Para acompanhar os avanços em radioterapia, os sistemas dosimétricos necessitam de aperfeiçoamento para garantir a acurácia do tratamento; e, paralelamente, a exposição radioativa vai além do uso clínico, sendo de interesse também a detecção em cenários radiológicos imprevistos. A espectroscopia de ressonância magnética eletrônica (RME) é capaz de detectar centros paramagnéticos criados em materiais expostos à radiação, relacionando resposta espectral com dose absorvida, executando assim a dosimetria de maneira não destrutiva, ao preservar a informação após a leitura. Após a padronização da alanina como detector de altas doses e a também aplicabilidade em estudos clínicos, dificuldades apresentadas propiciaram a investigação de outros materiais para dosimetria com RME; em contrapartida, classificar compostos presentes no cotidiano e com possibilidade de tecido equivalência é outro argumento para a expansão da análise de materiais alternativos. O desenvolvimento desta tese é entre dois tópicos distintos, porém interligados; primeiramente são apresentados minidosímetros para uso em campos pequenos, com abordagem clínica, e então a investigação de materiais alternativos, ambos para uso em dosimetria com RME. Em relação aos minidosímetros, o formato de pastilha é estudado, e são apresentados um novo conceito de detector, denominado EPResize®, e auditoria de ponta-a-ponta de um tratamento de radiocirurgia estereotáxica; sobre a investigação de materiais, foram estudados mais de 20 compostos, estes baseados em amônio, lítio, potássio e sódio. Os resultados mostraram que as dificuldades na determinação de dose com campos pequenos para um intervalo de dose clínico é uma questão que ainda necessita de muita atenção e adequação dos sistemas dosimétricos, de modo a extrair a maior sensibilidade possível, necessitando empregar parâmetros e métodos de análise além do rotineiramente utilizados; variados materiais se apresentaram adequados para a dosimetria com RME, tais como sulfato de amônio, formiato de sódio, ditionito de sódio, citrato de sódio e diferentes sulfitos, mesmo quando não satisfazendo aspectos clínicos, são alternativas para controle e determinação de doses em cenários não usuais. A capacidade de realizar a dosimetria com RME para campos pequenos e a padronização deste sistema possibilitam a verificação de tratamentos mais confiáveis em radioterapia não convencional; e a disponibilização de maior variedade de materiais para dosimetria com RME facilita a necessidade de mapeamento de dose em casos não previstos. / To keep up with advances in radiotherapy, dosimetric systems need improvement to meet the standards established for treatment accuracy; simultaneously, radioactive exposure goes beyond clinical use, and the detection in unforeseen scenarios is of interest too. Electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy (EMR) can detect paramagnetic centers created in materials exposed to radiation, relating spectral response with absorbed dose, thus performing non-destructively dosimetry, by keeping the information after the readout. After standardization of alanine as a high dose detector and the applicability in clinical studies, difficulties allowed the investigation of other EMR dosimetry materials; on the other hand, classifying compounds that are present daily and with the possibility of tissue equivalence is another stimulus for the expansion of alternative materials analysis. The development of this thesis is between two distinct but interconnected topics; first minidosimeters are presented for small field dosimetry, with a clinical approach, and the investigation of alternative materials, both topics applied in EMR dosimetry. Concerning the minidosimeters, some pellets aspects are studied, a new concept of detector, called EPResize®; and a stereotactic radiosurgery end-to-end audit are presented; about alternative materials research, more than 20 compounds were studied, based on ammonium, lithium, potassium and sodium. The results showed that the difficulties in determining the dose with small fields in a clinical dose range is an issue that still needs much attention and adequacy of the dosimetric systems, in order to extract the greatest possible sensitivity, with the need to employ parameters and methods of analysis besides the daily used; several materials were adequate for EMR dosimetry, such as ammonium sulfate, sodium formate, sodium dithionate, sodium citrate and different sulfites, which, even when not satisfying clinical aspects, are alternatives for control and determination of doses in other scenarios. The ability to perform clinical dosimetry with RME and the standardization of this system allow the improvement of treatments accuracy, and the availability of a greater variety of EMR dosimetry materials facilitates the need for dose mapping unforeseen cases.

Para acompanhar os avanços em radioterapia, os sistemas dosimétricos necessitam de aperfeiçoamento para garantir a acurácia do tratamento; e, paralelamente, a exposição radioativa vai além do uso clínico, sendo de interesse também a detecção em cenários radiológicos imprevistos. A espectroscopia de ressonância magnética eletrônica (RME) é capaz de detectar centros paramagnéticos criados em materiais expostos à radiação, relacionando resposta espectral com dose absorvida, executando assim a dosimetria de maneira não destrutiva, ao preservar a informação após a leitura. Após a padronização da alanina como detector de altas doses e a também aplicabilidade em estudos clínicos, dificuldades apresentadas propiciaram a investigação de outros materiais para dosimetria com RME; em contrapartida, classificar compostos presentes no cotidiano e com possibilidade de tecido equivalência é outro argumento para a expansão da análise de materiais alternativos. O desenvolvimento desta tese é entre dois tópicos distintos, porém interligados; primeiramente são apresentados minidosímetros para uso em campos pequenos, com abordagem clínica, e então a investigação de materiais alternativos, ambos para uso em dosimetria com RME. Em relação aos minidosímetros, o formato de pastilha é estudado, e são apresentados um novo conceito de detector, denominado EPResize®, e auditoria de ponta-a-ponta de um tratamento de radiocirurgia estereotáxica; sobre a investigação de materiais, foram estudados mais de 20 compostos, estes baseados em amônio, lítio, potássio e sódio. Os resultados mostraram que as dificuldades na determinação de dose com campos pequenos para um intervalo de dose clínico é uma questão que ainda necessita de muita atenção e adequação dos sistemas dosimétricos, de modo a extrair a maior sensibilidade possível, necessitando empregar parâmetros e métodos de análise além do rotineiramente utilizados; variados materiais se apresentaram adequados para a dosimetria com RME, tais como sulfato de amônio, formiato de sódio, ditionito de sódio, citrato de sódio e diferentes sulfitos, mesmo quando não satisfazendo aspectos clínicos, são alternativas para controle e determinação de doses em cenários não usuais. A capacidade de realizar a dosimetria com RME para campos pequenos e a padronização deste sistema possibilitam a verificação de tratamentos mais confiáveis em radioterapia não convencional; e a disponibilização de maior variedade de materiais para dosimetria com RME facilita a necessidade de mapeamento de dose em casos não previstos. / To keep up with advances in radiotherapy, dosimetric systems need improvement to meet the standards established for treatment accuracy; simultaneously, radioactive exposure goes beyond clinical use, and the detection in unforeseen scenarios is of interest too. Electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy (EMR) can detect paramagnetic centers created in materials exposed to radiation, relating spectral response with absorbed dose, thus performing non-destructively dosimetry, by keeping the information after the readout. After standardization of alanine as a high dose detector and the applicability in clinical studies, difficulties allowed the investigation of other EMR dosimetry materials; on the other hand, classifying compounds that are present daily and with the possibility of tissue equivalence is another stimulus for the expansion of alternative materials analysis. The development of this thesis is between two distinct but interconnected topics; first minidosimeters are presented for small field dosimetry, with a clinical approach, and the investigation of alternative materials, both topics applied in EMR dosimetry. Concerning the minidosimeters, some pellets aspects are studied, a new concept of detector, called EPResize®; and a stereotactic radiosurgery end-to-end audit are presented; about alternative materials research, more than 20 compounds were studied, based on ammonium, lithium, potassium and sodium. The results showed that the difficulties in determining the dose with small fields in a clinical dose range is an issue that still needs much attention and adequacy of the dosimetric systems, in order to extract the greatest possible sensitivity, with the need to employ parameters and methods of analysis besides the daily used; several materials were adequate for EMR dosimetry, such as ammonium sulfate, sodium formate, sodium dithionate, sodium citrate and different sulfites, which, even when not satisfying clinical aspects, are alternatives for control and determination of doses in other scenarios. The ability to perform clinical dosimetry with RME and the standardization of this system allow the improvement of treatments accuracy, and the availability of a greater variety of EMR dosimetry materials facilitates the need for dose mapping unforeseen cases.

