O titânio é amplamente empregado em indústrias químicas, geração de energia, aeroespaciais e biomédicas, pois além de suas boas propriedades mecânicas e resistência à corrosão, apresenta também boa biocompatibilidade. Porém, quando usado, por exemplo, em turbinas a vapor é necessário aumentar ainda mais sua resistência à corrosão em altas temperaturas. Ou quando usado em odontologia a cor acinzentada do metal compromete as reabilitações orais. Sendo assim, torna-se interessante o recobrimento do titânio com uma camada cerâmica, sendo a 3YTZP (zircônia tetragonal policristalina) adequada a tal aplicação, pois além de apresentar resistência mecânica, boa resistência a ciclos térmicos, apresenta boa biocompatibilidade. Neste trabalho foi feito o estudo do recobrimento do titânio com 3YTZP utilizando a técnica da deposição eletroforética além de realizar a irradiação do filme cerâmico utilizando o laser contínuo Nd:YAG com a finalidade de sinterização. O pó de 3YTZP foi obtido pela rota de coprecipitação de óxidos em meio amoniacal e caracterizada por DRX e MEV-FEG. Os resultados de DRX do pó mostraram a presença das fases tetragonal e monoclínica, e pelas micrografias observa-se que as partículas têm estruturas alongadas em formas de bastonetes. Por meio da densificação dos corpos cerâmicos foi possível observar boa sinterabilidade do pó. Como substrato para EPD foram utilizadas chapas de titânio (15 mm x 15 mm) e foram caracterizadas por DRX, que confirmou apenas a presença da fase α do Ti, indicando assim que são de titânio comercialmente puro. As chapas foram atacadas quimicamente com ácido sulfúrico 50% em volume por 10s. A deposição eletroforética foi realizada com as suspensões de 75%vol.acetona:25%.vol.etanol a 30 V por 20, 45 e 60 segundos; 50%vol.acetona:50%vol.etanol a 20 V por 30, 45 e 60 segundos; 25%vol.acetilacetona:75%vol.etanol a 60 V por 20, 40 e 60 segundos e a 40 V por 20 segundos; e com acetilacetona pura a 60 V por 20, 40 e 60 segundos e a 40 V por 20 e 40 segundos. Por meio das microscopias ópticas dos filmes depositados pode-se observar que a melhor condição de deposição foi utilizando a suspensão de acetilacetona a 40 V por 20 segundos, gerando filmes homogêneos e sem trincas. Foram realizados cinco ensaios de irradiação com lazer a fim de alcançar uma condição ideal de sinterização. As condições fixas para todos os ensaios foram energia de 0,5 J, coeficiente de duração de pulso (Tp) de 10 ms e coeficiente de repetição de pulso de 10 Hz. No decorrer dos ensaios foi variada a fluência do laser e o número de incidência. As amostras irradiadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica, DRX e Scratch, e verificou-se que a melhor condição de irradiação foi utilizando a fluência de 120 J/cm2 para o número de incidência do laser de igual a 27. / Titanium is widely used in chemical, power generatin, aerospace and biomedical industries because of you good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. However, when is used, for example, in steam turbines is necessary increase the corrosion resistance at high temperature. Or when is used in dentistry, when the gray color compromisse the aesthetics rehab. In this case, it becomes interesting to coat the titanium with a ceramic layers, and 3YTZP (Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia) is suitable for this application, because it has good mechanical properties, good resistance to thermal cycles and good biocompatibility. In this work it was studied the coating of titanium with 3YTZP using electrophoretic deposition technique in addition irradiation of films using the Nd:YAG continuous laser. The 3YTZP powder was obtained by hydroxide coprecipitation route in ammoniacal medium and characterized by XDR and SEM. The XDR results shower presence os monoclinic and tetragonal phases, and micrographs it can be observed the the particles agglomerates. These particles have elongated structure. Through the densification of the ceramic bodies it was possible to observe good sinterability of the powder. Was used as the substrate to EPD titanium plates (dimension 15 mm x 15 mm), and was characterized by XRD, that show presence of α-fase, thus indicating that they are commercially pure titanium. The plates were chemically etched with 50% vol. Sulfuric acid for 10 s. Electrophoretic deposition was performed with suspensions of 75%vol.acetone: 25%.vol.ethanol at 30 V for 20, 45 e 60 seconds; 50%vol.acetone:50%vol.ethanol at 20 V for 30, 45 e 60 seconds; 25%vol.acetylacetone:75%vol.ethanol at 60 V for 20, 40 e 60 seconds and at 40 V for 20 seconds; and with pure acetylacetone at 60 V for 20, 40 e 60 seconds and at 40 V for 20 e 40 seconds. From observation in an optical microscope of the deposited films, we concluded that the best deposition condition was the acetylacetone suspension at 40 V for 20 seconds, being homogeneous films and free of cracks. Five laser irradiation tests were performed in order to achieve an optimum sintering condition. The fixed conditions for all the tests were energy of 0.5 J, pulse duration coefficient (Tp) of 10 ms and pulse repetition coefficient of 10 Hz. In the course of the tests, the laser fluency and the laser incidence number were varied. The irradiated samples were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, XRD and Scratch, and it was found that the best irradiation condition was using fluency of 120 J/cm2 and laser incidence number of 27.

