propagation over irregular terrain. Applications for electrically large rough terrain profiles are presented. The accuracy of the method is compared to the direct solution of the MoM, CG method and Free Space model with recoveries by Hata model or multiple knife-edge diffraction and reflection. The solution works on quasi-planar surfaces and profiles with small deviation like little breezy sea surface properly.

La transformation d'espace (TE) a été développée par J. B. Pendry et U. Leonhardt en 2006 et suscite un énorme intérêt depuis la démonstration expérimentale de la première cape d'invisibilité en micro-ondes. Cette technique permet de contrôler la propagation des ondes en modifiant les propriétés électromagnétiques de l'espace. Malgré quelques limitations liées à la bande passante ou aux pertes consécutives à l'utilisation de métamatériaux pour les dispositifs TE, cette technique a attiré l'attention de nombreux domaines (optique, microondes, acoustique, etc). L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des applications de la TE dans le domaine antennaire à l'aide de matériaux conventionnels lorsque cela est possible et aussi d'ouvrir de nouvelles voies dans le contrôle du rayonnement des antennes. Trois applications ont été étudiées: le réflecteur « parabolique plat »; un superstrat tout diélectrique pour contrôler l'ouverture angulaire d'une antenne patch; et finalement un superstrat permettant de modifier drastiquement le rayonnement d'une antenne. Ce travail a été financé par les agences de défense du Royaume Uni et de la France (DSTL et DGA respectivement), dans le cadre du projet MIMiCRA (Metamaterial Inspired Microwave Conformai Radar Antennas). / Transformation Electromagnetics technique was introduced by J. B. Pendry and U. Leonahrdt in 2006 and it has become an emerging research field in physics and engineering in the last few years after the concept was validated experimentally with a invisibility cloak in microwave regime. This technique claims the possibility of an unprecedented technique to control electromagnetic waves interaction with engineered materials to achieve exotic electromagnetic behaviour. Despite some issues about narrow bandwidth or excessive dispersive losses related to the use of metamaterials for realization of TE devices, this technique caught the attention in many research fields (optics microwave, acoustics, etc). The final purpose of this these is to explore and propose applications of Transformation Electromagnetics in the antenna design field by using standard materials with the purpose of controlling the radiation pattern of an antenna. More precisely, three applications were explored : a fiat "parabolic reflector", an all-dielectric superstrate to control the half power beamwidth of a patch antenna and finally a superstrate that allows to control drastically the radiation pattern of a planar antenna This work was funded by France and UK defence agencies (DSTL and DGA respectively), within the framework of MIMiCRA project (Metamateriallnspired Microwave Conformai Radar Antennas).

Yes / A new approach of modelling the electromagnetic wave propagation and the penetration of small objects, are investigated and analysed. The travelling electromagnetic wave from source is simulated by time-dependent Maxwell's solutions. Subgridding technique is imposed at the point of interest for observing the electromagnetic field in high resolution. The computational burden caused by a large number of time steps has been parried by implementing the state of art of quasi-static approach. The induced electromagnetic fields near a buried pipeline runs parallel to a 400 kV power transmission lines are presented, and discussed.

Ground-based weather radars provide information on the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of precipitation on a macroscopic scale over a large area. However, the echoes measured by weather radars are always a superposition of forward and backward scattering effects which complicates their interpretation. The use of polarisation diversity enhances the number of independent observables measured simultaneously. This allows an effective separation of forward and backward scattering effects. Furthermore, it extends the capability of weather radars to retrieve also microphysical information about the precipitation. The dissertation at hand introduces new aspects in the field of polarimetric, ground-based, monostatic weather radars at S-, C-, and X-band. Relations are provided to change the polarisation basis of reflectivities. A fully polarimetric weather radar measurement at circular polarisation basis is analysed. Methods to check operationally the polarimetric calibration of weather radars operating at circular polarisation basis are introduced. Moreover, attenuation correction methods for weather radar measurements at linear horizontal / vertical polarisation basis are compared to each other, and the robustly working methods are identified. / Bodengebundene Wetterradare bieten Informationen über die zeitliche Entwicklung und die räumliche Verteilung von Niederschlag in einer makroskopischen Skala über eine große Fläche. Die Interpretation der Wetterradarechos wird erschwert, da sie sich aus einer Überlagerung von Vorwärts- und Rückwärtsstreueffekten ergeben. Die Anzahl der unabhängigen Wetterradarmessgrößen kann durch den Einsatz von Polarisationsdiversität erhöht werden. Dies ermöglicht eine effektive Trennung von Vorwärts- und Rückwärtsstreueffekten. Desweiteren erlaubt es die Bestimmung von mikrophysikalischen Niederschlagsparametern. Die vorliegende Dissertation betrachtet neue Aspekte für polarimetrische, bodengebundene, monostatische Wetterradare im S-, C- und X-Band. Gleichungen zur Polarisationsbasistransformation von Reflektivitätsmessungen werden eingeführt. Eine vollpolarimetrische Wetterradarmessung in zirkularer Polarisationsbasis wird analysiert. Neue Methoden, die eine Überprüfung der polarimetrischen Kalibrierung von Wetterradarmessungen in zirkularer Polarisationsbasis erlauben, werden betrachtet. Weiterhin werden Methoden zur Dämpfungskorrektur von Wetterradarmessungen in linearer horizontaler / vertikaler Polarisationsbasis miteinander verglichen und Empfehlungen von zuverlässigen Methoden gegeben.

