Neste trabalho foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de materiais à base de carbono Printex 6L, sem e com a adição de compostos orgânicos da classe das quinonas (2-terc-butil-9,10-antraquinona (TBA) e 2-etil-9,10-antraquinona (EA)) para a produção de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) a partir da reação de redução do oxigênio gasoso (O2). Na primeira etapa, foi utilizada a técnica de microcamada porosa depositada sobre um eletrodo de disco/anel rotatório, sendo que a partir dos resultados obtidos foram confeccionados eletrodos de difusão gasosa (EDG) para a eletrogeração de H2O2. Os melhores resultados utilizando a microcamada porosa foram para os materiais com a adição dos modificadores, sendo que o material com 1,0% (m/m) de TBA na demonstrou ser o mais eficiente na geração de peróxido de hidrogênio, apresentando eficiência 20% maior comparado ao Printex 6L sem modificador. Com o eletrodo de difusão gasosa confeccionado com o composto orgânico escolhido, na melhor porcentagem de adição mássica de modificador, obteve-se a concentração de 301 mg L-1, sendo que com o eletrodo confeccionado com Printex 6L sem modificador obteve-se a concentração de 175 mg L-1, sob as mesmas condições experimentais. A eficiência cinética também apresentou os mesmos resultados quanto à eficiência dos materiais escolhidos, sendo de 5,94 mg L-1 min-1 para o material com 1,0% de TBA, no potencial de -1,0 V (vs. ECS), e de 3,05 mg L-1 min-1 para o eletrodo de difusão gasosa sem modificador, no potencial de -0,8 V (vs. ECS). / In this work, the electrochemistry behavior of the materials prepared with Printex 6L, with and without addition of organic compounds of the class of quinones, being the compounds: 2-tert-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone (TBA) and 2-ethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (EA). These materials were used to promote the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide through the oxygen reduction reaction. In the first phase, it was used the technique of porous microlayer deposited on the rotating ring/disk electrode, and after has been confectioned gas diffusion electrodes (GDE). The best results using the porous microlayer were for the materials with addition of modifiers, and the material with 1.0% (m/m) of 2-terc-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone was demonstrated to be the most efficient in generating hydrogen peroxide, presenting an efficiency 20% higher when compared to Printex 6L without the modifier. The gas diffusion electrode made with the chosen organic compound, in the best massic percentage of modifier, obtained the concentration of 301 mg L-1, and the electrode made with Printex 6L without the modifier obtained the maximum concentration of 175 mg L-1, under the same experimental conditions. The kinect efficiency also demonstrated the same results regarding the efficiency of the chosen materials, which means 5.94 mg L-1 min-1 for the material with 1.0% of 2-terc-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone, in the potential of -1.0 V(vs. SCE), and 3.05 mg L-1 min-1 for the gas diffusion electrode without the modifier, in the potential of -0.8 V (vs. SCE).

Dans ce travail, nous avons développé différentes méthodes pour la co-immobilisation sur des électrodes poreuses de carbone de déshydrogénases NAD-dépendantes avec le complexe (2,2'-bipyridyle)(pentaméthylcyclopentadiényl)-rhodium ([Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+) pour des applications de synthèse électroenzymatique d’alcools et de sucres chiraux. L'objectif était d'éviter la dégradation de l'activité enzymatique provenant de l'interaction entre les groupes fonctionnels de surface de l'enzyme (-SH, -NH2) et le complexe [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+, et également de permettre le recyclage des catalyseurs. L’électrogreffage de sels de diazonium a été utilisé pour introduire des fonctions alcène et/ou azoture sur une surface de carbone (carbone vitreux plan, feutre de carbone poreux ou couches de nanotubes de carbone). La chimie click « thiol-ène » a été utilisée pour lier de manière covalente une D-sorbitol déshydrogénase modifiée par un tag cystéine (soit 1 ou 2 fragments cystéine à l'extrémité N-terminale de la chaîne polypeptidique) à des électrodes de carbone. Ensuite, la réaction de cyclo-addition de Huisgen alcyne-azoture a été utilisée pour lier le complexe [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ à l’électrode. Ensuite la co-immobilisation des enzymes redox (D-sorbitol et galactitol déshydrogénases) avec le complexe [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ a été testée par l'encapsulation des protéines dans une couche de gel de silice, à l'intérieur d'un feutre de carbone poreux préalablement fonctionnalisé par le complexe de rhodium. Le catalyseur est alors stable pendant plusieurs semaines pour la réaction de régénération de NADH, mais cette architecture d'électrode conduit à l'inhibition de l'activité enzymatique, probablement causée par un microenvironnement local (augmentation du pH et de la concentration du produit). La