Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Os veículos automotivos pesados possuem funcionalidades particulares e aplicação em ambiente agressivo. Para garantir melhores desempenho, segurança e confiabilidade aos equipamentos eletrônicos embarcados, é necessário o aperfeiçoamento dos métodos e processos de desenvolvimento de software embarcado automotivo. Considerando a metodologia de desenvolvimento baseada em modelos (MBD) como um método em ascensão na indústria automotiva, este trabalho pesquisa contribuições nas atividades de engenharia de requisitos, otimização e validação do software, de forma a comprovar a eficácia do método e ferramentas utilizadas na busca pela qualidade final do produto (veículo comercial pesado). A base do trabalho refere-se à aplicação dos conceitos de integração de requisitos à simulação (MIL - Model in the Loop), comparação da otimização do software gerado automaticamente entre ferramentas comuns (IDE’s) e as baseadas em modelo, validação e cobertura do software gerado e uma forma alternativa de aumento da cobertura do código testado. / The automotive heavy-duty vehicles have particular functionalities and aggressive environment application. To ensure better performance, safety and reliability to electronic embedded equipment, it is necessary to invest in methods and process improvements in automotive software development. Considering Model Based Design (MBD) as an ascending development method in automotive industry, this work looks towards contributions in requirements engineering, software optimization and validation, in order to prove the method and tools efficiency in the final product quality (heavy-duty vehicle). This work refers to the appliance of requirement engineering integration to the simulation (MIL - Model in the Loop), comparison between optimization in usual programming tools (IDE’s) and Model Based Design tools, validation and software code coverage, and an alternative way of increasing code coverage of a tested code.

Os sistemas embarcados automotivos são caracterizados por sistemas computacionais que suportam funcionalidades na forma de softwares embarcados para proporcionar aos usuários maior conforto, segurança e desempenho. Entretanto, existe uma grande quantidade de funções integradas que elevam o nível de complexidade de forma que se deve utilizar métodos e ferramentas de projetos adequados para garantir os requisitos funcionais e não funcionais do sistema. Todo o projeto de software embarcado automotivo deve iniciar com a definição de requisitos funcionais e de acordo com a dinâmica do subsistema que uma ECU (Electronic Control Unit) irá controlar e/ou gerenciar, deve-se ainda definir os requisitos temporais. Uma função automotiva pode ter requisitos temporais do tipo, período de ativação, atraso fim-a-fim, deadline entre outras que por sua vez estão estritamente relacionadas com as características da arquitetura de hardware utilizada. Em um sistema automotivo, tem-se uma arquitetura de computação embarcada distribuída em que existem tarefas e mensagens que trocam sinais entre si e podem ter requisitos temporais que devam ser atendidos. A análise temporal para verificação e validação dos requisitos temporais pode ser realizada ao nível de arquitetura distribuída, tarefas e instruções sendo que a utilização adequada de métodos e ferramentas é uma condição necessária para sua verificação. Desta forma, apresenta-se uma descrição do estado da arte de análise temporal em sistemas embarcados automotivos, suas propriedades e a utilização das ferramentas da Gliwa para avaliar se os requisitos temporais são atendidos. Um exemplo ilustrativo foi implementado com o propósito de apresentar como os métodos, processos e ferramentas devem ser aplicados para verificar se os requisitos temporais definidos previamente no início do projeto foram atendidos e para que em um sistema já existente possam suportar funções adicionais com requisitos temporais a serem garantidos. É importante verificar que as ferramentas de análise temporal, tem o propósito ainda de verificar se os recursos computacionais estão sendo utilizados de acordo com o especificado no início do projeto. / Automotive embedded systems are characterized by computer systems that support embedded software functionalities to provide users with greater comfort, security and performance. However, there are a number of integrated functions that raise the level of complexity so that appropriate design methods and tools must be used to guarantee the functional and non-functional requirements of the system. All automotive embedded software design must begin with the definition of functional requirements and according to the dynamics of the subsystem that an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) will control and/or manage, it is necessary to define the time requirements. An automotive function may have time requirements of type, activation period, end-to-end delay and deadline among others which in turn are strictly related to the characteristics of the hardware architecture used. In an automotive system there is a distributed embedded computing architecture in which there are tasks and messages that exchange signals between them and may have timing requirements that must be met. The timing analysis for verification and validation of timing constrains can be carried out at the level of distributed architecture, tasks and instructions, and the proper use of methods and tools is a necessary condition for their verification. In this way, a description of the state of the art of timing analysis in automotive embedded systems, their properties and the use of the tools of Gliwa to evaluate if the timing constrains are met. An illustrative example has been implemented with the purpose of presenting how the methods, processes and tools should be applied to verify that the time requirements defined at the beginning of the project are met and that in an existing system can support additional functions with requirements to be guaranteed. It is important to note that timing analysis tools are still intended to verify that computational resources are being used as specified at the beginning of the project.