Studies on perovskite rare earth manganites of general formula R1-xAxMnO3 (where R is a trivalent rare earth ion such as La3+, Pr3+ etc. and A is a divalent alkaline earth ion such as Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, have been a very active research area in the last few years in condensed matter physics. Manganites have a distorted perovskite crystal structure with R and A ions situated at the cube corners, oxygen ions at the edge centers of the cube and Mn ions at the centres of the oxygen octahedra. In these manganites the Mn ions are found to be in mixed valence state i.e., in Mn3+ and Mn4+ states. In the octahedral crystal field of oxygen ions the single ion energy levels are split into t2g and eg levels. Mn3+ being a Jahn-Teller ion, the eg level is further split due to the Jahn-Teller effect. A strong Hund’s coupling between the spins in the t2g and eg levels renders the Mn3+ ions to be in the high spin state. The interplay of competing super exchange between Mn ions which determines the antiferromagnetism, orbital ordering and insulating behavior and double exchange between Mn ions which leads to ferromagnetism and metallicity gives rise to very complex phase diagrams of manganites as a function of composition, temperature and magnetic field. The strength of these interactions is determined by various factors such as the A-site cation radius and the Jahn-Teller distortion due to the presence of Mn3+ ions. The strongly coupled charge, spin, lattice and orbital degrees of freedom in manganites gives rise to complex phenomena such as colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), charge order (CO) and orbital order (OO) and phase separation (PS) etc. The properties of these materials are sensitive functions of external stimuli such as the doping, temperature and pressure [1-5] and have been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically in single crystal, bulk polycrystalline and thin film forms of the samples [6-9]. Charge ordering is one of the fascinating properties exhibited by manganites. Charge ordering has historically been viewed as a precursor to the complex ordering of the Mn 3d orbitals, which in turn determine the magnetic interactions and these magnetic interactions are the driving force for charge localization and orbital order. This ordering of Mn3+ / Mn4+ charges can be destabilized by many methods. An external magnetic field can destabilize the charge ordered phase and drive the phase transition to the ferromagnetic metallic state [10-11]. Other than magnetic field, charge ordering can also be ‘melted’ by a variety of perturbations like electric field [12, 13], hydrostatic and chemical pressure [14-16], irradiation by X-rays [17], substitution at the Mn -site [18 -21] and A-site [22]. Of these, A-site substitution with bigger cations like barium is particularly of great interest since it does not interrupt the conduction path in the “MnO3” frame work Recently attention has been drawn towards the properties of nanoscale manganites. The nanoscale materials are expected to behave quite differently from extended solids due to quantum confinement effects and high surface/volume ratio. Nanoscale CMR manganites have been fabricated using diverse methods in the form of particles, wires, tubes and various other forms by different groups. It has been shown that the properties of CMR manganites can be tuned by reducing the particle size down to nanometer range and by changing the morphology [23-27]. As mentioned above, charge order is an interesting phase of manganites and these CO mangnites in the form of nanowires and nanoparticles show drastic changes in their properties compared to bulk. In contrast to the studies on the CMR compounds, there are very few reports on charge ordering nano manganites except on nanowires of Pr0.5Ca0..5MnO3 [28] and nanoparticles of Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 [29] and Pr0.5Sr0..5MnO3 [30]. This thesis is an effort in understanding certain aspects of charge order destabilization by two different methods, namely, doping bigger size cation (barium) in A-site (external perturbation) and by reducing the particle size to nano scale ( intrinsic). For this purpose we have selected the charge ordering system Pr1-xCaxMnO3 (PCMO) with composition x = 0.43. The reason behind choosing this composition is the observation [31] that CO is particularly weak for this value of x. We have prepared bulk, nanoparticles and nanowires of Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 manganite and have carried out microstructure, magnetic, magneto transport and EMR measurements to understand the nature of CO destabilization and also to understand other aspects such as magneto transport and magnetic anisotropy . Apart from destabilization of the charge order in PCMO we have also studied the bismuth based manganite Bi0.5Ca0.5MnO3. The reason behind choosing this system is the robust charge order of Bi0.5Ca0.5MnO3 compared to rare earth based manganites. So far no attempt has been made in comparing the electron paramagnetic resonance properties of bismuth based manganites with those of the rare earth based manganites. We have studied the magnetic, transport and electron paramagnetic resonance properties of Bi0.5Ca0.5MnO3 prepared by solid state reaction method and compared the results with those of Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 . In the following we present a chapter wise summary of the thesis. Chapter 1 of the thesis contains a brief introduction to the general features of manganites describing various interesting phenomena exhibited by them and the underlying interactions . Chapter 2 contains a detailed review of EPR studies on manganites describing the current level of understanding in the area. In this chapter we have also described the different experimental methodology adopted in this thesis. Chapter 3 reports the effect of a small amount (2%) of barium doped in the charge ordered antiferromagnetic insulating manganite Pr0.57Ca0.43MnO3. The samples were prepared by solid state synthesis and charecterized by various techniques like XRD, EDXA. The results of magnetization, magnetotransport and EPR/EMR experiments on both Pr0.57Ca0.43MnO3 and Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 are compared. The magnetization studies show that barium doping induces ferromagnetic phase in place of the CO-antiferromagnetic phase of the pristine sample at low temperatures as reported earlier by Zhu et al.,[31]. The transport studies show insulator to metal transition. The EPR parameters viz line width, intensity and ‘g’ value of Pr0.57Ca0.43MnO3 and Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 are compared. The magnetization and EPR studies reveal that the CO transition temperature TCO has shifted to a slightly lower value accompanied by a small decrease in the strength of the charge order. Thus a small amount of barium affects the CO phase of Pr0.57Ca0.43MnO3 and it also induces a ferromagnetic metallic phase at low temperature. Another most important and unexpected result of EMR experiment is the observation of high field signals, i.e. two EMR signals are observed at low temperatures in the ferromagnetic phase of Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3. The appearance of the high field signals are understood in terms of the effects of magneto crystalline anisotropy. Chapter 4, reports the microstructure, magnetization and EMR studies of Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method. We have mainly focused on the effect of size on the charge ordered phase. The samples were characterized by different techniques like XRD, EDXA and TEM. The