The precision of mass measurements in a Penning trap is directly proportional to an ion's charge state and can be increased by using highly charged ions (HCI) from an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT). By bombarding the injected and trapped singly charged ions with an intense electron beam, the charge state of the ions is rapidly increased. To use this method for short-lived isotopes, very high electron beam current densities are required of the TITAN EBIT, built and commissioned at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany and transported to TRIUMF for the TITAN on-line facility. This EBIT has produced charge states as high as Kr34+ and Ba54+ with electron beams of up to 500 mA and 27 keV. Once the EBIT is operational at full capacity (5 A, 60 keV), most species can be bred into a He-like configuration within tens of ms.

In the present study, the effect of S and Se substitution on structural, electrical and optical properties of AgGa(Se2-xSx) thin films has been investigated. AgGa(Se0.5S0.5 )2 thin films were prepared by using the thermal evaporation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has revealed that the transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline structure took place at about 450 oC. The detailed information about the stoichometry and the segregation mechanisms of the constituent elements in the structure has been obtained by performing both energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. AgGaSe2 thin films were deposited by using both electron-beam (e-beam) and sputtering techniques. In e-beam evaporated thin films, the effect of annealing on the structural and morphological properties of the deposited films has been studied by means of XRD, XPS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDXA measurements. Structural analysis has shown that samples annealed between 300 and 600 oC were in polycrystalline structure with co-existance of Ag, Ga2Se3, GaSe, and AgGaSe2. The variation of surface morphology, chemical composition and bonding nature of constituent elements on post-annealing has been determined by EDXA and XPS analyses. AgGaSe2 thin films were also prepared by using sputtering technique. XRD measurements have shown that the mono-phase AgGaSe2 structure is formed at annealing temperature of 600 oC. The crystal-field and spin-orbit splitting levels were resolved. These levels around 2.03 and 2.30 eV were also detected from the photospectral response measurements. Thin films of Ag-Ga-S (AGS) compound were prepared by using AgGaS2 single crystalline powder and deposition of the excess silver (Ag) intralayer with double source thermal evaporation method. As a consequence of systematic optimization of thickness of Ag layer, Ag(Ga,S) with the stoichiometry of AgGa5S8 and AgGaS2 were obtained and systematic study to obtain structural, electrical and optical properties was carried out.

Diffractive zone-plate lenses are widely used as optics in high-resolution x-ray microscopes. The achievable resolution in such microscopes is presently not limited by the x-ray wavelength but by limitations in zone-plate nanofabrication. Thus, for the advance of high-resolution x-ray microscopy, progress in zone-plate nanofabrication methods are needed.   This Thesis describes the development of new nanofabrication processes for improved x-ray zone-plate optics. Cold development of the electron-beam resist ZEP7000 is applied to improve the resolution of soft x-ray Ni zone plates. The influence of developer temperature on resist contrast, resolution, and pattern quality is investigated. With an optimized process, Ni zone plates with outermost zone widths down to 13 nm are demonstrated. To enhance the diffraction efficiency of Ni zone plates, the concept of Ni-Ge zone plates is introduced. The applicability of Ni-Ge zone plates is first demonstrated in a proof-of-principle experiment, and then extended to cold-developed Ni zone plates with outermost zone widths down to 13 nm. For 15-nm Ni-Ge zone plates a diffraction efficiency of 4.3% at a wavelength of 2.88 nm is achieved, which is about twice the efficiency of state-of-the-art 15-nm Ni zone plates. To further increase both resolution and diffraction efficiency of soft x-ray zone plates, a novel fabrication process for W zone plates is developed. High resolution is provided by salty development of the inorganic electron-beam resist HSQ, and cryogenic RIE in a SF6 plasma is investigated for high-aspect-ratio W structuring. We demonstrate W zone plates with 12-nm outermost zone width and a W height of 90 nm, resulting in a 30% increase in theoretical diffraction efficiency compared to 13-nm efficiency-enhanced Ni-Ge zone plates. In addition to soft x-ray zone plates, some lenses for hard x-ray free-electron-laser applications were also fabricated during this Thesis work. Fabrication processes for the materials W, diamond, and Pt were developed. We demonstrate Pt and W-diamond zone plates with 100-nm outermost zone width and respective diffraction efficiencies of 8.2% and 14.5% at a photon energy of 8 keV. / QC 20111114