Les budgets destinés à l'entretien et à la réparation du patrimoine bâti étant très élevés, il est primordial de mettre en place des techniques fiables de suivi et de diagnostic des ouvrages pour réduire ces dépenses. Il existe de nombreuses techniques de contrôle non destructif (CND) employant différentes technologies à des coûts plus ou moins abordables. Elles permettent la détermination des propriétés du matériau renseignant sur l'état de l'ouvrage, et la détection d'inclusions ou de défauts dans le béton. Ces techniques sont connues pour leur rapidité de mise en œuvre et leur grand rendement sur site, mais aussi par leur caractère non intrusif qui permet de limiter le nombre de prélèvements. Cela les rend pertinentes pour la surveillance et l'inspection du patrimoine bâti, puisqu'elles peuvent fournir des informations liées à l'état d'un ouvrage sans l'endommager. Dans un ouvrage en béton armé, la couche d'enrobage des armatures est la plus sujette à de multiples agressions. C'est dans cette couche qu'ont lieu la majorité des réactions chimiques qui causent la dégradation de l'ouvrage, puisqu'avec la présence d'eau cet enrobage est considéré comme la zone de pénétration, de transfert et de fixation des agents agressifs présents dans l'environnement de l'ouvrage, favorisant par exemple la corrosion des armatures. La teneur en eau du béton est considérée comme un facteur très important dans le diagnostic des structures en béton armé, puisqu'elle conditionne le développement de la plupart des pathologies liées à la dégradation des structures affectant ainsi la durabilité du béton. La localisation avec précision des aciers de renforcement est également un élément primordial pour le diagnostic, mais également pour vérifier la conformité des dispositions constructives par rapport aux plans d'exécution. Dans ces travaux de recherche, nous utilisons la technologie radar pour la caractérisation géométrique et physique des éléments en béton armé, cela par le développement d'un algorithme automatique, rapide et sans prérequis. Les objectifs de cette étude sont : de localiser en surface et en profondeur les aciers du premier lit d'armatures, et de déterminer la vitesse de propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans le béton d'enrobage pour estimer sa teneur en eau. / Since budgets for the maintenance and repair of built heritage structures are very high, it is essential to implement reliable techniques for monitoring and diagnosis of structures to reduce these costs. There are many non-destructive testing (NDT) methods employing different technologies which are more or less expensive. The NDT methods allow the determination of the properties of the material giving also information about the condition of the structure, and the detection of inclusions or defects in the concrete. These techniques are known for their fast implementation and their high performance in-situ, but also by their non-intrusive nature, which makes it possible to limit the number of samples for destructive assessment. This makes them relevant for the monitoring and inspection of built heritage, since they can provide information related to the condition of a structure without any damage. In a reinforced concrete structure, the concrete cover is the most prone to multiple aggressions. The majority of the chemical reactions which cause the degradation of the structure occur in this layer, since with the presence of water this coating is considered as the penetration, transfer and fixing zone of aggressive agents present in the environment of the structure, thus enhancing for example the corrosion of the reinforcements. The water content of concrete is considered as a very important factor in the diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures, since it conditions the development of most pathologies related to structural degradation, thus affecting the durability of concrete. The precise location of the reinforcement in the construction is also an essential element for the diagnosis, but also to check the conformity of the constructive dispositions with the execution plans. In this research, we use GPR technology for the geometrical and physical characterization of reinforced concrete elements, through the development of an automatic algorithm, fast and without pre-requisites. The objectives of this study are to locate the rebars of the first reinforcing layer in the plane and depth and to determine the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic waves in the coating layer to estimate the water content of concrete.

