Project aim – preparation of electronic signature certification authority (CA) project and certificate managing software (information system) prototype. The work reviews the problems of electronic signature infrastructure development in Lithuania. The analytical survey of electronic signature CA was carried out. The standards determining the structure of electronic signature Certificate, CA activities, requirements for Trustworthy Systems Managing Certificates were examined. The organizational structure of CA was prepared and working model was worked out. The workflow model was worked out to depict the hierarchy of certification processes. The use case model were created for certificate issuing, data processing and providing data of revoked certificates. Detail descriptions of information streams between the system and computerized tasks are provided. Structural diagrams on the information streams were created. According to information flows the entity relations diagram was created, the logical structure of data bases (DB) for certificates was developed. The DB Esign of valid certificates and DB Esign_archives of revoked certificates were created. Specification of program modules was made up. Three types of manuals were prepared for system users – a manual for the client, a manual for the user and a manual for the programmer. The certificate managing system prototype was tested. The results of the experiment are presented. For practical realization of the project the... [to full text]

v anglickém jazyce Legal aspects of electronic communication in administrative procedures The dissertation thesis has two basic parts, the first and largest part offers a comprehensive view on electronic communication with public authorities in the Czech Republic and the possibilities of electronic identification. The second part of the dissertation thesis is focused on legal aspect of personal data protection in electronic communication with abovementioned authorities. In both of these parts, the current EU legislation (e.g. eIDAS and GDPR) is taken into account. The first chapter contains an analysis of basic legal terms and institutes in the area of electronic communication and identification as well as in the field of personal data protection (e.g. data message, electronic signature, authentication, personal data and invalidity of delivery). Detailed analysis of legislative development in the area of electronic communication follows. Particular attention is paid to a launch and operation of the data box information system and legal effects of electronically signed (or sealed) documents. The fourth chapter deals in detail with specific legal issues related to communication through the data box information system (in particular to legal effects of service which suffers from a legal defect caused...

As in the case of other information technologies, the best way of obtaining efficient results from electronic signature application is integrating it to the legal and economic systems and increasing the awareness level of technology in the society. This thesis performs the legal and economic analyses of electronic signature in Turkey and measures the awareness level in the society. The analyses performed in the thesis show that electronic signature is not legally established in Turkey even the legal base is harmonious with European Union and it is expensive in practice even though its economic rate of return is high and the awareness level in the society which is measured in this study with a 20 questions test is not very high.

1 Abstract As a topic of the diploma thesis I have chosen the issue of electronic signature in relation to administrative proceedings. The field of electronic communication is incredibly diverse and it is growing very dynamically. For this reason, I found the topic interesting and usable in the future. There have not been many theses on this topic yet, so I did not have to solve the problem that it was not original. I have always had a positive attitude towards digital technology. At the same time, I was fortunate that I could have always been informed about information technologies by someone who was interested in the issue much earlier. No matter whether it was more experienced family member, high school teacher who by far exceeded the capacities of the educational institution, or patient colleague at work. As stated at the beginning, this work could not have been finished without the contribution of my father, who has been involved in the issue of electronic signatures for a long time, and who brought me to the idea of choosing this topic. The aim of this work was to describe possibilities of application of electronic signing in administrative proceedings, or in communication with public authorities. However, a simple description of the legislation, which is presently in practice, would not be...

La question de cette étude est de savoir si les activités électroniques peuvent être soumises à l'impôt ou non. Si la réponse est positive, cela pose un autre problème : quel cadre fiscal pour les activités de commerce électronique ? Il est à mentionner que la politique fiscale américaine repose sur une règle qui ne soumet pas les activités du commerce électronique à l'impôt. Ces activités ont pour caractéristique d'être dématérialisées, ce qui pose plusieurs difficultés en matière de l'établissement de l'impôt. Tout d'abord, la nature dématérialisée des activités du commerce électronique peut poser le problème de la localisation des parties et par conséquent la difficulté d'identification du contribuable et des transactions électroniques. Or, cette nature dématérialisée et transfrontalière soulève un problème de détermination des règles de territorialité applicables. Ensuite, cette étude souhaite démontrer si les principes généraux d'imposition, soit en droit français soit en droit égyptien, peuvent être appliqués aux activités du commerce électronique. Enfin, et après avoir exposé tous les problèmes relatifs à l'établissement de l'impôt sur les activités du commerce électronique, cette étude propose un certain nombre de moyens permettant de résoudre les difficultés liées à l'imposition des activités de commerce électronique. / The question of this study is that if these electronic activities can be submitted to the tax or not. If the answer is positive, it poses another problem is how the taxation framework for electronic commerce activities is. It is worth mentioning that American fiscal policy rested on a rule whose e-commerce activities do not subject to tax. These activities are characterized as being dematerialized, which poses several difficulties in establishing the tax. First, the nature of paperless electronic commerce activities may pose the problem of localization of parts and later the difficulty in identifying the taxpayer and electronic transactions. Yet such is a cross-border paperless and difficulty of determining the rules of territoriality applicable. Second, this study requires showing whether the general principles of tax law either Egyptian law or French law can be applied to electronic commerce activities or not. Finally, and after exposing all the problems relating to the establishment of tax e-commerce activities, the methodology of this research leads the researcher to address the means to solve these problems.