The focus of this literary study was additive manufacturing (AM) and the purpose was to find general trends for selected materials that have been additively manufactured and compare them to results from other reviews. The raw materials studied were stainless steels 316L, 17-4 PH, 15-5 PH and 420, as well as tool steel H13 and nickel alloys 625, 718 and Hastelloy X.The AM techniques studied were selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM) and binder jetting (BJG).  A total of 69 articles have been studied to fulfill the purpose above. The articles were used to write a summary of the techniques, compare them to each other and to conventional methods. They were also used to create a database to compile information on mechanical properties, microstructure and process parameters. Based on the database mechanical properties for SLM tend to be higher compared to EBM. This however varied somewhat depending on the processed material. Furthermore the yield and tensile strength obtained from the database for SLM seemed to be higher compared to the values in review articles for almost all materials. Unfortunately not enough values were found for BJG to compare it to SLM and EBM.AM seems to produce weaker, equal and superior products compared to conventional methods. However due to the limited nature of the project and the research found no conclusions can be drawn about any trends, how to achieve the different results or how parameters affect the finished product. To be able to say anything with more certainty more research has to be done. Not only in general concerning the AM techniques, but more studying of existing articles is needed. Finally a standardization on how to reference properties and process parameters is necessary. Currently it is very difficult to compare results or draw conclusions due to different designations, units and a lot of missing essential information.

The focus of this literary study was additive manufacturing (AM) and the purpose was to find general trends for selected materials that have been additively manufactured and compare them to results from other reviews. The raw materials studied were stainless steels 316L, 17-4 PH, 15-5 PH and 420, as well as tool steel H13 and nickel alloys 625, 718 and Hastelloy X. The AM techniques studied were selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM) and binder jetting (BJG).  A total of 69 articles have been studied to fulfill the purpose above. The articles were used to write a summary of the techniques, compare them to each other and to conventional methods. They were also used to create a database to compile information on mechanical properties, microstructure and process parameters. Based on the database mechanical properties for SLM tend to be higher compared to EBM. This however varied somewhat depending on the processed material. Furthermore the yield and tensile strength obtained from the database for SLM seemed to be higher compared to the values in review articles for almost all materials. Unfortunately not enough values were found for BJG to compare it to SLM and EBM.AM seems to produce weaker, equal and superior products compared to conventional methods. However due to the limited nature of the project and the research found no conclusions can be drawn about any trends, how to achieve the different results or how parameters affect the finished product. To be able to say anything with more certainty more research has to be done. Not only in general concerning the AM techniques, but more studying of existing articles is needed. Finally a standardization on how to reference properties and process parameters is necessary. Currently it is very difficult to compare results or draw conclusions due to different designations, units and a lot of missing essential information.