Presented in this thesis are the following theoretical investigations carried out on the non-invasive microwave hyperthermia of malignant tumours in the human body: Fundamental concepts of electromagnetic wave propagation through a biomass and its interaction with it, are discussed. Various types of applicators used for producing hyperthermia in a biomass, are also discussed. Propagation of a uniform plane electromagnetic wave through a human body is investigated for the general case of oblique incidence. Various models used for the human body have been discussed and the planar multilayer model has been chosen for this study. Reflection and transmission coefficients for both the parallel and perpendicular linear polarisations of the wave, have been determined. For normal incidence, power transfer ratio at the muscle has been defined and calculated at 433, 915 and 2450 MHz (ISM frequencies). Efects of skin thickness and also of fat thickness, on the power transfer ratio at muscle, have been studied. Effects of the thickness and dielectric constant of a bolus, and also of the dielectric constant of an initial layer, on the power transfer ratio, have been studied and their optimum values obtained at the ISM frequencies. For microwave hyperthermia, 915 MHz is recommended as the frequency of operation. Steady-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained, assuming the biomass to be a semi-infinite homogeneous medium. Effects of various physical parameters on the temperature profile in the biomass, have been studied. Also studied is the effect of the surface temperature on the magnitude, location and the width of the temperature peak attained in the biomass. A method to determine the microwave power and the surface temperature required to produce a prescribed temperature profile in the biomass, has been developed. The transient-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained to study the building up of the temperature profile. Procedures for the design of an open-ended rectangular metal waveguide applicator and for estimating the total microwave power requirement to produce hyperthermia in the human body, have been developed. Performance of the applicators employing linear as well as planar arrays of open-ended rectangular metal waveguide antennas, has also been studied. In order to reduce the overall physical size of the applicators, filling up of the feed waveguide with a high dielectric constant but low loss material is suggested. A simple method of obtaining the elements of the array by partitioning a large aperture by using metal walls has been adopted. Calculation of the total microwave power required by various applicators for producing hyperthermia at various depths in a biomas, have been made and a comparison of the performance of various applicators, has been presented.

There is an increasing interest in the deployment of wireless communication systems in vehicles. The motivation for this work is to provide a fundamental characterisation of the in-vehicle Electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation environment, and to demonstrate how this can be used to aid the deployment of wireless communication systems in vehicles. The fundamental characterisation of the in-vehicle EM wave propagation environment presented in this dissertation yields a number of useful outcomes. The instantaneous impulse response of the in-vehicle channel is characterised, which is presented in the form of a statistical model for arriving rays. Noticing that it is impractical to undertake a full statistical characterisation of the time-varying impulse response, the time variation of the in-vehicle channel is instead characterised as a Doppler spread. This approach provides parameters which are sufficient to perform an information theoretic analysis to lower bound the capacity of the in-vehicle channel. For typical operating conditions, it is found that the channel capacity is approximately equal to that of the same channel with perfect channel state information available at the receiver. Having established the fundamental EM wave propagation characteristics for a single in-vehicle wireless channel, the EM properties of the cavity itself are characterised. This is achieved through a thorough investigation into the analogy between vehicle cavities and reverberation chambers, specifically considering the quality factor (and hence time constant), EM isolation, and electric field uniformity of typical vehicle cavities. This approach yields the important insight that the root mean square delay spread is approximately the same for all wireless links in a typical vehicle cavity. Also, that the angular spread of energy received at any given location (away from the cavity boundaries) is approximately uniform, and that over short distances the coherence distance is well defined, and hence Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna arrays should work well in vehicles. To what extent a typical wireless system can exploit this characterisation depends on how well the parameters can be estimated by a typical wireless communication system. This is also addressed, specifically investigating the estimation of the cavity time constant, and channel time variation. It is found that both of these can be estimated well using a typical wireless sensor network system.

[pt] Os efeitos das variações laterais de um terreno irregular na propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas são considerados pela representação dos campos vetoriais em termo de dois potenciais escalares Hertzianos em coordenadas esféricas. A combinação da equação parabólica para esses potenciais com uma condição de contorno de impedância para o solo, seguida por uma transformação de variáveis, define um problema de condição de contorno caracterizado por equações exibindo coeficientes que dependem da função altura do terreno e de suas derivadas parciais. A solução do problema através do esquema de Crank-Nicolson leva a um sistema esparso de equações lineares que é resolvido por um método direto. O modelo numérico resultante é aplicado a terrenos irregulares, representando configurações tridimensionais hipotéticas. / [en] The effects from lateral variations of irregular terrain on the propagation of radio waves are considered by the representation of the vector fields in terms of two scalar Hertz potentials in spherical coordinates. The combination of three-dimensional parabolic equations for these potentials with an impedance boundary condition for the ground, followed by a transformation of variables, will define a boundary-condition problem characterized by equations displaying coefficients that depend on the terrain height function and its partial derivatives. The problem solution through the Crank-Nicolson scheme will lead to a sparse system of linear equations, which will be solved by a direct method. The resulting numerical model will be applied to irregular terrain, representing hypothetical three-dimensional configurations.