Les filières de valorisation de déchets ont été mises en place au cours des dernières années pour répondre à des pressions économiques, sociétales, environnementales et réglementaires. Pour que les produits en fin de vie soient valorisés au mieux, il faut que leur conception soit adaptée aux spécificités des différents acteurs de la filière. L’étape de prétraitement consiste en la séparation des différents composants et matières des déchets. C’est une étape essentielle pour la valorisation de produits complexes comme les DEEE (déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques), qui sont l’objet de ces travaux. Nos recherches bibliographiques montrent que les méthodes de conception existantes pour la valorisation ne prennent en compte ni la diversité et la nature des pratiques de prétraitement ni les raisons qui poussent à réaliser chacune d’elles. Afin de comprendre l’expertise liée à ces pratiques, nous avons réalisé deux modèles.En premier lieu, un modèle macroscopique nous a permis d’identifier les grands facteurs qui affectent le fonctionnement des opérateurs de prétraitement. Il a été établi en deux étapes : la première étape consiste en la caractérisation des opérateurs de traitement ; la deuxième étape s’attache à la classification des opérateurs de traitement. Afin de développer ce modèle nous nous sommes appuyés sur deux études descriptives de la filière DEEE française. Une étude descriptive qualitative nous a permis d’identifier les raisons qui poussent les opérateurs à réaliser les différentes stratégies de fin de vie et les processus de prétraitement. Une analyse statistique en composantes principales (ACP), a été réalisée afin de développer une classification des opérateurs de prétraitement.Dans un deuxième temps, dans le but d’identifier quels sont les conséquences de certains choix de conception pour la fin de vie, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse systématique et détaillée du traitement réalisé par un type spécifique d’opérateur de DEEE. Celle-ci nous a permis d’obtenir un modèle microscopique des activités. Afin de développer et d’appliquer la méthode, nous nous sommes focalisés sur le désassemblage manuel d’écrans plats en vue de leur recyclage. Nous avons obtenu des données quantitatives qui constituent des preuves solides pour soutenir le développement de recommandations d’éco-conception. Avec ce modèle nous pouvons développer des indicateurs et des règles de conception quantitatives utilisables en conception de produit.Les modèles macro et microscopiques sont des instruments d’acquisition des connaissances sur l’expertise de centres de traitement qui peuvent être adaptés pour une utilisation dans d’autres filières de valorisation de déchets. / Compliance schemes have been stablished in recent years to alleviate the burden of economical, societal, environmental and regulatory pressures. To ensure the best recovery of end-of-life products, their design has to meet the requirements of the different waste management operators. The pre-treatment phase consists on the separation of components and materials from waste. It is an essential step when recovering complex product such as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which is the focus of this research work. The literature research shows that design for recovery methods do not take into account the diversity and nature of pre-treatment practices or the reasons behind them. In order to increase the understating related to these practices we have developed two models.The first one is a macroscopic model whose aim is to identify the main factors that influence the activity of pre-treatment operators. The development of the method involved two main steps: the characterization and the classification of pre-treatment operators. Two descriptive studies of the French WEEE compliance scheme have been carried out in order to develop the method. A qualitative descriptive study allowed us to identify the reasons why operators realize the different recovery strategies and pretreatment process. A descriptive statistical analysis, more specifically, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to develop a classification of the pretreatment operators.The second model that has been developed, a microscopic one, contains detailed information about the treatment operations carried out by one specific type of operator. The aim of this model is to identify what the best and worst design choices are in order to improve product’s pre-treatment. We have proposed a method for manual disassembly analysis to support the ecodesign of flat panel displays. The method enables to obtain quantitative data that provide solid evidence to support the development of eco-design guidelines. It also enables the development of disassembly indicators and recommendations to be used in product design.The macro and microscopic models are instruments of knowledge acquisition on pre-treatment practices that may be applicable to other compliance schemes.