combinaison des chimies clicks « thiol-ène » et cyclo-addition de Huisgen a ensuite été étudiée pour l'immobilisation séquentielle de [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ et d’une D-sorbitol déshydrogénase porteuse d’un tag cystéine, sur une électrode poreuse bi-fonctionnalisée par les groupes azoture et alcène. Enfin, compte tenu de la différence de durée de vie des enzymes et du complexe [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ et de la nécessité d'améliorer la séparation de ces éléments du système bioélectrochimique, l’assemblage optimal a été obtenu en associant une couche poreuse de silice dans laquelle est immobilisée l’enzyme avec un papier de nanotubes de carbone fonctionnalisé par le complexe de rhodium. Le catalyseur [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ pour la régénération de NADH peut être réutilisé successivement avec plusieurs couches de protéines. Ce système optimal a finalement été appliqué à la conversion bioélectrochimique du D-fructose en D-sorbitol / In this work we developed methods for the co-immobilization of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases and the (2,2'-bipyridyl) (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-rhodium complex ([Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+) on porous carbon electrodes for application in the electroenzymatic synthesis of chiral alcohols and sugars. The goal was to avoid the degradation of the enzymatic activity coming from the interaction of functional groups from the enzyme surface (eg.-SH, -NH2) with [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ and to promote the recyclability of the catalyst. Diazonium electrografting was used to introduce alkene and azide groups on a carbon surface (flat glassy carbon, porous carbon felt or carbon nanotubes layers). Thiol-ene click chemistry was applied to bind a D-sorbitol dehydrogenase with cysteine tags (either 1 or 2 cysteine moieties at the N terminus of the polypeptide chain) onto carbon electrodes. Azide-alkyne Huisgen cyclo-addition reaction was used to bind an alkyne-modified [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+. Then co-immobilization of the redox enzymes (D-sorbitol and galactitol dehydrogenase) with the complex [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ was tested by encapsulation of the proteins in a silica gel layer, inside a rhodium-functionalized porous carbon felt. The immobilized [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ was stable over weeks for NADH regeneration, but this electrode architecture led to the inhibition of the enzymatic activity, possibly because of the local environment (increase of pH and product accumulation in the porous electrode). The combination of ‘thiol-ene’ and Huisgen cyclo-addition was then investigated for sequential immobilization of [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ and cysteine-tagged D-sorbitol dehydrogenase on an azide-alkene bi-functionalized electrode. Finally, considering the different lifetime of enzymes and [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ catalyst, and the need for a better separation of these elements from the bioelectrochemical system, the best configuration was achieved by associating a porous silica layer with the immobilized enzyme with a bucky paper of carbon nanotubes functionalized with [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+. The reusability of this functionalized electrode was proved and the designed bioelectrode was successfully applied to a bioelectrochemical conversion of D-fructose to D-sorbitol

Neste trabalho foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de materiais à base de carbono Printex 6L, sem e com a adição de compostos orgânicos da classe das quinonas (2-terc-butil-9,10-antraquinona (TBA) e 2-etil-9,10-antraquinona (EA)) para a produção de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) a partir da reação de redução do oxigênio gasoso (O2). Na primeira etapa, foi utilizada a técnica de microcamada porosa depositada sobre um eletrodo de disco/anel rotatório, sendo que a partir dos resultados obtidos foram confeccionados eletrodos de difusão gasosa (EDG) para a eletrogeração de H2O2. Os melhores resultados utilizando a microcamada porosa foram para os materiais com a adição dos modificadores, sendo que o material com 1,0% (m/m) de TBA na demonstrou ser o mais eficiente na geração de peróxido de hidrogênio, apresentando eficiência 20% maior comparado ao Printex 6L sem modificador. Com o eletrodo de difusão gasosa confeccionado com o composto orgânico escolhido, na melhor porcentagem de adição mássica de modificador, obteve-se a concentração de 301 mg L-1, sendo que com o eletrodo confeccionado com Printex 6L sem modificador obteve-se a concentração de 175 mg L-1, sob as mesmas condições experimentais. A eficiência cinética também apresentou os mesmos resultados quanto à eficiência dos materiais escolhidos, sendo de 5,94 mg L-1 min-1 para o material com 1,0% de TBA, no potencial de -1,0 V (vs. ECS), e de 3,05 mg L-1 min-1 para o eletrodo de difusão gasosa sem modificador, no potencial de -0,8 V (vs. ECS). / In