obtained particle size of the samples are 30, 60 and 100 nm respectively. We have compared the magnetic, magneto transport and EMR results of these nano samples with the bulk properties. The 30 nm particles do not show the CO phase whereas the 60 and 100 nm particles show CO signatures in DC- magnetization measurements. The EPR intensity also shows a similar trend. These results confirm that charge ordering can also be destabilized by reducing the particle size to nano scale. But the EPR linewidth which reflects the spin dynamics shows a change in the slope near the CO temperature and there by indicates the presence of premonitory charge ordering fluctuations in smaller particles. We also observed that the EMR linewidth increases with the decrease of particle size. Another striking result is the disappearance of high field signals in all the nanosamples. This is understood in terms of a decrease in the magnetic anisotropy in nanoparticles. Part of the result of this chapter is published [32]. Chapter 5, reports the morphological, magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 nanowires. Recently our group has studied the nanowires of Pr0.5Ca0..5MnO3 [28]. In the nanowire sample of Pr0.5Ca0..5MnO3 only a partial suppression of CO is observed. This raises the question about the incomplete suppression of the CO in the nanowires: is this a consequence of the material being microscopic in one dimension and is it necessary to have a 3-dimensional nano material to have full suppression of the charge order ? In the present work we attempt to provide an answer to this question. PCBM nanowires of diameter 80-90 nm and length of ∼ 3.5 μm were synthesized by a low reaction temperature hydrothermal method. We have confirmed the single phase nature of the sample by XRD experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and trasmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphology and microstructures of the nanowires. The surface of nanowires was composed of particles of different grain size and interestingly some particles were hexagonal in shape. The bulk PCBM manganite exhibits charge order at 230 K along with a ferromagnetic transition at 110 K. However, SQUID measurements on PCBM nano-wires show a complete melting of the charge ordering and a ferromagnetic transition at 115 K. The magnetization observed in the nanowires was less compared to that in the bulk. EPR intensity measurements also support this result. Characteristic differences were observed in linewidth and ‘g’ factor behaviors of nanowires when compared with those of the bulk. EPR linewidth which reflects the spin dynamics shows a slope change near the CO temperature (like in nanoparticles) possibly due to charge order fluctuations in nanowires. The high field signals were absent in nanowires as well. Part of the result of this chapter is published [33]. Chapter 6 deals with the magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance studies on Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 and Bi0.5Ca0.5MnO3. These manganites are prepared by solid state reaction method and characterized by different techniques like XRD and EDXA. Further, we have compared the results of magnetization and electron paramagnetic resonance properties of Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 with those of Bi0.5Ca0.5MnO3 manganite in the temperature range of 10- 300 K. The two charge ordered manganites show significant differences in their behavior. The temperature dependence of the EPR parameters i.e. line width, central field and intensity of Bi0.5Ca0.5MnO3 are quite different from the rare earth based manganite i.e. Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3. Linewidth of BCMO is large compared to PCMO manganite and interestingly the temperature dependence of the central fields (CF) of PCMO and BCMO show opposite behavior. The CF of PCMO decreases with decrease in temperature as found in a large number of other CO systems, whereas CF of BCMO increases with decrease in temperature. This unusual behavior of resonance field is attributed to the different magnetic structure of BCMO system at low temperatures. Chapter 7 sums up the results reported in the thesis. The insight gained from the present work in understanding the destabilization of charge order by chemical doping and size reduction is discussed as well as the differences in the properties of bismuth and rare earth manganites. Further, we have indicated possible future directions of research in this area.

Neste trabalho foi utilizado um esquema multi-técnicas para estudar as interações moleculares no mecanismo de ação de clorocatecol 1,2-dioxigenase e da tirosina quinase FGFR2. Na primeira parte desta tese, descrevemos uma série de experimentos envolvendo a interação da enzima clorocatecol 1,2- dioxigenase (1,2-CCD) com seus ligantes naturais e também com miméticos de membranas biológicas (micelas de surfactantes, monacamadas lipídicas e lipossomos). Utilizamos a técnica de calorimetria de titulação isotérmica (ITC) para mostrar que tanto o substrato, quanto o produto da reação inibem a cinética enzimática mediada por 1,2-CCD. Resultados obtidos com as técnicas de calorimetria de varredura diferencial (DSC) e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE) confirmaram que a inibição se dá devido à ligação direta do produto da reação no sítio catalítico da enzima. Sendo assim, nossos dados indicam que o produto da reação exerce um papel relevante na catálise mediada por 1,2-CCD, devendo ser levado em consideração para estudos futuros que versem sobre a regulação da atividade desta enzima. Em outra vertente, investigamos a capacidade de 1,2-CCD de se ligar a modelos de membranas. Para isso, utilizamos as técnicas de RPE, DSC e de monocamadas de Langmuir no monitoramento das alterações nos miméticos de membranas (micelas dos surfactantes SDS e CTABr, monocamdas de DPPC e lipossomos de DPPC e DMPC) quando da adição de 1,2-CCD. Este conjunto de dados aponta claramente para a existência da referida interação, o que pode representar, junto com a inibição por produto, outro mecanismo de regulação do metabolismo desta enzima dentro da célula. Na segunda parte de nosso estudo, utilizamos a técnica de ITC para acessar as cinéticas de autofosforilação de FGFR2 quinase e de fosforilação, catalisada por FGFR2 quinase, da isoforma p52 da proteína Shc. A fosforilação reversível da cadeia lateral de aminoácidos é um princípio de regulação da atividade de enzimas e sinalização de proteínas largamente utilizado pelas células. Para tornarem-se ativas, proteínas tirosina quinase (PTK) autofosforilam-se hidrolisando moléculas de ATP em ADP em uma reação sequencial e precisamente ordenada. Uma vez ativas, interagem com proteínas adaptadoras, como Shc, que são fosforiladas pelo intermédio de PTK. Assim que é fosforilada, Shc torna-se apta a interagir com outras proteínas importantes no processo de sinalização celular para formar os complexos de sinalização primários (ESC). Nossos resultados mostram que o processo de autofosforilação da FGFR2 é governado por uma cinética cooperativa e com a ordem de fosforilação dos resíduos de tirosina provavelmente idêntica àquela previamente determinada para FGFR1. Já para a fosforilação de Shc, a cinética tende a mudar com a temperatura, sendo que a 10oC ocorre segundo um mecanismo de Michaelis- Menten, enquanto que a 15oC podemos identificar uma indefinição de comportamento deste sistema, uma vez que os dados podem ser ajustados pelos modelos de Michaelis-Menten e Hill. Já para 20oC, vemos uma mudança no perfil catalítico, mostrando um certo grau de cooperatividade. Estes resultados, além de estabelecerem características da cinética de fosforilação de FGFR2 e Shc ainda não reportadas, também validam o método calorimétrico utilizado para determinar os parâmetros cinéticos associados àquele processo. / In this thesis we have used a muti-technique approach to study the molecular interactions relevant in the reaction mechanism of two enzymes: chlorocatechol 1,2 dioxygenase (1,2-CCD) and tyrosine kinase FGFR2. In the first part, we have described a series of experiments involving the interaction of 1,2-CCD with its natural ligands and also with models of biological membranes (micelles, lipid monolayer, and liposomes). Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has shown that both substrate and product of the reactions inhibit 1,2-CCD kinetics. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) have confirmed that inhibition is due to the direct binding of product to the enzyme catalytic site. Thus, our data has indicated that the product of reaction plays a relevant role in the 1,2-CCD catalysis, and should be taken into account in studies related to activity regulation of this class of enzymes. In other study, we have investigated the 1,2-CCD capability of binding to model membranes. For that, EPR, DSC and Langmuir monolayer have been used to monitor changes in the mimetic systems (SDS and CTABr micelles, DPPC monolayer and DMPC liposomes) upon addition of 1,2-CCD to the system. Taken together our data points to existence of the such interaction, which means that this behaviour, along with the product inhibition, could be another mechanism for regulating this enzyme metabolism inside the cell. In the second part of our work, we have used ITC to assess the kinetics of phosphorylation of both FGFR2 kinase and the p52 isoform of Shc. The reversible phosphorilation of tyrosine residues is a widely used mechanism for regulating enzyme activity and protein signalling into the cell. To become active, Tyrosine kinase (PTK) phosphorylates itself by hydrolysing ATP into ADP molecules in a sequential and precisely ordered reaction. When active, PTK interacts with protein partners, like Shc, thus phosphorylating them. After its phosphorylation, Shc interacts with other important proteins in signalling events in order to form the so-called early signalling complexes (ESC). Our results have shown that the FGFR2 kinetics of autophosphorilation happened in a cooperative manner and probably following a phosphorilation order of the Tyr residues similar to that previously reported for FGFR1 kinase. As for the Shc phosphorilation mediated by FGFR2 kinase, it changes with temperature from a regular Michaelis-Menten kinetics at 10oC to an unclear behaviour, adjustable to both Michaelis-Menten and to Hill model, at 15oC. At 20oC, we can see that the kinetics shows some degree of cooperativity. These results provide the kinetic parameters for the FGFR2 authophosphorilation as well as p52Shc phosphorilation that have not been reported before, and also validate the calorimetric methods as a very useful tool to perform kinetics studies related to kinase signalling processes.

Ácidos graxos são moléculas hidrofóbicas essenciais para a composição da estrutura física celular, para o metabolismo energético dos seres vivos e também para os caminhos de sinalização molecular no proteoma celular. No caso de deficiência no ácido graxo docosahexaenóico (DHA) e do ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) temos a depressão e a mudança do comportamento. O transporte destas moléculas hidrofóbicas no citosol celular é realizado por uma família de proteínas capazes de se ligar a esses ácidos graxos de maneira seletiva, com alta afinidade e de forma reversível. Esta família de proteína é conhecida como FABP, ou proteínas ligantes de ácido graxo. Para realizar esta função, as FABP possuem características únicas tanto na sua estrutura tridimensional quanto na dinâmica experimentada pelos vários elementos estruturais. Diversos trabalhos identificaram regiões relevantes e, com mutações realizadas em resíduos específicos, caracterizaram o mecanismo como a proteína interage com ligantes e com a bicamada lipídica para a realização da sua função, identificando um processo multi-estágio na interação com a bicamada lipídica. Contudo, a não realização de mutações em todos os resíduos da proteína pode deixar não-identificados regiões ou resíduos da proteína também envolvidos na sua função. Além disso, nunca foi caracterizado o que ocorre com os resíduos e com a estrutura da FABP quando a proteína está complexada com uma bicamada lipídica. No presente trabalho, escolhemos a B-FABP para estudar a interação com ligantes e o complexo proteína-membrana desta família de proteínas. Para isto, as técnicas de ressonância magnética nuclear 15N-HSQC e eletrônica (RMN e RPE) foram utilizadas para acompanhar mudanças estruturais e dinâmicas ocorridas quanto de interações moleculares. Com a técnica de RPE e o uso de derivados de ácidos graxos marcados com radicais nitróxidos, monitoramos o sítio de ligação da molécula de ácido graxo e suas alterações quando na presença do surfactante SDS. No caso de RMN, foi usada em proteínas marcadas isotopicamente com 15N na presença de bicelas isotrópicas de DMPC: DHPC na razão igual a um (q = 1), em uma concentração lipídica (CL) de 4%. Nossos resultados além de identificar os mesmos resíduos já conhecidos na interação da FABP com modelos de membrana, também encontrou novos resíduos nunca antes associados à superfície de contato da FABP com a bicamada lipídica. / Fatty acids are hydrophobic molecules essential to the cell structure, to the energetic metabolism of living organisms and to the molecular signaling pathways in the cell proteome. Depression and behavior alteations are two common consequences of deficiencies in docosahexanoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids. The transport of such hydrophobic molecules in the cytosol is the main function of a family of proteins capable of making a selective, high affinity, and reversible binding of fatty acids. This family of proteins is known as FABPs (fatty acid binding proteins). To perform their function, FABPs have unique features in both their tridimensional structure and in the dynamics experienced by the several structural elements. Many reports have identified regions that are relevant to function and, through point mutations of specific residues, have characterized the mechanism used by the protein to bind its ligand and also to interact with lipid bilayers. However, the point mutation strategy relies heavily on the choice of residues such that missing residues can lead to the lack of identification of important elements involved in protein function. Moreover, the characterization of the protein-bilayer complex still deserves a more detailed investigation. In this work, we study the B-FABP protein in terms of its interaction with ligands as well as a membrane model system. We made use of magnetic resonance techniques, nuclear (NMR) and electronic (EPR), to probe structural and dynamical changes occurring upon intermolecular interaction. EPR and spin labeled fatty acids allowed us to monitor the ligand binding site in the protein structure and also its alterations in the presence of the surfactant SDS. NMR HSQC was used to gain information on the conformational changes of isotopically labeled protein in the presence of biceles made of DMPC:DHPC (q = 1 and lipid concentration CL of 4%). Our results confirmed relevant functional residues that had been previously identified and also pointed to new residues that had not been implicated as part of the contact surface before, thus widening our understanding of FABP-bilayer interaction.