Purpose: To map the companies’ use of the specific 3R’s (reuse, remanufacture and recycle) as well as gain an understanding of  the cooperation opportunities between manufacturing organizations and companies that work with the 3R’s:      1) What factors play a role in the companies’ use of the specific 3R’s?    2) Which cooperation opportunities do the companies’ see from a sustainability perspective?   Method: The study was based on a multiple case design which consisted interviews. The interviews were based on companies that manufacture and develop electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) and companies who are engaged in taking care of the used EEE. The study also contained different literature studies in sustainability, which further lead to the creation of the theoretical framework in cooperation with the purpose of the study. Between the theoretical framework and the study's empiricism an analysis could be carried out, which also contributed to the results of the study.   Result: The study has resulted in the identification of several different factors for the specific 3R’s, together with cooperation opportunities between manufacturing organizations of EEE and companies that take care of the consumed EEE based on the specific 3R’s. Where economic sustainability, i.e. profit maximization has been the factor that has permeated a large part of the results, together with some influence from environmental considerations.   Implications: The study does not establish a new theory but bases itself on existing theories that have been tested in reality through interviews. During this study, it has been clear that the economic factors are one of the most important elements that determine how companies choose to work. Profit maximization is such a big factor that it also affects and outweighs environmental considerations when placed against each other. Environmental considerations are usually less considered than profit maximization but should weigh at least as much as profit maximization during the decision-making process.   Limitations: • The study is based only on companies located in Sweden. • This study does not address/treat social sustainability or social considerations. • The study is based on producer companies that manufacture and develop electronic and electrical products as well as companies that work with reuse, remanufacture and recycling of electronic and electrical products.   Key words: Waste management, End of life, supply chain, Life cycle analysis, reverse logistic, Waste electrical and electronic equipment, reuse, remanufacture, recycle. / Syfte: Att kartlägga företagens användning av de specifika 3R:en (återanvändning, produktuppgradering och återvinning) samt se över samarbetsmöjligheter mellan tillverkande organisationer och företag som jobbar med de 3R:en: 1)      Vilka faktorer spelar roll för företagens användning av de specifika 3R: en? 2)      Vilka samarbetsmöjligheter ser företagen ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv? Metod: Studien utgick från en flerfallsdesign som bestod av intervjuer. Intervjuer skedde enbart på företag som tillverkar och utvecklar elektroniska och elektriska utrustningar (EEE) och företag som sysselsätter sig med att ta hand om de konsumerade EEE. Det utfördes även litteraturstudier inom hållbarhet som kunde bana väg för skapandet av studiens teoretiska ramverk utifrån relevanta teorier inom hållbarhet utifrån studiens syfte. Genom ett samarbete mellan det teoretiska ramverket och studiens empiri kunde en analys ske som även bidrog till studiens resultat. Resultat: Studien har resulterat i att flera olika faktorer har identifierats fram för de specifika 3R:en tillsammans med samarbetsmöjligheter mellan tillverknings organisationer av EEE samt företag som tar hand om de konsumerade EEE utifrån de specifika 3R:en. Där den ekonomiska hållbarheten d.v.s. vinstmaximeringen har varit det som har genomsyrat stora delar av resultat med inflytande av miljömässiga överväganden Implikationer: Studien upprättar ingen ny teori utan tar sin utgångspunkt från redan befintliga teorier som har prövats i verkligheten genom intervjuer. Under denna studiens gång har det varit klart att de ekonomiska faktorerna är en av de viktigaste faktorerna som bestämmer hur företagen väljer att jobba. Vinstmaximeringen är en sådan stor faktor så att det även påverkar och väger tyngre än miljömässiga överväganden när de ställs emot varandra. Miljömässiga överväganden är något som väger mindre när det ställs emot vinstmaximeringen men som bör väga lika mycket som vinstmaximeringen under beslutsfattanden. Avgränsningar: <ul type="disc">Studien baseras endast på företag som är lokaliserade i Sverige. I denna studie behandlas inte den sociala hållbarheten eller sociala överväganden. Studien utgår ifrån producentföretag som tillverkar och utvecklar elektroniska och elektriska produkter samt företag som jobbar med återanvändning, produktuppgradering och återvinning av elektroniska och elektriska produkter.   Nyckelord: Waste management, End of life, försörjningskedja, Life cycle analysis, reverse logistic, Waste electrical and electronic equipment, reuse, remanufacture, recycle.