Digitalization of the working flow is a developing area. Digitalization of a public authority’s working flow can lead to a more effective flow. The purpose of this study is to identify factors when implementing electronic signatures of the protocols in Swedish public authorities. In order to fulfill this purpose, a case study has been conducted at one municipality, interviews have been held with people from another municipality as well as three commercial suppliers of electronical signatures, and a literature study has also been made. A qualitative content analysis was made on the material from the case study and the interviews with a resulting list of important factors to consider when implementing electronic signatures to the protocols. The factors are: Security, laws, usability, cost, functionality in the system and long-term preservation. These factors have been examined more closely and the results from the examination show that these factors could be relevant to all public authority’s in Sweden who are about to implement electronic signatures. However, all the factors are not equally meaningful. Since the laws are essential for the use of electronic signatures, they have to be seriously considered. Security is closely related with the demands of the laws. Therefore the requirements of the law can be used to fulfill the need for good security. Other factors that are important are long-term preservation, cost and functionality in the system. / Digitalisering av verksamheter är ett aktuellt område under utveckling. En digitalisering av en kommuns verksamhet kan leda till en effektivisering av kommunernas befintliga processer. Syftet med detta arbete är att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar införandet av elektroniska signeringar av svenska kommuners protokoll. För att uppfylla syftet har en fallstudie utförts på en kommun, intervjuer har hållits med representanter från en annan svensk kommun och tre leverantörer av elektroniska signeringar och en litteraturstudie har utförts. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har utförts på materialet från Sundsvalls kommun och från intervjuerna och resulterade i en lista med betydelsefulla faktorer vid ett införande av elektroniskt signerade protokoll. Faktorerna blev: Säkerhet, juridik, användbarhet, funktionalitet i systemet, långsiktig bevaring och kostnad. Resultatet från detta visade även att dessa faktorers betydelsefullhet varierar. För att en elektronisk signering ska kunna införas krävs det att den uppfyller de rättsliga krav som Sveriges lagar beskriver. Säkerheten hänger ihop med den juridiska aspekten. De lagar som finns ställer krav på tekniken bakom den elektroniska signeringen och därmed dess säkerhet. Andra viktiga faktorer som behövs för att elektroniska signaturer ska kunna införas är långsiktig bevaring, kostnad, funktionalitet i systemet och användbarhet.

This thesis deals with electronic signature in the area of accounting. It includes characteristic of electronic signature, certification authority and time stamp. This thesis explains these fundamental concepts related to the electronic signature and also shows some practical application of it -- such as electronic invoicing, archiving, and communication with state-administration through data boxes or through electronic registries. In this thesis there is also detaily described and depicted the procedure of making electronic invoices and authentication of the certificate of the electronic signature.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise da duplicata virtual (ou desmaterializada), sob o enfoque científico dos princípios fundamentais do direito cartular, especialmente o desafiado princípio da cartularidade. A sistemática desenvolvida a partir da Lei das Duplicatas na década de 60 do século passado, bem como a evolução comercial e tecnológica intensificada no início do novo milênio, permitiram e estimularam novas formas de utilização e estruturação deste título de crédito de características inovadoras e arrojadas, que de forma recorrente impulsiona a rediscussão e adaptação da teoria geral sobre o instituto de direito cartular. Naturalmente, tal evolução provoca resistências científicas, doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais, o que motiva o escopo da releitura, objetivada nesta dissertação, dos princípios seculares que atuam como pedra fundamental no direito cartular e dos quais decorrem a eficiência e segurança conquistados por estes instrumentos do Direito Comercial. No transcorrer da pesquisa, busca-se uma análise lógico-dedutiva no desenvolvimento evolutivo da duplicata e seu lugar na teoria geral dos títulos de crédito, permitindo, ao final, uma análise empírica e jurisprudencial sobre sua inevitável e tendente utilização por meios eletrônicos em sua forma desmaterializada. / The goal of the present research is the analysis of the virtual (or dematerialized) duplicate based on the scientific focus of the fundamental principles of Cartular Law, specially the challenged Cartulary Principle. The system developed by the Duplicates Law from last centurys sixties decade, as well as the commercial and technological evolution observed in new millenniums beginning, allowed and stimulated new forms of utilization and structure of this innovative and elaborated credit title, that in a recurrent way pushes the rediscussion and adaptation of the general theory about the institute of Cartular Law. Naturally, this evolution provokes resistance from scientific community and court decisions, which motivates the reanalysis, aimed by this dissertation, of the century acclaimed principles that act as fundamental stone of Cartular Law and by which arise the efficiency and security achieved by these Commercial Law instruments. In the development of this research, it is aimed a logical-deductive analysis of Duplicates evolutional process and its place in the Credit Titles General Theory, allowing, in the end, an empirical and Court Decisions analyses about its inevitable and tending utilization in electronic environments and in its dematerialized forms.