Study of rare-earth manganites has been a very active research area in the last few years in condensed matter physics. This is due to the interesting phenomena such as (1) colossal magneto resistance (2) charge, orbital and spin ordering and (3) phase separation exhibited by these materials as a function of doping, pressure and temperature [1-3]. There is a lot of experimental data available in literature on different doped manganites, but no satisfactory and complete theoretical understanding is available yet. Though different theoretical models proposed are able to explain certain individual physical properties, a unified theory is missing which can comprehensively explain the full phase diagram. The study of such complex systems requires a probe that is sensitive to various interactions observed in manganites such as spin-spin interactions, spin-lattice interactions, spin-orbit interactions, crystal field interactions and the magnetic environment of the spins. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) being sensitive to these interactions is an ideal probe for investigating these strongly correlated systems. A number of EPR studies have been reported in the paramagnetic phase of manganites, throwing light on the complex spin dynamics present in the manganites [4-10]. There are a few reports in the ferromagnetic state of manganites [11-12]. In recent years, a few studies reporting the observation of phase separation using EPR have also been published [13-15]. Charge ordering phase is the other interesting phase, which is not understood from EPR point of view [16-19]. Recently there are a few reports on suppression of CO phase by reducing the particle size from micro to nano range [20-22]. In this thesis we present the results of Electron Magnetic Resonance (EMR) (EPR in the paramagnetic phase and FMR: ferromagnetic resonance in the ferromagnetic phase) studies supported by magnetization and magneto-transport studies of the following : (1) various magnetic phases in the two electron doped manganite Ca1-xCexMnO3 (CCMO) (2) Charge ordered phase vs. ferromagnetic metallic phase as a function of Cr and Ni doping at the Mn site of Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 (NCMO) and comparison between the effect of the two dopants, and (3) a study of nano-sized particles (with different particle size) of Cr doped NCMO. Chapter 1 of the thesis consists of a brief introduction to the general features of manganites describing various phenomena and the interactions underlying them. Further we have written a detailed overview of EPR studies in manganites describing the current level of understanding in the area. In this chapter we have also described the experimental methodology and the analysis procedure adopted in this work. Chapter 2 reports the magnetization, transport and electron paramagnetic resonance studies (EPR) on two electron-doped manganites Ca1-xCexMnO3 (0.075 ≤ x ≤ 0.20). The various compositions of CCMO were prepared by solid-state synthesis and characterized by different techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, and ICPAES. Our magnetization and transport results are consitent with the earlier reports [23-25]. For compositions x ≥ 0.13, all the EPR parameters viz. intensity, linewidth and the resonance field show signatures of a CO phase and at low temperature coexistence of two magnetic phases. x = 0.1 composition shows the most interesting results. Though the EPR intensity and resonance field indicate the presence of a CO phase, the EPR linewidth shows behaviour of a spin-disordered phase which we attribute to a possible spin-liquid phase [26]. The linewidth for x = 0.11 composition shows a combination of a CO and a spin-disorderd phase. For low composition x = 0.075, we observe a weak ferromagnetic phase and later on at low temperatures an antiferromagnetic phase. We do not observe the CO phase for this composition. In chapter 3, we present the magnetization, magnetotransport and EMR studies on Cr doped NCMO (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) [27]. The samples were prepared by solid-state synthesis and characterized by various techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, and ICPAES. The magnetization studies show that the Cr doping induces ferromagnetic phase at low temperatures. With the increase of Cr doping the magnetization increases at the expense of the CO phase and for higher doping CO phase disappears completely. The Cr doping induces insulator-metal transition and with increase of Cr doping the metallic phase increases. The doped samples show high CMR, almost 100%, near the TC. The EMR studies in the paramagnetic phase indicate a CO phase for low Cr doping and the presence of short-range dynamical CO-OO correlations for higher Cr doping, which were not observed in magnetization studies. We observe two EPR signals at low temperatures for the Cr doped samples. For 3% doping, the two signals appear well above TC whereas for higher doping (5%, 10%) the two signals were observed in the FM phase. We rule out the possibility of the two-signal behaviour arising from the coexistence of two magnetic phases. For higher doping, the presence of two signals in FM phase can be attributed to magnetic anisotropy. With increase of Cr doping, magnetic anisotropy decreases which is also supported by reduction of magnetic anisotropy in magnetization measurements. But it cannot explain the observation of two signals above TC in the 3% doped sample. In chapter 4, we present the magnetization, magnetotransport and EMR studies on Ni doped NCMO (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10). The samples were prepared by solid-state synthesis and characterized by various techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, and ICPAES. The magnetization studies show that the Ni doping induces ferromagnetic phase at low temperatures. With the increase of Ni doping, though the CO phase is suppressed, the FMM phase also weakens which is different from the behaviour observed in Cr doped NCMO. The Ni doping induces insulator-metal transition and with increase of Ni doping, the metallic phase weakens. The magnetic anisotropy increases with increase of Ni doping as obtained from magnetization measurements and the EMR data also corroborates the same fact. The EMR studies in the paramagnetic phase indicate a CO phase for low Ni doping and the presence of short-range dynamical CO-OO correlations for higher Ni doping, which were not observed in magnetization studies. We observe two signals in the FM phase, which again can be attributed to the magnetic anisotropy. In chapter 5, we present EMR studies on nano-particles of Cr doped NCMO for x = 0.03. We have prepared nano-particles of three different sizes by the sol-get route. The samples were characterized by various techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, and ICPAES. The particle sizes are 50, 100, 200 nm. We also compare the results of nano samples with the bulk samples. The ac susceptibility measurements show that the FM phase increases with the reduction of particle size. The EMR measurements show that the magnetic anisotropy decreases with decrease of particle size. The EMR linewidth in the paramagnetic phase increases with the decrease of particle size. The EMR intensity also increases with the reduction of particle size consitent with the magnetization results. The EMR results show that the reduction of particle size is one more way of inducing FM phase more effectively. Also the CO phase gets suppressed with the reduction of particle size. The two-signal feature is observed for all the particles. For nano-sized particles, the two signals appear in FM phase whereas in bulk sample they appeared well above TC. For 50 nm sized particles, the two signals appear well below 40 K. Thus we conclude that with decrease of particle size, the magnetic anisotropy decreases. The thesis concludes with a brief writeup summarizing the results and indicating possible future directions of research in the area.