this work, the electrochemistry behavior of the materials prepared with Printex 6L, with and without addition of organic compounds of the class of quinones, being the compounds: 2-tert-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone (TBA) and 2-ethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (EA). These materials were used to promote the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide through the oxygen reduction reaction. In the first phase, it was used the technique of porous microlayer deposited on the rotating ring/disk electrode, and after has been confectioned gas diffusion electrodes (GDE). The best results using the porous microlayer were for the materials with addition of modifiers, and the material with 1.0% (m/m) of 2-terc-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone was demonstrated to be the most efficient in generating hydrogen peroxide, presenting an efficiency 20% higher when compared to Printex 6L without the modifier. The gas diffusion electrode made with the chosen organic compound, in the best massic percentage of modifier, obtained the concentration of 301 mg L-1, and the electrode made with Printex 6L without the modifier obtained the maximum concentration of 175 mg L-1, under the same experimental conditions. The kinect efficiency also demonstrated the same results regarding the efficiency of the chosen materials, which means 5.94 mg L-1 min-1 for the material with 1.0% of 2-terc-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone, in the potential of -1.0 V(vs. SCE), and 3.05 mg L-1 min-1 for the gas diffusion electrode without the modifier, in the potential of -0.8 V (vs. SCE).

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-14T16:14:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DissertSergioPassos32abntCD.pdf: 3127165 bytes, checksum: e4b607e29cf477a0026a7c45e1d7d953 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-14T16:14:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DissertSergioPassos32abntCD.pdf: 3127165 bytes, checksum: e4b607e29cf477a0026a7c45e1d7d953 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-16 / FACEPE / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo método eletroquímico de síntese de PQs de CdTe estabilizados por ácido mercaptopropiônico (AMP) e cisteamina (CYS). O método consiste na redução eletroquímica do telúrio metálico em pó em célula de cavidade. O Te0 foi misturado ao grafite em pó (material do cátodo) e submetido a uma corrente controlada (-30 mA), que permitiu a geração das espécies reduzidas Te2- e Te2 2-. As espécies reduzidas de telúrio migram para um compartimento intermediário da célula de cavidade e na presença de sal de cádmio e um agente estabilizante orgânico (AMP ou CYS) possibilitaram a formação do CdTe coloidal em única etapa; para posterior obtenção dos PQs através de tratamento térmico à 90°C. CdTe/CdS-AMP e CdTe/CdS-CYS foram obtidos em meio aquoso pH=12 e 5,5, respectivamente. Esse método mostrou ser de fácil aplicação, rápido, eficiente, reprodutível e dispensa o uso de agentes redutores químicos, podendo ser estendido para síntese de outros PQs. Os PQs sintetizados apresentaram nanocristais de alta qualidade, muito estáveis e com carga superficial negativa no caso do estabilizante AMP (potencial zeta = -30mV) e positiva na presença da CYS. Foi observado que o tamanho das partículas aumenta proporcionalmente com o tempo de aquecimento, apresentando fluorescência com emissão nas cores entre o verde (522 nm) e o vermelho (643 nm). Foi determinado um tamanho médio de partícula de 4,1 nm para o CdTe/CdS-AMP após 120 minutos de tratamento térmico, com rendimento quântico de 11%. / A new electrochemical method was developed for the CdTe quantum dots (QDs) synthesis, stabilized by mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and cysteamine (CYS). The method comprises the electrochemical reduction of tellurium powder in a cavity cell. The Te0 was mixed to graphite powder (cathode material) and subjected to a controlled current (-30 mA) electrolysis, which allowed the generation of Te2- Te2 2-. These tellurium reduced species migrate to an intermediate compartment of the cavity cell containing Cd2+/organic stabilizer (AMP or CYS) aqueous solution pH 13, which enabled the formation of colloidal CdTe in one pot process. The QDs are retrieved after heat treatment at 90°C. CdTe/CdS-AMP e CdTe/CdS-CYS were obtained in aqueous medium adjusting the pH to 12 and 5.5, respectively. This method proved to be easy, fast, efficient, reproducible and avoids the use of chemical reducing agents. It can also be extended to the synthesis of other QDs. The synthesized QDs presented a good quality nanocrystals, with high stability and negative charge surface in the case of the AMP stabilizer (zeta potential = -30mV) and positive in the presence of CYS. It was observed that the particle size increases proportionately with the heating time, showing fluorescence emission in the colors between green (522 nm) and red (643 nm). It was determined an average size of 4.1 nm particle for CdTe / CdS-AMP after 120 minutes of heat treatment, with a quantum yield of 11%.