Hydrogen is added to Graphene in various compositions and configurations to modify the band structure to produce a suitable band gap for microelectronic applications. Optical and vibrational spectra are calculated as a means of characterization. Calculations performed using DFT and Quantum Espresso. / UOIT

En kontinuerlig ökning av tillgängligheten till Internet har lett till att flera ärenden som tidigare utfördes utanför hemmet, såsom inköp av böcker, filmer och kläder, nu även sker online. Det finns idag även flera företag som erbjuder tjänster för att signera dokument elektroniskt. Jag har i detta examensarbete valt att studera arbetsflödet för just elektronisk signering. Studien är fokuserad på företaget Comfacts lösning där de använder SMS i identifieringsprocessen. De olika stegen användarna går igenom för att signera dokument är otydliga. Genom att studera arbetsflödet för Comfacts elektroniska signering hoppas jag bringa kunskap i hur man kan utforma flödet så användarna förstår processen och upplever signeringen som enkel och smidig. Förstudien bestod av en heuristisk utvärdering av tjänsten, en konkurrentanalys av liknande tjänster samt användbarhetstester. Resultatet visade att det största problemet med den nuvarande lösningen är vissa ord och meningar som är formulerade så att deltagarna inte förstår. Detta ihop med dålig information om vad som händer resulterar i ett otydligt arbetsflöde som leder till onödigt tänkande för användarnas del. Genom att använda mig av kunskaper jag tillgodosett mig genom teori och förstudie utvecklade jag ett förslag på ett nytt gränssnitt. Detta testade jag sedan på en ny grupp användare och kunde då påvisa mätbara förbättringar från det tidigare gränssnittet. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att ett gränssnitt bör utformas med följande aspekter i åtanke för att bättre guida användarna igenom signeringsprocessen: 1) Designa efter användarna, inte den bakomliggande tekniken. 2) Ge tydlig information om vad som händer 3) De olika elementen i gränssnittet ska vara synliga 4) Designen ska vara enhetlig 5) Använd funktioner som användarna känner igen Genom att designa efter dessa principer i framtiden kan man undvika användare som utbrister ”Nej, men vad dålig jag känner mig nu!”, utan istället säger: ”Aha, jag förstår!”. / A continuous increase of the accessibility to the Internet has lead to several instances where errands previously performed outside the home now can be carried out online as well, such as purchases of books, movies and clothes. Today, several companies offer services for the electronic signing of documents. In this thesis, I have chosen to study the workflow for such electronic signatures. The focus of the study is the company Comfacts solution, which uses SMS as part of the identification process. The steps that users go through to sign a document are not clearly defined. By studying the workflow of the system Comfact uses for electronic signage, I hope to bring insight of how to design a flow where users understand the process and feel that signing electronic documents online is a simple and straightforward process. The preliminary study consisted of a heuristic evaluation of the service, a competitor analysis of similar services and usability tests. The result showed that the main problem with the current solution is that certain words and sentences are structured in a way that the participants feel they don’t understand. This, combined with poor information on how the signing process works results in an overall unclear workflow. An unclear workflow will, in turn, cause the users to reflect upon the process itself more than should be necessary. By using the knowledge gained though theoretic studies and the preliminary study I developed a proposal for a new user interface. This interface was then tested by a new group of users, and I was able to demonstrate measurable improvements from the previous user interface. The conclusion of my study is that a workflow should be designed with the following aspects in mind, in order to better guide the users through the signing process: 1) Design with the users in mind, not the underlying technology 2) Provide clear information about what is going on 3) Different elements should be visible 4) The design should be consistent 5) Use functions familiar to the users By designing according to these principles in the future, users exclaiming “Oh, I feel so stupid!” can be avoided, and more users feel “Aha, I understand!”