Submitted by FLÁVIA FLORENTINO DE ALMEIDA null (flavialm_1@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T15:23:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Final rev 09. ...02.10.17_word2010.pdf: 3209005 bytes, checksum: c3164cf910a07e38e30d2c81a62eb29f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T18:53:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ff_me_bauru.pdf: 3209005 bytes, checksum: c3164cf910a07e38e30d2c81a62eb29f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T18:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ff_me_bauru.pdf: 3209005 bytes, checksum: c3164cf910a07e38e30d2c81a62eb29f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Uma das alternativas para a destinação de Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos (REEE), termo adotado no Brasil e tradução literal do inglês Waste Eletronic and Electrical Equipament (WEEE), é a reciclagem. Em geral os metais presentes nesses resíduos apresentam maior interesse para as recicladoras, porém as carcaças dos equipamentos constituídas por polímeros acabam sendo destinadas a aterros. O presente trabalho apresenta uma forma simples e barata de se agregar valor a esse resíduo, tornando-o mais vantajoso financeiramente. Um estudo do comportamento do concreto com adição de polímeros fracionados provenientes de carcaças de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos descartados em substituição a parte do agregado graúdo é apresentado. Para isso foi feita a caracterização dos polímeros proveniente do REEE e foi estudado o comportamento de corpos de prova produzidos com adição de 5%, 8%, 10%, 15% e 20% em massa desse resíduo, mantendo um traço sem incorporação para comparação. O agregado graúdo obtido a partir dos polímeros advindos do REEE tem predominância da sua granulometria na faixa dos 6,3 mm, são identificados como sendo constituídos por HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene), e apresentam-se como material hidrofílico possibilitando boa interação com argamassa de cimento e água. Os concretos obtidos com até 20% de incorporação desse resíduo apresentam densidade superior a 2,0g/cm3, permitindo classifica-los como um concreto estrutural normal. O aumento da porcentagem de incorporação de REEE ao concreto leva a uma diminuição da resistência a compressão, porém esse valor é sempre superior a 20 MPa, identificando-o como um concreto de resistência média. A incorporação desse resíduo, devido ao seu formato, contribui com uma característica semelhante a de utilização de fibras em concreto impedindo o rompimento completo dos corpos. Esses resultados evidenciam a viabilidade de se incorporar REEE ao concreto, possibilitando uma valorização desse resíduo como agregado graúdo para concreto. / One of the alternatives for the disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), is recycling. In general, the metals present in these wastes are of greater interest to recyclers, but the carcasses of equipment made of polymers end up being destined to landfills. The present paper presents a simple and inexpensive way to add value to this waste, making it more advantageous financially. A study on the behavior of concrete with addition of fractionated polymers from carcasses of discarded electro-electronic equipment replacing part of the large aggregate is presented. For this, was done the characterization of the polymers from WEEE and analyzed the behavior of test specimens produced with addition of 5%, 8%, 10%, 15% and 20% in mass of this residue, maintaining a trace without incorporation for comparison. The large aggregate obtained from the WEEE polymers has a predominance of their granulometry in the range of 6.3 mm. They are identified as HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) and are presented as a hydrophilic material allowing a good interaction with cement and water. The concretes obtained with up to 20% of incorporation of this residue present density superior to 2,0 g / cm3, allowing to classify them like a normal structural concrete. The increase in the percentage of incorporation of WEEE into the concrete leads to a decrease in the compressive strength, but this value is always higher than 20 MPa, identifying it as a medium-strength concrete. The incorporation of this residue, due to its shape, contributes with a characteristic similar to the use of fibers in concrete preventing the complete rupture of the bodies. These results demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating WEEE into the concrete, allowing a valorization of this waste as a large aggregate for concrete.