Ácidos graxos são moléculas hidrofóbicas essenciais para a composição da estrutura física celular, para o metabolismo energético dos seres vivos e também para os caminhos de sinalização molecular no proteoma celular. No caso de deficiência no ácido graxo docosahexaenóico (DHA) e do ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) temos a depressão e a mudança do comportamento. O transporte destas moléculas hidrofóbicas no citosol celular é realizado por uma família de proteínas capazes de se ligar a esses ácidos graxos de maneira seletiva, com alta afinidade e de forma reversível. Esta família de proteína é conhecida como FABP, ou proteínas ligantes de ácido graxo. Para realizar esta função, as FABP possuem características únicas tanto na sua estrutura tridimensional quanto na dinâmica experimentada pelos vários elementos estruturais. Diversos trabalhos identificaram regiões relevantes e, com mutações realizadas em resíduos específicos, caracterizaram o mecanismo como a proteína interage com ligantes e com a bicamada lipídica para a realização da sua função, identificando um processo multi-estágio na interação com a bicamada lipídica. Contudo, a não realização de mutações em todos os resíduos da proteína pode deixar não-identificados regiões ou resíduos da proteína também envolvidos na sua função. Além disso, nunca foi caracterizado o que ocorre com os resíduos e com a estrutura da FABP quando a proteína está complexada com uma bicamada lipídica. No presente trabalho, escolhemos a B-FABP para estudar a interação com ligantes e o complexo proteína-membrana desta família de proteínas. Para isto, as técnicas de ressonância magnética nuclear 15N-HSQC e eletrônica (RMN e RPE) foram utilizadas para acompanhar mudanças estruturais e dinâmicas ocorridas quanto de interações moleculares. Com a técnica de RPE e o uso de derivados de ácidos graxos marcados com radicais nitróxidos, monitoramos o sítio de ligação da molécula de ácido graxo e suas alterações quando na presença do surfactante SDS. No caso de RMN, foi usada em proteínas marcadas isotopicamente com 15N na presença de bicelas isotrópicas de DMPC: DHPC na razão igual a um (q = 1), em uma concentração lipídica (CL) de 4%. Nossos resultados além de identificar os mesmos resíduos já conhecidos na interação da FABP com modelos de membrana, também encontrou novos resíduos nunca antes associados à superfície de contato da FABP com a bicamada lipídica. / Fatty acids are hydrophobic molecules essential to the cell structure, to the energetic metabolism of living organisms and to the molecular signaling pathways in the cell proteome. Depression and behavior alteations are two common consequences of deficiencies in docosahexanoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids. The transport of such hydrophobic molecules in the cytosol is the main function of a family of proteins capable of making a selective, high affinity, and reversible binding of fatty acids. This family of proteins is known as FABPs (fatty acid binding proteins). To perform their function, FABPs have unique features in both their tridimensional structure and in the dynamics experienced by the several structural elements. Many reports have identified regions that are relevant to function and, through point mutations of specific residues, have characterized the mechanism used by the protein to bind its ligand and also to interact with lipid bilayers. However, the point mutation strategy relies heavily on the choice of residues such that missing residues can lead to the lack of identification of important elements involved in protein function. Moreover, the characterization of the protein-bilayer complex still deserves a more detailed investigation. In this work, we study the B-FABP protein in terms of its interaction with ligands as well as a membrane model system. We made use of magnetic resonance techniques, nuclear (NMR) and electronic (EPR), to probe structural and dynamical changes occurring upon intermolecular interaction. EPR and spin labeled fatty acids allowed us to monitor the ligand binding site in the protein structure and also its alterations in the presence of the surfactant SDS. NMR HSQC was used to gain information on the conformational changes of isotopically labeled protein in the presence of biceles made of DMPC:DHPC (q = 1 and lipid concentration CL of 4%). Our results confirmed relevant functional residues that had been previously identified and also pointed to new residues that had not been implicated as part of the contact surface before, thus widening our understanding of FABP-bilayer interaction.

Neste trabalho foi utilizado um esquema multi-técnicas para estudar as interações moleculares no mecanismo de ação de clorocatecol 1,2-dioxigenase e da tirosina quinase FGFR2. Na primeira parte desta tese, descrevemos uma série de experimentos envolvendo a interação da enzima clorocatecol 1,2- dioxigenase (1,2-CCD) com seus ligantes naturais e também com miméticos de membranas biológicas (micelas de surfactantes, monacamadas lipídicas e lipossomos). Utilizamos a técnica de calorimetria de titulação isotérmica (ITC) para mostrar que tanto o substrato, quanto o produto da reação inibem a cinética enzimática mediada por 1,2-CCD. Resultados obtidos com as técnicas de calorimetria de varredura diferencial (DSC) e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE) confirmaram que a inibição se dá devido à ligação direta do produto da reação no sítio catalítico da enzima. Sendo assim, nossos dados indicam que o produto da reação exerce um papel relevante na catálise mediada por 1,2-CCD, devendo ser levado em consideração para estudos futuros que versem sobre a regulação da atividade desta enzima. Em outra vertente, investigamos a capacidade de 1,2-CCD de se ligar a modelos de membranas. Para isso, utilizamos as técnicas de RPE, DSC e de monocamadas de Langmuir no monitoramento das alterações nos miméticos de membranas (micelas dos surfactantes SDS e CTABr, monocamdas de DPPC e lipossomos de DPPC e DMPC) quando da adição de 1,2-CCD. Este conjunto de dados aponta claramente para a existência da referida interação, o que pode representar, junto com a inibição por produto, outro mecanismo de regulação do metabolismo desta enzima dentro da célula. Na segunda parte de nosso estudo, utilizamos a técnica de ITC para acessar as cinéticas de autofosforilação de FGFR2 quinase e de fosforilação, catalisada por FGFR2 quinase, da isoforma p52 da proteína Shc. A fosforilação reversível da cadeia lateral de aminoácidos é um princípio de regulação da atividade de enzimas e sinalização de proteínas largamente utilizado pelas células. Para tornarem-se ativas, proteínas tirosina quinase (PTK) autofosforilam-se hidrolisando moléculas de ATP em ADP em uma reação sequencial e precisamente ordenada. Uma vez ativas, interagem com proteínas adaptadoras, como Shc, que são fosforiladas pelo intermédio de PTK. Assim que é fosforilada, Shc torna-se apta a interagir com outras proteínas importantes no processo de sinalização celular para formar os complexos de sinalização primários (ESC). Nossos resultados mostram que o processo de autofosforilação da FGFR2 é governado por uma cinética cooperativa e com a ordem de fosforilação dos resíduos de tirosina provavelmente idêntica àquela previamente determinada para FGFR1. Já para a fosforilação de Shc, a cinética tende a mudar com a temperatura, sendo que a 10oC ocorre segundo um mecanismo de Michaelis- Menten, enquanto que a 15oC podemos identificar uma indefinição de comportamento deste sistema, uma vez que os dados podem ser ajustados pelos modelos de Michaelis-Menten e Hill. Já para 20oC, vemos uma mudança no perfil catalítico, mostrando um certo grau de cooperatividade. Estes resultados, além de estabelecerem características da cinética de fosforilação de FGFR2 e Shc ainda não reportadas, também validam o método calorimétrico utilizado para determinar os parâmetros cinéticos associados àquele processo. / In this thesis we have used a muti-technique approach to study the molecular interactions relevant in the reaction mechanism of two enzymes: chlorocatechol 1,2 dioxygenase (1,2-CCD) and tyrosine kinase FGFR2. In the first part, we have described a series of experiments involving the interaction of 1,2-CCD with its natural ligands and also with models of biological membranes (micelles, lipid monolayer, and liposomes). Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has shown that both substrate and product of the reactions inhibit 1,2-CCD kinetics. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) have confirmed that inhibition is due to the direct binding of product to the enzyme catalytic site. Thus, our data has indicated that the product of reaction plays a relevant role in the 1,2-CCD catalysis, and should be taken into account in studies related to activity regulation of this class of enzymes. In other study, we have investigated the 1,2-CCD capability of binding to model membranes. For that, EPR, DSC and Langmuir monolayer have been used to monitor changes in the mimetic systems (SDS and CTABr micelles, DPPC monolayer and DMPC liposomes) upon addition of 1,2-CCD to the system. Taken together our data points to existence of the such interaction, which means that this behaviour, along with the product inhibition, could be another mechanism for regulating this enzyme metabolism inside the cell. In the second part of our work, we have used ITC to assess the kinetics of phosphorylation of both FGFR2 kinase and the p52 isoform of Shc. The reversible phosphorilation of tyrosine residues is a widely used mechanism for regulating enzyme activity and protein signalling into the cell. To become active, Tyrosine kinase (PTK) phosphorylates itself by hydrolysing ATP into ADP molecules in a sequential and precisely ordered reaction. When active, PTK interacts with protein partners, like Shc, thus phosphorylating them. After its phosphorylation, Shc interacts with other important proteins in signalling events in order to form the so-called early signalling complexes (ESC). Our results have shown that the FGFR2 kinetics of autophosphorilation happened in a cooperative manner and probably following a phosphorilation order of the Tyr residues similar to that previously reported for FGFR1 kinase. As for the Shc phosphorilation mediated by FGFR2 kinase, it changes with temperature from a regular Michaelis-Menten kinetics at 10oC to an unclear behaviour, adjustable to both Michaelis-Menten and to Hill model, at 15oC. At 20oC, we can see that the kinetics shows some degree of cooperativity. These results provide the kinetic parameters for the FGFR2 authophosphorilation as well as p52Shc phosphorilation that have not been reported before, and also validate the calorimetric methods as a very useful tool to perform kinetics studies related to kinase signalling processes.

The study of novel properties of materials in nanometer length scales has been an extensive area of research in the recent past. The field of nanosciece and nanotechnology deals with such studies and has gained tremendous importance because of the potential applications of these nanosystems in devices. Many of the bulk properties tend to change as a function of size, be it particle size in case of nanoparticles, or thickness in case of very thin films. Not only is it important to study these changes from the point of view of applications, but also the interesting physics behind such changes prompts further research and exploration in this area. In this thesis we try to see how changes in the length scales affect the properties of nanoparticles and how change in thickness affects the properties of thin films, along with making an effort towards measurements of conductivity in the nanoscale using the technique of electron magnetic resonance (EMR) signal shape analysis. Electron magnetic resonance is a general term used to combine both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). This thesis deals with mainly two kinds of systems viz., nanoparticles of doped rare earth manganites and thin films of the conducting polymer, vapor phase polymerized polyethylendioxythiophene (VPP PEDOT). The general formula for doped manganites is A1-xBxMnO3 where A is a rare earth trivalent cation like La3+, Pr3+, Nd3+..., and B is an alkaline earth divalent cation like Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+... These together with Mn and O form the distorted perovskite structure to which manganites belong. The phase diagram of doped manganites involves many interesting phases like ferromagnetic metallic, antiferromagnetic insulating and charge ordered insulating phases. The magnetic properties of the manganites are governed by exchange interactions between the Mn ion spins. These interactions are relatively large between two Mn spins separated by an oxygen atom and are controlled by the overlap between the Mn d-orbitals and the O p-orbitals. The changing Mn-O-Mn bond lengths and bond angles as a function of the radius of the A and B cations [1, 2], and the different magnetic interactions among the Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions together are responsible for the different phases that we see in manganites as a function of temperature and magnetic field. Manganites have potential applications in the field of spintronics because of their colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) [3] and half-metallic [4] properties. Studies on nanoscale manganites have shown that as size reduces, their electrical and magnetic properties change significantly[5]. By changing the morphology and grain size, the properties of CMR manganites can be tuned [6-9]. Phase separation seems to disappear in nanoparticles compared to bulk [10]. In the charge ordered manganites, size reduction is known to bring about suppression of charge order [11], emergence of ferromagnetism [12, 13] and even metallicity in some nanostructures [12]. The conducting polymer under study viz., VPP PEDOT is in a semiconducting phase at room temperature and becomes more insulating as temperature reduces. It is a technologically important polymer which has cathodically coloring property, can be used as a highly conducting electrode in organic solar cells and organic LEDs [14-16]. In the following we give a summary of the results reported in the thesis chapter by chapter. Chapter 1: This chapter of the thesis consists of an introduction to the physics of manganites and the technique of EMR. This includes a detailed account of previous EMR studies done on manganites, in particular nano manganites. There is a section about different line shapes observed in EMR of manganites, their origin and how to fit them to an appropriate lineshape function [17]. There is an introduction to the transport properties of conducting polymers, including how magnetic fields can affect the transport and the mechanism behind variable range hopping transport which is the dominant kind of transport in such polymeric systems. There is also a description of the different experimental methods and instruments used to study the systems in the thesis and their working principles. They are: EPR spectrometer, SQUID magnetometer, Janis cryostat with superconducting magnet, atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Chapter 2: This chapter deals with the method of contactless conductivity of nanoparticles using EMR lineshape analysis. It is difficult to measure the conductivity of individual nanoparticles by putting contacts. Other methods tend to include the contribution of grain boundaries which mask the grain characteristics [5]. We have introduced a new contactless method to measure the conductivity of nanoparticles in a contactless manner [18]. Metallic