As propriedades protetoras à corrosão dos polímeros condutores, especialmente da poli(anilina) (PANI), têm sido amplamente explorada. Entretanto, o mecanismo pelo qual esta proteção é efetuada ainda não foi completamente elucidado. Evidências mostram que a habilidade protetora à corrosão da PANI está ligada à formação de um par galvânico entre o polímero e o metal. Neste trabalho, foi feito um estudo sobre a formação de um par galvânico entre a PANI e diferentes substratos metálicos (zinco, ferro, níquel e cobre) em meios ácidos e neutros. Medidas de potencial de circuito aberto mostram que há a possibilidade de formação de um acoplamento galvânico e medidas de corrente galvânica mostram que há uma corrente galvânica fluindo entre todos os pares PANI-metal. Durante este trabalho, foi sintetizada uma suspensão à base de epóxi e PANI, a qual foi eletroforeticamente depositada sobre um eletrodo de ferro. Medidas de potencial de circuito aberto e impedância em uma solução aquosa de ácido sulfúrico mostraram que o revestimento à base de PANI protegeu o substrato metálico em questão através da formação de um par galvânico entre o metal e o polímero. / The corrosion protection properties of conducting polymers, especially poly(aniline) (PANI) ones, have been widely exploited. However, the mechanism by which this protection is made has not been completely cleared yet. Evidences show the ability of PANI\'s corrosion protection is connected to the building of a galvanic couple between the polymer and the metal. In this work, a study about the building of a galvanic couple between PANI and distinct metallic substrates (zinc, iron, nickel and copper) in acid and neutral environment was done. Measurements of open circuit potential showed the possibility of the building of a galvanic coupling and measurements of galvanic current showed the flux of a galvanic current between all the couples PANI-metal. In the course of this work, a suspension based on epoxy and PANI was synthesized and electrophoretically depositated on a iron electrode. Measurements of open circuit potential and impedance in a aqueous sulfuric acid solution showed that the revestiment based on PANI protected the metallic substrate by the building of a galvanic couple between the metal and the polymer.