Os veículos automotivos possuem diversas funcionalidades em que, para ser melhoradas ou inovadas, é mandatório que se garanta melhor desempenho, segurança e confiabilidade. Para isto, é necessário criar, ou aperfeiçoar os já existentes, métodos e processos de desenvolvimento de software embarcado automotivo. As metodologias de desenvolvimento tradicionais não atendem aos requisitos e complexidade destes sistemas. Desta forma, a metodologia de desenvolvimento de software baseado em modelos (MBD – Model-Based Design) pode contribuir grandemente, por tornar possível a otimização com recursos de análise e testes. Por estes motivos, este trabalho busca demonstrar como se pode aplicar esta metodologia desenvolvimento baseado em modelos para as funções de software automotivo, considerando as etapas deste processo como MIL (Model-Inthe- Loop), SIL (Software-In-the Loop), PIL (Processor-In-the Loop) e RCP (Rapid Control Prototyping) e comprovar a sua eficácia. Considera-se ainda que foram utilizadas ferramentas compatíveis e essenciais para o processo de desenvolvimento, tais como para definição dos requisitos, elaboração da planta física, projeto controlador, verificação e testes. / The vehicles has many functions wherein, to be improve or innovated, is essential that the warranty of a better performance, safety and reliability. For this, is necessary to create, or improve the already existing, developing methods and processes of automotive embedded software. However, the traditional development methodologies do not meet the requirements and complexity of these systems. Therefore the methodology of model-based design (MBD) may contribute greatly, by making possible the optimization using analysis resources and tests. For these reasons, this work seeks to demonstrate how you can apply this development methodology based on models for automotive software functions, considering the steps in this process as MIL (Model-In-the-Loop), SIL (Software-In-the Loop), PIL (Processor-In-the Loop) and RCP (Rapid Control Prototyping) and prove its effectiveness. It is further considered that were used compatible and essential tools for the development process, such as for requirements definition, development of physical plant, controller design, verification and testing.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-18T13:06:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Maria Albiege Sales de Oliveira.pdf: 34132893 bytes, checksum: ebad549e338b48a976faf7d802fb5dd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-18T13:06:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Maria Albiege Sales de Oliveira.pdf: 34132893 bytes, checksum: ebad549e338b48a976faf7d802fb5dd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / In the last two decades, innovation and competitiveness have been the key factors driving the technological development of electronic equipment. Higher speeds, an aggressive marketing, smaller form factors, higher performance and lower costs stimulate consumers to replace existing and still functional equipment by new models, at an increasingly higher rate. This early replacement leads to a massive obsolescence of electronic equipment, the so-called E-waste (WEEE). It occurs worldwide and has become a major environmental problem. E-waste often contains heavy metals (such as Lead, Cadmium, Beryllium, Arsenic, etc.), precious metals (Gold, Silver, Platinum, etc.) but also chlorinated products and flame-retardants. Some of these products become highly toxic when incinerated or slowly release toxic substances when dumped into landfill, causing immediate and irreversible impact on the environment and hence, to the human health. The main objective of this research was to analyze the management of WEEE in the city of Campina Grande-PB, located in the Northeast of Brazil, in relation to what proposes the Municipal Legislation, Complementary Law 087/2014, as well as the principles and guidelines established by the National Policy on Solid Waste, Law 12.305 / 2010. To achieve this objective, a qualitative exploratory study was carried out, seeking out ways to obtain greater familiarity with the problem at hand, involving a bibliographical survey of federal, state and municipal laws related to solid waste policies in Brazil as well about WEEE matters. To add quantitative data to the research, a field survey was conducted between march and november 2017, among residential consumers, shopkeepers of electrical and electronic equipment of the city of Campina Grande and local municipal bodies responsible for solid waste management. The research revealed that the Management of Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in the city of Campina Grande is not in accordance with the guidelines of the Municipal Legislation, Complementary Law 087/2014, nor does it observe the principles established by the National Policy on Solid Waste, established by Law 12,305 / 2010. / A inovação e a competitividade vêm impulsionando, nas últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento tecnológico. Notadamente nas áreas de eletrônica e informática surgiram equipamentos que atraem os consumidores e os estimulam ao consumismo. Por esta razão, a vida útil de um equipamento eletroeletrônico está gradativamente mais curta, e muitos equipamentos são descartados mesmo em funcionamento. O problema é que esse descarte ocorre em grande escala, acarretando a geração expressiva de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos. Devido à decomposição extremamente lenta e à alta toxicidade dos componentes da maioria dos equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, o seu descarte gera problemas irreversíveis para o Meio Ambiente e para a saúde humana. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a Gestão dos Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos na cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba, situada no Nordeste do Brasil, em relação ao que propõe a Legislação Municipal, Lei Complementar 087/2014, bem como aos princípios e diretrizes estabelecidos pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos vigente. A pesquisa realizada foi de natureza quali-quantitativa de cunho exploratório, realizada no período de abril a novembro de 2017, em Campina Grande-PB. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas aos consumidores, lojistas do comércio de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos e gestores públicos responsáveis pela gestão deste tipo de resíduo sólido. Constatou-se, na cidade estudada, a ausência da aplicabilidade da Logística Reversa, em oposição à Legislação Municipal que previa o seu início a partir do ano de 2016. Visto que a prefeitura priorizou a gestão de resíduos secos, à gestão dos REEE restou ações de coletas através de campanhas esporádicas articuladas com Instituições privadas da cidade. Faltam infraestrutura operacional, mecanismos de divulgação dos poucos Ecopontos implantados e ações educativas para a população. Por conseguinte, concluiu-se que a Gestão dos Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos na cidade de Campina Grande não está em conformidade com as diretrizes da Legislação Municipal, Lei Complementar 087/2014, como também não atenta para os princípios estabelecidos pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, instituída pela Lei 12.305/2010.

Ao longo do ciclo de vida de um produto, a empresa que o disponibiliza interage com diversas outras organizações, tanto no fluxo direto como no fluxo reverso da cadeia estabelecida, além do consumidor. Assim, para a gestão dos aspectos e impactos ambientais desse produto, é necessário considerar as contribuições de atores como fornecedores, produtores, consumidores e organizações da cadeia reversa que coletam e processam os resíduos gerados. Isso implica adotar o conceito de Green Supply Chain Management (Gestão Ambiental da Cadeia de Suprimentos), o que, entre outros benefícios, permite maior eficiência na gestão de resíduos sólidos gerados ao longo da cadeia, especialmente após o fim da vida útil do produto. Ainda na área de resíduos sólidos, os resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos se caracterizam por conterem diversas substâncias que os tornam potencial fonte de matérias-primas e de riscos à saúde e ao meio ambiente. Sua geração extremamente difusa dificulta a caracterização quali-quantitativa e portanto sua gestão e gerenciamento adequados. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa, suportada por revisões bibliográfica e sistemática e por estudos de caso em organizações do município de São Carlos (SP) e de outros municípios que integravam uma mesma cadeia, apresenta um diagnóstico quali-quantitativo da gestão de REE gerados a partir de computadores pessoais descartados na área urbana do município e propõe diretrizes de um modelo de gestão destes resíduos que adota princípios de Green Supply Chain Management. Foi observado que já há disponibilidade técnica para a reutilização, via remanufatura, e a reciclagem de computadores pessoais, porém a deficitária infraestrutura para coleta e armazenamento é um fator limitante para a gestão e gerenciamento adequados. Constatou-se também que a interação e colaboração entre diferentes atores da cadeia identificada pode contribuir para aperfeiçoar a gestão deste tipo de REE. / Throughout the life cycle of a product, its manufacturer interacts with various other organizations, on both the direct and reverse flows of the established chain, as well as the customer. Therefore, in order to manage the environmental aspects and impacts of that product, it is necessary to consider the contributions of participants such as suppliers, producers, consumers and reverse chain organizations that collect and process the waste generated. This implies adopting the concept of Green Supply Chain Management, which, among other benefits, allows greater efficiency in the management of solid waste generated along the chain, especially when the product reaches its end of life. Still in the field of solid waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are characterized by containing various substances that make them potential sources of precious raw materials and, simultaneously, risks to health and the environment. Its extremely diffuse generation makes quali-quantitative characterizations and therefore its proper management more difficult. In this context, the research reported here, comprised of bibliographic and systematic reviews and case studies in organizations in São Carlos (SP) and other cities that are part of the same chain, presents a quali-quantitative diagnosis of REE management generated from personal computers discarded in the urban area of that city and proposes guidelines of a management model that adopts Green Supply Chain Management principles. It was observed that there is already technical availability for reuse (after remanufacturing) and recycling of personal computers, but poor infrastructure for collection and storage is a limiting factor. It was also noted that the interaction and cooperation between different actors in the identified chain may contribute to improve the management of this type of WEEE.