O trabalho aqui apresentado descreve algumas pesquisas em teste de circuitos integrados. Estas pesquisas consistem, por um lado, na análise de falhas e por outro, na validação de protótipos, ambas fazendo uso de técnicas de teste com feixe de elétrons. A primeira parte deste trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos princípios do teste com feixe de elétrons, bem como descreve as pesquisas correntemente em desenvolvimento no laboratório TIM3-INPG. Também são abordados temas como o tratamento de imagem em contraste de potencial e projeto visando a testabilidade de circuitos no teste com feixe de elétrons. Quanto a este último assunto, sua inclusão neste trabalho visou apresentar, aqueles que trabalham na área de projetos de circuitos, desconhecedores dos problemas do MEV, idéias de como realizar seu projeto a fim de tornar a tarefa de depuração do protótipo pelo feixe de elétrons o mais fácil possível. A segunda parte descreve experimentos práticos na área de validação de protótipos, onde duas técnicas pertinentes foram utilizadas e o estudo de um caso real foi apresentado. A primeira técnica é baseada na adaptação de uma ferramenta de comparação de múltiplas imagens adjacentes, que foi originalmente desenvolvida para o processo de análise de falhas. A segunda técnica utilizada faz uso de um sistema especialista que, baseado no conhecimento adquirido do circuito, gera o diagnóstico automático de falha. Os desempenhos destas duas ferramentas são apresentados e discutidos, bem como é fornecido o diagnóstico de falha para o circuito protótipo utilizado. Como conclusão, são propostos futuros desenvolvimentos no processo de validação de protótipo. Estes melhoramentos objetivam tanto a completa automação do processo quanto o enriquecimento da informação provida no final do processo de diagnóstico de falha, de forma a obter-se um ambiente de teste para validação de protótipos apresentando um alto grau de integração e automação. / The work reported herein describes some IC testing research. This research concerns on one hand, failure analysis and on the other hand IC prototype validation, both making use of e-beam testing techniques. The first part of this work presents a review of e-beam testing as well as describes the researches currently in progress at the TIM3-INPG Laboratory. Subjects like voltage contrast image treatment and design for testability in e-beam testing are also discussed. Considering the last theme, it was included in this work in order to provide to the IC designers, whose knowledge about the SEM problems is not enough, some ideas on the way of how to accomplish their design to make the prototype validation process as easy as possible. The second part describes practical experiments in the prototype validation domain, where two approaches were used and a real case study was presented. The first approach is based on the multiple adjacent images comparison process adaptation, firstly developed to be used in the failure analysis process. The second technique makes use of an expert system, based on the acquired knowledge of the device under test in order to provide the fault diagnosis. The performances of these two approaches are presented and discussed, as well as, the fault diagnosis to the prototype circuit is presented. As conclusion, it is proposed further developments in the prototype validation approach. These improvements deal with the automation of the entire process as well as the enhancement of the information provided at the end of the fault diagnosis process, in order to obtain a testing environment for prototype validation with high integration and automation degrees.

Les procédés de fabrication additive ont connus un fort essor dans les dernières décennies et entament aujourd'hui leur phase d'industrialisation pérenne. L'industrie, dans un souci d'améliorer sans cesse le ratio masse/rigidité des systèmes qu'elle produit (notamment l'industrie aéronautique), a pris conscience du potentiel de ces technologies à produire des structures plus complexes que les procédés classiques. Elle cherche aujourd'hui à tirer profit de ce potentiel pour alléger encore plus les pièces produites en utilisant notamment des géométries de type réseaux ou alvéolaires (Lattice en anglais). Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour but de proposer une méthodologie, des modèles et des outils permettant la conception, le dimensionnement et l'optimisation de telles structures en vue de leur fabrication par procédés additifs. Le framework proposé peut être résumé par les huit étapes ci-dessous:- Importation de l'espace de conception, comprenant également les cas de chargement.- Optimisation topologique sur l'espace de conception.- Reconstruction de la géométrie, appelée primitive, qui servira de support à l'insertion du réseau.- Calcul par éléments finis qui peut être réalisé pour s'assurer de la bonne tenue mécanique.- Définition de la topologie du réseau, par l'intermédiaire d'un graphe 3D.- Déformation du réseau et optimisation mécanique du réseau.- Reconstruction des volumes.- Préparation des fichiers de données et impression 3D. / Additive manufacturing processes have been quickly growing those past decades and are now getting to their sustainable industrial. Industry has been caring about the mass to rigidity ratio of the structures it produces (especially in aeronautics), and is now acknowledging the potential of additive processes to produce more complex shapes than classical processes. Industry is now trying to take advantage of this potential by designing highly complex structures like lattices or metal foams. The work that is presented in this document propose a methodology, models and numerical tools allowing the conception, dimensioning and optimization of such structures through additive manufacturing. The proposed framework can be describe through the height following steps:- Importing the design space and the technical requirement (load cases).- Topology optimization of the design space- Geometry reconstruction to create a primitive which will be the lattice insertion area.- Finite elements computation to ensure that the structure meets the requirements.- Lattice topology definition using 3D graphs.- Lattice deformation and optimization.- Creation of the volumes around the lattice.- Printing file creation and 3D printing.