O titânio é amplamente empregado em indústrias químicas, geração de energia, aeroespaciais e biomédicas, pois além de suas boas propriedades mecânicas e resistência à corrosão, apresenta também boa biocompatibilidade. Porém, quando usado, por exemplo, em turbinas a vapor é necessário aumentar ainda mais sua resistência à corrosão em altas temperaturas. Ou quando usado em odontologia a cor acinzentada do metal compromete as reabilitações orais. Sendo assim, torna-se interessante o recobrimento do titânio com uma camada cerâmica, sendo a 3YTZP (zircônia tetragonal policristalina) adequada a tal aplicação, pois além de apresentar resistência mecânica, boa resistência a ciclos térmicos, apresenta boa biocompatibilidade. Neste trabalho foi feito o estudo do recobrimento do titânio com 3YTZP utilizando a técnica da deposição eletroforética além de realizar a irradiação do filme cerâmico utilizando o laser contínuo Nd:YAG com a finalidade de sinterização. O pó de 3YTZP foi obtido pela rota de coprecipitação de óxidos em meio amoniacal e caracterizada por DRX e MEV-FEG. Os resultados de DRX do pó mostraram a presença das fases tetragonal e monoclínica, e pelas micrografias observa-se que as partículas têm estruturas alongadas em formas de bastonetes. Por meio da densificação dos corpos cerâmicos foi possível observar boa sinterabilidade do pó. Como substrato para EPD foram utilizadas chapas de titânio (15 mm x 15 mm) e foram caracterizadas por DRX, que confirmou apenas a presença da fase α do Ti, indicando assim que são de titânio comercialmente puro. As chapas foram atacadas quimicamente com ácido sulfúrico 50% em volume por 10s. A deposição eletroforética foi realizada com as suspensões de 75%vol.acetona:25%.vol.etanol a 30 V por 20, 45 e 60 segundos; 50%vol.acetona:50%vol.etanol a 20 V por 30, 45 e 60 segundos; 25%vol.acetilacetona:75%vol.etanol a 60 V por 20, 40 e 60 segundos e a 40 V por 20 segundos; e com acetilacetona pura a 60 V por 20, 40 e 60 segundos e a 40 V por 20 e 40 segundos. Por meio das microscopias ópticas dos filmes depositados pode-se observar que a melhor condição de deposição foi utilizando a suspensão de acetilacetona a 40 V por 20 segundos, gerando filmes homogêneos e sem trincas. Foram realizados cinco ensaios de irradiação com lazer a fim de alcançar uma condição ideal de sinterização. As condições fixas para todos os ensaios foram energia de 0,5 J, coeficiente de duração de pulso (Tp) de 10 ms e coeficiente de repetição de pulso de 10 Hz. No decorrer dos ensaios foi variada a fluência do laser e o número de incidência. As amostras irradiadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica, DRX e Scratch, e verificou-se que a melhor condição de irradiação foi utilizando a fluência de 120 J/cm2 para o número de incidência do laser de igual a 27. / Titanium is widely used in chemical, power generatin, aerospace and biomedical industries because of you good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. However, when is used, for example, in steam turbines is necessary increase the corrosion resistance at high temperature. Or when is used in dentistry, when the gray color compromisse the aesthetics rehab. In this case, it becomes interesting to coat the titanium with a ceramic layers, and 3YTZP (Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia) is suitable for this application, because it has good mechanical properties, good resistance to thermal cycles and good biocompatibility. In this work it was studied the coating of titanium with 3YTZP using electrophoretic deposition technique in addition irradiation of films using the Nd:YAG continuous laser. The 3YTZP powder was obtained by hydroxide coprecipitation route in ammoniacal medium and characterized by XDR and SEM. The XDR results shower presence os monoclinic and tetragonal phases, and micrographs it can be observed the the particles agglomerates. These particles have elongated structure. Through the densification of the ceramic bodies it was possible to observe good sinterability of the powder. Was used as the substrate to EPD titanium plates (dimension 15 mm x 15 mm), and was characterized by XRD, that show presence of α-fase, thus indicating that they are commercially pure titanium. The plates were chemically etched with 50% vol. Sulfuric acid for 10 s. Electrophoretic deposition was performed with suspensions of 75%vol.acetone: 25%.vol.ethanol at 30 V for 20, 45 e 60 seconds; 50%vol.acetone:50%vol.ethanol at 20 V for 30, 45 e 60 seconds; 25%vol.acetylacetone:75%vol.ethanol at 60 V for 20, 40 e 60 seconds and at 40 V for 20 seconds; and with pure acetylacetone at 60 V for 20, 40 e 60 seconds and at 40 V for 20 e 40 seconds. From observation in an optical microscope of the deposited films, we concluded that the best deposition condition was the acetylacetone suspension at 40 V for 20 seconds, being homogeneous films and free of cracks. Five laser irradiation tests were performed in order to achieve an optimum sintering condition. The fixed conditions for all the tests were energy of 0.5 J, pulse duration coefficient (Tp) of 10 ms and pulse repetition coefficient of 10 Hz. In the course of the tests, the laser fluency and the laser incidence number were varied. The irradiated samples were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, XRD and Scratch, and it was found that the best irradiation condition was using fluency of 120 J/cm2 and laser incidence number of 27.