Abstract The production and use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) have significantly increased during the last three decades due to technological innovations and new applications of EEE. Fast technological progress, EEE becoming a part of everyday life and rising incomes have led to the situation where EEE are more replaceable than ever causing the rapid growth of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). In order to reduce negative environmental and health impacts and to improve the recovery of valuable substances from WEEE, the European Union has implemented Directives related to EEE. In this thesis, the national implementation of the WEEE Directive and the development of the WEEE recovery infrastructure in Finland were studied. Furthermore, consumers’ awareness and perceptions toward the WEEE recovery system were assessed through a survey conducted in the Oulu region. Finally, the role of consumer behaviour in storing electronics at home and its impact on the realisation of the waste hierarchy were considered. Results indicate that the implementation of the WEEE Directive has succeeded in Finland. The legislative basis and functional WEEE recovery system with high collection and recovery rates have been enacted within a few years. The study revealed that consumers’ awareness of the importance and existence of WEEE recovery system is high among the residents in Oulu; however, the high storing rates of mobile phones indicate that the proximity and the convenience of the WEEE recovery system are inadequate to motivate the return of small WEEE. Analysing the lifespan of electronics indicates that stockpiling deprives the re-use potential of mobile phones and thus hinders waste prevention. Storage also delays the return of valuable substances for recycling and risks the realisation of the waste management hierarchy. It is concluded that education and awareness raising will continue to be a crucial element in the progress towards a more environmentally conscious WEEE recovery in Finland. / Tiivistelmä Sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteiden (SE-laitteiden) tuotanto ja käyttö ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi viime vuosikymmenten aikana uusien teknologisten ratkaisujen ja sovellusten myötä. Nopea teknologinen kehitys, SE-laitteiden jokapäiväistyminen sekä elintason nousu ovat johtaneet tilanteeseen, jossa ne ovat helpommin vaihdettavissa kuin koskaan aikaisemmin. Tämän seurauksena myös sähkö- ja elektroniikkaromun (SE-romu, SER) määrä on nopeassa kasvussa. Vähentääkseen SE-romun aiheuttamia haitallisia ympäristö- ja terveysvaikutuksia sekä tehostaakseen hyödyllisten materiaalien talteenottoa SE-romusta Euroopan Unioni on ottanut käyttöön sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteisiin liittyviä direktiivejä. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu SER-direktiivin kansallista käyttöönottoa ja keräysverkoston kehittymistä Suomessa. Lisäksi kuluttajakäsitystä ja -tietoisuutta arvioitiin Oulun alueella toteutetulla kyselytutkimuksella. Työssä on arvioitu myös kuluttajien roolia käytöstä poistettujen SE-laitteiden kotivarastoinnissa ja sen vaikutuksia jätehierarkian toteutumiseen. Tulokset osoittavat, että kansallinen implementointi on onnistunut Suomessa; kansallinen lainsäädännöllinen perusta ja toimiva keräysjärjestelmä on saavutettu vain muutamassa vuodessa. Tutkimuksesta selviää, että kuluttajatietoisuus keräysjärjestelmän tärkeydestä ja sen olemassaolosta on hyvällä tasolla; matkapuhelinten korkea säilytysaste kotitalouksissa viittaa kuitenkin nykyisen järjestelmän riittämättömyyteen motivoida kuluttajia palauttamaan pientä SE-romua keräysjärjestelmään. SE-laitteiden elinkaaren vaikutusten tarkastelu osoittaa, että varastointi estää matkapuhelinten uudelleenkäyttöä ja estää jätteen synnyn ehkäisyä. Lisäksi se viivästyttää hyödyllisten materiaalien palautumista kierrätykseen vaarantaen myös jätehierarkian toteutumisen. Siksi koulutus ja tietoisuuden lisääminen ovat tärkeässä roolissa ympäristömyötäisemmän keräysjärjestelmän saavuttamiseksi Suomessa.