nanoparticles in which the skin depth is less than the size of the particles, exhibit an asymmetric EMR signal called the Dysonian [19]. Dysonian lineshape is an asymmetric lineshape with the so-called A/B ratio >1, where, A is the amplitude of the low field half of the derivative and B is the amplitude of the high field half. In a ferromagnetic conducting sample, the lineshape has contributions from the Dysonian part and also a part which arises due to magnetocrystalline anisotropy [20]. We have developed a method of deconvoluting the signals from conducting nanoparticles to take out the Dysonian part from them and measure the A/B ratio as a function of temperature. The A/B ratio thus determined can then be used to find out the ratio of the sample size to the skin depth using the work by Kodera [21]. The skin depth can be used to determine the conductivity by using the relationship  = (1/)1/2, where,  is the measuring frequency,  is the conductivity and  is the permeability. This technique has been used to determine the conductivity as a function of temperature (from 60 K to 300 K) of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles of average size 17 nm. The method has been cross-checked by measuring the conductivity of bulk LSMO particles at 300 K by EMR lineshape analysis method and by standard four-probe method, which give conductivity values close to each other within experimental error. Chapter 3: In this chapter, we report a novel phenomenon of disappearance of electron-hole asymmetry in nanoparticles of charge ordered Pr1-xCaxMnO3 (PCMO). In bulk PCMO there is asymmetry in electric and magnetic properties seen on either side of x = 0.5. In the samples with x = 0.36 (hole doped: called PCMH) and x = 0.64 (electron doped: called PCME), the bulk sample has opposite g-shifts as observed in EPR signals [22]. PCME sample shows g-value less than and PCMH sample shows g-value greater than the free electron g-value at room temperature. This is explained using the opposite sign of the spin-orbit coupling constant for the two different kinds of charge carriers. But when the size of PCMH and PCME is reduced to nanoscale (average size ~ 20 nm), the g-shift was seen on the same side i.e., positive and almost equal g-shift in both cases. This points towards a disappearance of electron-hole asymmetry at nanoscale. This positive g-shift is analyzed in the two cases in the light of disappearance of charge ordering and emergence of ferromagnetism in these systems, since emergence of ferromagnetic hysteresis is noticed at low temperatures in both nano PCMH and nano PCME. In nano PCMH, charge ordering completely disappears and in nano PCME it weakens. Exchange bias is seen in both the systems, suggestive of core-shell structure [23] in the nanoparticles. Other competing factors include spin-other orbit interactions and size reduction induced metallicity [12] which can average out the anisotropies in the system, causing the asymmetry to disappear. Chapter 4: This chapter deals with thickness induced change in transport mechanism in VPP PEDOT thin films. Two samples were studied with average thickness of 120 nm (VP-1) and 150 nm (VP-2). The average room temperature conductivity of VP-1 was found to be 126 Scm-1 and VP-2 was 424 Scm-1. The transport mechanism in VP-1 is seen to be 2-dimensional variable range hopping (VRH) [24]. However, as the thickness increases by 30 nm, the transport mechanism in VP-2 is found to be 3-dimensional VRH. The low temperature magnetotransport is analyzed in the two systems and it shows that there is wavefunction shrinkage in both the systems at 1.3 K [24]. The DC transport results are cross checked with AC transport data at 5 different temperatures in the frequency range of 40 Hz to 110 MHz. The data can be analyzed by using the extended pair approximation model [25]. The AC transport shows the presence of a critical frequency 0 which marks the transition from the frequency independent to a frequency dependent region. The value of 0 decreasing with decreasing temperature suggests that the system is becoming more insulating and it supports the DC transport model of VRH. The morphological studies were done using AFM which revealed higher grain size for VP-2, confirming the direct correlation of the average grain size with the conductivity of the sample. Chapter 5: summarizes the main conclusions of the thesis, also pointing out some future directions for research in the field.

La thèse porte sur la synthèse et l'étude des propriétés magnétiques de borates de fer-gallium,FexGa1-xBO3 avec 0 supérieur ou égal à x supérieur ou égal à 1. Ces matériaux sont prometteurs pour les applications; en plus, grâce à la présence, en fonction de x, de différents types d’ordre magnétique, ils sont bien adaptés au traitement de nombreux problèmes du magnétisme des solides.Le borate de fer, FeBO3 est un antiferromagnétique possédant un plan de facile aimantation et un faible ferromagnétisme. Les caractéristiques du borate de fer sont radicalement modifiées par substitution isomorphe fer – gallium diamagnétique.Nous avons mis au point une route de synthèse de monocristaux FexGa1-xBO3 de haute qualité. Comme principales techniques expérimentales, nous avons choisi les résonances magnétiques électronique (RME) et nucléaire (RMN). Selon le contenu du fer, nous avons observé:(i) la résonance antiferromagnétique, (ii) la résonance de clusters magnétiques et (iii) la résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE). Les différents états magnétiques ont été identifiés et leurs caractéristiques – la température de Néel, le champ de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya; les paramètres de l’hamiltonien de spin de Fe3+, etc.– ont été déterminées. La coordinence et la symétrie de sites de 11B et 71Ga ont été précisées par RMN à rotation sous l’angle « magique » (MAS). Moyennant la simulation des spectres de RPE et de MAS RMN, à l’aide de codes mis au point ad hoc, les distributions de paramètres dues au désordre local ont été déterminées. L’analyse théorique, tenant compte de contributions du champ cristallin et de l’interaction dipôle-dipôle, permet d’expliquer l’anisotropie magnétocristalline de volume et de surface. / The thesis is concerned with synthesis and studying magnetic properties of iron-galliumborates, FexGa1-xBO3 with [0 supérieur ou égal à x supérieur ou égal à 1]. These materials are promising candidates for applications;besides, occurrence of different types of magnetic ordering, depending on x, makes them suitablefor treating a number of fundamental problems in solid state magnetism.Iron borate, FeBO3 is a two-sublattice easy-plane antiferromagnet with weakferromagnetism. Physical characteristics of iron borate are radically modified by isomorphoussubstitution of a part of iron by diamagnetic gallium.We have started with developing a synthesis route for growing high-quality FexGa1-xBO3single crystals. As main experimental techniques, we have chosen Electron and Nuclear MagneticResonances (EMR, NMR). Depending on iron contents and temperature, we have observed:(i) Antiferromagnetic, (ii) Cluster Magnetic and (iii) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR).Different magnetic states have been identified and their characteristics: Néel temperature,Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya field; spin Hamiltonian parameters of isolated Fe3+ ion, etc., have beendetermined. Coordination and site symmetry of 11B and 71Ga nuclei have been specified by meansof Magic Angle Spininng (MAS) NMR. Carrying out computer simulations of EPR and MASNMR spectra with laboratory-developed codes, the parameter distributions caused by localdisorder have been determined. Theoretical analysis taking into account crystal field and dipoledipolecontributions allow interpreting volume and surface magnetocrystalline anisotropy of thecrystals.