O trabalho aqui apresentado descreve algumas pesquisas em teste de circuitos integrados. Estas pesquisas consistem, por um lado, na análise de falhas e por outro, na validação de protótipos, ambas fazendo uso de técnicas de teste com feixe de elétrons. A primeira parte deste trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos princípios do teste com feixe de elétrons, bem como descreve as pesquisas correntemente em desenvolvimento no laboratório TIM3-INPG. Também são abordados temas como o tratamento de imagem em contraste de potencial e projeto visando a testabilidade de circuitos no teste com feixe de elétrons. Quanto a este último assunto, sua inclusão neste trabalho visou apresentar, aqueles que trabalham na área de projetos de circuitos, desconhecedores dos problemas do MEV, idéias de como realizar seu projeto a fim de tornar a tarefa de depuração do protótipo pelo feixe de elétrons o mais fácil possível. A segunda parte descreve experimentos práticos na área de validação de protótipos, onde duas técnicas pertinentes foram utilizadas e o estudo de um caso real foi apresentado. A primeira técnica é baseada na adaptação de uma ferramenta de comparação de múltiplas imagens adjacentes, que foi originalmente desenvolvida para o processo de análise de falhas. A segunda técnica utilizada faz uso de um sistema especialista que, baseado no conhecimento adquirido do circuito, gera o diagnóstico automático de falha. Os desempenhos destas duas ferramentas são apresentados e discutidos, bem como é fornecido o diagnóstico de falha para o circuito protótipo utilizado. Como conclusão, são propostos futuros desenvolvimentos no processo de validação de protótipo. Estes melhoramentos objetivam tanto a completa automação do processo quanto o enriquecimento da informação provida no final do processo de diagnóstico de falha, de forma a obter-se um ambiente de teste para validação de protótipos apresentando um alto grau de integração e automação. / The work reported herein describes some IC testing research. This research concerns on one hand, failure analysis and on the other hand IC prototype validation, both making use of e-beam testing techniques. The first part of this work presents a review of e-beam testing as well as describes the researches currently in progress at the TIM3-INPG Laboratory. Subjects like voltage contrast image treatment and design for testability in e-beam testing are also discussed. Considering the last theme, it was included in this work in order to provide to the IC designers, whose knowledge about the SEM problems is not enough, some ideas on the way of how to accomplish their design to make the prototype validation process as easy as possible. The second part describes practical experiments in the prototype validation domain, where two approaches were used and a real case study was presented. The first approach is based on the multiple adjacent images comparison process adaptation, firstly developed to be used in the failure analysis process. The second technique makes use of an expert system, based on the acquired knowledge of the device under test in order to provide the fault diagnosis. The performances of these two approaches are presented and discussed, as well as, the fault diagnosis to the prototype circuit is presented. As conclusion, it is proposed further developments in the prototype validation approach. These improvements deal with the automation of the entire process as well as the enhancement of the information provided at the end of the fault diagnosis process, in order to obtain a testing environment for prototype validation with high integration and automation degrees.