Sodium saturated Utah bentonite was equilibrated in several concentrations of various sodium salt solutions. The effect of anions on the amount of sodium adsorbed was determined. The effect of anions on the electrophoretic mobility of the clay Has also studied. The results are reported herein.

<p>Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique that is very useful for investigating processes that modify the charge and mass of proteins and polypeptide pharmaceuticals. This report explores the ability of CE to determine the aggregation constant between insulin molecules. Bovine insulin is a polypeptide (Mw=5733, pI = 5.3) that has two α-amino groups (Gly and Phe) and one ε–amino group (Lys). Analysis of concentration dependence of electrophoretic mobility of insulin at different conditions yields the association constant for dimerization of insulin. The association constant estimates how tight the peptide molecules are associated. The association constant is a useful factor to evaluate the purity of a peptide or protein sample.</p><p>The association reaction of bovine insulin molecules was found to be favoured by temperature. The association constants were 7200 M -1, 8000 M -1, and 36000 M -1 at 15 oC, 25 oC and 35 oC, respectively. The interactions between the peptide molecules increase at higher temperature, resulting in stronger association. The association constant was estimated to be 3000 M -1in the presence of dioxane (5%, w/v %) at 25 oC. However, the interaction sites remain to be explored.</p>

In this dissertation, molecular simulation techniques are used for the theoretical prediction of nanoscale properties for peptide-based materials. This work is focused on two particular systems: peptide nanotubes formed by cyclic-D,L peptide units and peptide nanotubes formed by phenylalanine dipeptides [-Phe-Phe-]. Mechanical characterization of cyclic peptide nanotubes is a challenging problem due the anisotropy resulting from the nature of their molecular interactions. To address rigorously the thermo-mechanical stability of cyclic peptide nanotubes (CPNTs), a homogeneous deformation method combined with the generalized elasticity theory and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) were used for the calculation of second order anisotropic elastic constants. The results for anisotropic elastic constants, yield behavior and engineering Young’s modulus show remarkable mechanical stability for these materials supporting experiments for the development of their applications. Furthermore, the heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient and isothermal compressibility were predicted using numerical difference methods and molecular dynamics. In order to understand the transport properties of confined water in cyclic peptide nanotubes, the influence of nanotube diameter was studied and self-diffusion coefficient, dipole correlation functions and hydrogen bond probabilities were calculated via molecular dynamics and statistical mechanics. Enhanced transport and higher diffusion rates for water were obtained in cyclic peptide nanotubes (CPNTs) compared with commonly used biomedical channels like carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The greater transport efficiency in CPNTs is attributed to the hydrophilic character and high hydrogen bonding presence along their tubular structure, versus the hydrophobic core of CNTs. One of the most important opportunities for cyclic peptide nanotubes is their utilization as artificial ion channels in antibacterial applications. Here, molecular dynamics methods were used to investigate the effect of confinement on the transport properties of Na+ and K+ ions under the influence of electric field; the ion mobility, selectivity, radial distribution function, coordination number and effect of temperature were studied and results from simulations proved their ability to transport ions. Additionally, the molecular organization of phenylalanine dipeptides into ordered peptide nanotubes was investigated, a model for the molecular structure of these nanotubes was proposed and optimized through molecular simulations; a helical pattern was found and characterized. Thermal stability results show that phenylalanine dipeptide nanotubes are stable up to about 400K; above this temperature, a significant decrease in hydrogen bonding was observed and the perfect pattern was altered. Findings from this work open new opportunities for research in the area of peptide based materials and provide tools and methods to study these systems efficiently at nanoscale.

Even though electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) experiments may provide unique chemical information and have been performed for three decades, the technique is still rarely applied, mainly because several experimental sources of artifacts have to be controlled to achieve accurate results. In this thesis, new experimental setups and protocols for accurate and precise eNMR experiments are presented. These include a novel eNMR sample cell, a radiofrequency filter and methods to suppress bulk flow effects. These developments improved the signal-to-noise ratio by roughly an order of magnitude compared to the U-tube setup previously used for eNMR. Convection-compensated pulse sequences in combination with a phase correction method were found to efficiently suppress bulk flow effects in the experiments and greatly increase experimental accuracy. These experimental setups and protocols were applied to probe association of ions and molecules in solution. It is particularly illustrated that the combination of diffusion and eNMR has great potential to provide quantitative results on ionic and molecular association in a variety of systems. The extent to which ionic surfactants associate with uncharged cyclodextrin probed by eNMR yielded very similar results to those obtained by diffusion NMR experiments. Complexation of a large set of small mono- and polyvalent metal cations to poly(ethylene oxide) was quantified by estimating the effective charge of the polymer through combined diffusion and eNMR information. Significant association was found for cations that have a surface charge density below a critical value. Ion pairing between tetramethylammonium cations and a series of anions in several solvents was also probed by diffusion NMR and eNMR experiments. For the monovalent anions in ethanol and ethanol-water mixture a dependence on ionic size was demonstrated. In water, dimethylsulfoxide, and methanol no such trend and very little pairing was observed. In acetonitrile, a different pattern was seen that did not correlate well with any single ionic parameter. An experimental cell and procedures for electrokinetic studies of solvated proton-conducting polymer materials is also presented. Electro-osmotic flow and diffusion were studied for each molecular component in water-methanol mixtures that swell Nafion membranes. / Elektroforetisk NMR (eNMR) är en experimentell metod som funnits i tre decennier och som kan ge unik kemisk information. Ändå används den sällan då flera experimentella artefakter måste korrigeras för, om man ska få korrekta resultat. I denna avhandling presenteras nya experimentella uppställningar och protokoll ämnade att uppnå korrekta och noggranna resultat. Dessa inkluderar en ny mätcell, ett radiofrekvensfilter och metoder för att minimera effekten av samtidiga bulkflöden i provlösningen. Sammantaget uppnås ungefär en storleksordning högre signal-brus-förhållande jämfört med den U-rörsuppställning som tidigare använts. Konvektions-kompenserande pulssekvenser i kombination med en faskorrektionsteknik minskade också bulkflödeseffekter effektivt, vilket ökade resultatens noggrannhet högst avsevärt. De experimentella uppställningarna och protokollen användes här för att mäta association av joner och molekyler i lösning. Mätningarna visar att kombinationen diffusions- och eNMR har en stor potential att kvantitativt kunna bestämma associationgraden i många olika typer av kemiska system. Associationsgraden mellan joniska tensider och cyklodextriner undersöktes både med eNMR och diffusions-NMR, och resultaten var mycket lika. Komplex-bildningen mellan en serie enkel- och flerladdade metalljoner och poly-(etylenoxid) kvantifierades genom att uppskatta polymerens effektiva laddning från kombinerad diffusions- och eNMR. Betydande komplexbildning hittades för katjoner med ytladdningstäthet under ett kritiskt värde. Jonparbildning mellan tetrametylammoniumjoner och en serie av anjoner i flera olika lösningsmedel undersöktes också med diffusions- och eNMR. För de monovalenta anjonerna i etanol och etanol-vatten-blandning påvisades ett samband med jonstorleken. I vatten, dimetylsulfoxid och metanol var däremot jonparbildningen låg och inget liknande samband hittades. I acetonitril observerades ett annat mönster, som inte korrelerade bra med någon av anjonernas normala joniska karakteristika. Slutligen presenteras en mätcell och procedurer för elektrokinetiska studier i de solvatiserade protonledande polymermaterial som bland annat används i bränsleceller. Elektroosmotiskt flöde och diffusion uppmättes för varje molekylär komponent i Nafion-membran solvatiserade av vatten-metanol-blandningar. / QC20100709

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique that is very useful for investigating processes that modify the charge and mass of proteins and polypeptide pharmaceuticals. This report explores the ability of CE to determine the aggregation constant between insulin molecules. Bovine insulin is a polypeptide (Mw=5733, pI = 5.3) that has two α-amino groups (Gly and Phe) and one ε–amino group (Lys). Analysis of concentration dependence of electrophoretic mobility of insulin at different conditions yields the association constant for dimerization of insulin. The association constant estimates how tight the peptide molecules are associated. The association constant is a useful factor to evaluate the purity of a peptide or protein sample. The association reaction of bovine insulin molecules was found to be favoured by temperature. The association constants were 7200 M -1, 8000 M -1, and 36000 M -1 at 15 oC, 25 oC and 35 oC, respectively. The interactions between the peptide molecules increase at higher temperature, resulting in stronger association. The association constant was estimated to be 3000 M -1in the presence of dioxane (5%, w/v %) at 25 oC. However, the interaction sites remain to be explored.