Neste trabalho estudou-se as propriedades obtidas em juntas soldadas pelo processo de soldagem a laser do tipo estado sólido de onda contínua guiado por fibra, e os resultados foram comparados com juntas soldadas pelo processo feixe de elétrons. O material utilizado foi o aço maraging 350 - ASTM A 538 Grade C. As soldas realizadas com o processo feixe de elétrons possuem um procedimento de soldagem aprovado. A junta selecionada para a elaboração do trabalho foi do tipo sobreposta com material de base de espessuras diferentes, respectivamente iguais a 1,00 e 0,78 mm. As juntas soldadas foram avaliadas por: ensaio de cisalhamento, dureza Vickers e caracterização microestrutural das diversas regiões das juntas soldadas. Foram realizadas análises por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura usando espectrometria de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS). Foi realizado o teste de hipótese como técnica para a análise dos dados provenientes dos ensaios experimentais. Nas juntas soldadas com ambos processos não foi verificada a presença de descontinuidades, poros e depressões na superfície do cordão. Os resultados indicam que as condições usadas em ambos os processos de soldagem foram satisfatórias e possibilitaram a soldagem do aço maraging 350 atendendo aos requisitos necessários. / In this work, the welds made by a continuous wave diode pumped solid state laser guided by fiber were studied and the results were compared with welded joints of electron beam welding. The material used was maraging 350 steel ASTM A 538 Grade C. The welding process performed with electron beam welding has a approved welding procedure. The joint chosen for the preparation of the work was the lap joint type with different thicknesses base material respectively equal to 1,00 and 0,78 mm. The welded joints were evaluated by mechanical tests like shear test, Vickers hardness and microstructural characterization of the various regions of the welded joints. Analyzes were performed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The hypothesis test technique was done for the analysis of data from experimental tests. For both welding process was not detected in the welded joints the presence of discontinuities, pores and depressions on the weld fillet surface. The results indicate that the conditions used for both welding process were satisfactory and allowed the welding of maraging 350 steel meeting necessary requirements.

Esta Dissertação abrange a caracterização microestrutural do aço API 5L X65 soldado por feixe de elétrons (EBW) com cinco diferentes aportes térmicos e sem o uso de metal de adição. O aço API 5L X65 pertence à classe de aços ARBL e é empregado na fabricação de oleodutos e gasodutos. As três regiões da solda metal-base (MB), zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e zona fundida (ZF) foram caracterizadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X e medidas de microdureza Vickers. As microestruturas encontradas nestas três regiões são bastante distintas. O MB apresenta grãos ferríticos com bandas perlíticas orientadas paralelamente à direção de laminação. Devido à elevada densidade de potência do processo EBW e às elevadas velocidades de soldagem utilizadas, a ZTA é bastante estreita sendo formada por grãos ferríticos finos e bandas perlíticas degeneradas que a diferem do MB. Na interface ZTA/ZF foi possível observar a presença de grãos com morfologia acicular com a presença dos constituintes M-A (martensita-austenita). A ZF apresentou morfologia similar à encontrada em aços microligados soldados: ferrita alotriomórfica, ferrita acicular, ferrita de Widmanstätten, constituintes M-A, além de regiões bainíticas. Na parte central da chapa foi observada a segregação de manganês. A técnica EBW permite a soldagem de tubos com paredes espessas com apenas um passe. Os resultados desta Dissertação são úteis para avaliar a viabilidade técnica do uso de EBW na fabricação de tubos para o transporte de óleo e gás, especialmente em aços mais resistentes (bainíticos). / This Dissertation aims at the microstructural characterization of electron-beam welded (EBW) API 5L X65 steel using five different processing conditions (heat input) and without filler metal addition. The API 5L X65 steel is a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel employed mainly in the manufacture of pipelines for oil and gas. The three regions of the welds, namely the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) were characterized by light optical microscopy using different chemical etching agents, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Vickers microhardness testing. The microstructures found in the three regions were quite distinct. The BM consists of elongated ferritic grains with pearlite bands oriented along the rolling direction. Due to the high power density provided by EBW, the HAZ is very narrow and consists of ferritic grains and bands of degenerated pearlite. At the HAZ/FZ interface it is possible to observe the presence of grains with acicular morphology and the presence of M-A (martensite- retained austenite) constituents. The FZ showed a morphology similar to that one found in molten microalloyed steels consisting of allotriomorphic ferrite, acicular ferrite, Widmanstätten-like ferrite, M-A constituents, as well as bainite. In the central part of the plate it was observed the presence of Mn-segregation lines along the BM. The electron beam welding was chosen because it produces a relatively small HAZ and it allows the welding of thick-wall tubes in one single pass. The results of this work are useful to evaluate the possibility of using EBW in the manufacture of pipelines for transport of oil and gas, especially in higher grade steels.