Electrochemical detection of metals can be done at polycrystalline gold ultramicroelectrodes using repetitive cyclic voltammetry (RCV), a detection method sharing some similarities with anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Each cycle of the potential waveform for RCV involves application of a negative preconcentration potential (for 50 to 300 ms) followed by a cyclic voltammetry (CV) scan at 20 to 1000 V/s. The response due to the metals is evident at potentials negative of the region for oxide formation in the resulting CVs. Metals are deposited at the Au surface by underpotential deposition (UPD) processes. Any metal that can be analyzed by RCV could potentially be quantified using UPD-ASV at Au (rather than by ASV at Hg). The UPD kinetics of Pb and Cu at polycrystalline Au were examined by setting kinetic parameters (rate constant, symmetry factor, and electrosorption valency) within a simulation program used to generate simulated CVs. Reasonably good agreement between experimental and simulated CVs was possible using the simulation, with the same kinetic parameters used to generate simulated CVs to match experimental CVs over a range of sweep rates for each system. Using this method, the following rate constants (k) were estimated: for UPD of Cu in H2SO4 and HClO4, ks ~ 36000 s−1 and 11000 s−1, respectively, and for UPD of Pb in H2SO4, ks ~ 400000 s−1. <p> Repetitive cyclic voltammetry was applied to the detection of metals separated by capillary electrophoresis. Separation of Tl+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+ was demonstrated in 0.01 mol/L acetic acid and 0.01 mol/L ammonium acetate(pH ~ 4.6) using RCV. While stacking is commonly exploited for sensitivity enhancement during injection, it was shown that detection-end stacking is also useful. A novel technique named electrophoretic extraction (EE) was developed for analysis of particle-containing solutions (e.g. soil extracts or other colloidal suspensions). EE involves application of backpressure during CE to prevent particles from entering the separation capillary: the applied pressure is regulated so analyte ions enter the capillary and migrate to the detector, whereas other particles are prevented from entering the capillary. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated.

Exopolysaccharides are essential for the establishment of the symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago sativa (alfalfa). The ExoS/ChvI two-component regulatory system is known as a regulator of succinoglycan production but the genes that are directly regulated by ChvI have not been determined. Difficulty isolating exoS and chvI null mutants has prompted the suggestion that these genes are essential for S. meliloti viability. We have successfully isolated exoS and chvI null mutants using a merodiploid facilitated strategy. We present evidence that the S. meliloti ExoS/ChvI two-component regulatory system is essential for symbiosis with alfalfa. Phenotypic analyses of exoS and chvI null mutant strains demonstrate that ExoS/ChvI controls both succinoglycan and galactoglucan production and is required for growth on over 21 different carbon sources. These new findings suggest that the ExoS/ChvI regulatory targets might not be the exo genes that are specific for succinoglycan biosynthesis but rather genes that have common influence on both succinoglycan and galactoglucan production. To obtain further insight into the nature of the ChvI regulon, we obtained a purified His•Tag-ChvI and used it to perform modified electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These assays were done using genomic DNA and were followed by cloning of DNA fragments having the highest affinity for ChvI. Sequencing of these fragments revealed that ChvI has a diverse regulon, it affects transcription of genes encoding enzymes that are involved in different pathways. Transcriptional gene fusion assays confirmed that ChvI is important for the activation of the transcription of the msbA2 operon, as well as repression of the transcription of the rhizobactin 1021 operon and genes SMc00262-61. ChvI-regulation of genes that are part of the connected thiamine and histidine biosynthesis pathways suggest that ChvI could act in a concerted manner to avoid limitation of important intermediates in these pathways. This study presents for the first time genes directly regulated by ChvI and this includes none of the exo genes. This work opens new avenues in the understanding of the global regulatory role of the symbiotically important ExoS/ChvI two-component regulatory system.