Neste trabalho são descritas a síntese e a redução eletroquímica em DMF de alguns cinamatos de metila substituídos no anel aromático. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência de vários substituintes sobre o curso da reação de eletro-hidrodimerização (EHD). Os substratos utilizados foram os o-metil- (1), o-cloro- (2), o-nitro- (3), m,p-dicloro- (4), m-cloro- (5) e p-cloro- (6), m-nitro- (7), o-metoxicarbonil- (8) cinamatos de metila. As técnicas empregadas foram a voltametria cíclica (verificação dos potenciais de redução) e eletrólises preparativas a potencial controlado. Quando o substrato 1 foi eletrolisado, uma mistura de dois estereoisômeros do 4,5-bis-(o-metilfenil)-2-oxo-ciclopentanocarboxila-to de metila, ainda não descritos na literatura, foi obtida, um resultado diferente das EHD de cinamatos descritas que conduzem a um único estereoisômero com elevada diastereosseletividade. O o-clorocinamato de metila (2) investigado em dois potenciais diferentes, sofreu uma desalogenação e forneceu o cinamato de metila (-1,25 V vs. Ag/AgI) e este foi transformado em seu hidrodímero cíclico em –1,45 V vs. Ag/AgI. Nos substratos 4 e 6 ocorreu uma competição entre a desalogenação e a dimerização enquanto que no caso de 5 somente foi observada a EHD. Foi sugerido um mecanismo para a desalogenação. Após eletrólises em vários potenciais, os nitroderivados 3 e 7 conduziram a misturas dos reagentes de partida e os ácidos carboxílicos correspondentes, mas não foram observados produtos de EHD. As eletrólises do o-metoxicinamato de metila (8) não forneceram o dímero esperado na redução de cinamatos, mas compostos policíclicos inéditos cuja formação pode ser convenientemente explicada por meio de ciclizações de Dieckmann que envolvem o grupo metoxicarbonílico do anel aromático. / The synthesis and electrochemical reduction in DMF of some ring substituted cinnamic esters are described. The main objective if this work is to verify the influence of the substituents on the electrohydrodimerization (EHD). The substrates studied were the methyl esters of o-methyl- (1), o-chloro- (2), o-nitro- (3), m,p-dichloro- (4), m-chloro- (5), p-chloro- (6), m-nitro- (7) and o-methoxycarbonyl- (8) cinnamic acids. Their electrochemistry was investigated employing cyclic voltammetry (determination of the reduction potentials) and preparative electrolysis at controlled potential. When substrate 1 was electrolyzed, a mixture of two stereoisomers of methyl 4,5-bis-(o-methylphenyl)-2-oxo-cyclopentane-carboxylate, not yet described in literature, was obtained, a result which differs from the usual EHD of cinnamates, which lead to only one stereoisomer with high diastereoselectivity. Methyl o-chlorocinnamate (2) electrolysed at –1,25 V vs Ag/AgI was dehalogenated and afforded methyl cinnamate. When the electrolysis was performed at –1,45 V, the main product was the cyclic expected hydrodimer of methyl cinnamate. In the case of substrates 4 and 6 a competition of dehalogenation and cimerization was observed whereas for 5 only the EHD occurred. A mechanism for the dehalogenation is suggested. Several electrolysis at different potentials, of the nitro-derivatives 3 and 7 yielded mixtures of starting material and the corresponding carboxylic acids. In this no EHD products were observed. The electrochemical reduction of methyl o methoxycarbonyl-cinnamate (8) did not lead to the expected EHD dimer, but new polycyclic compounds were isolated. Their formation is conventiently explained by Dieckmann cyclization which involve the methoxycarbonyl group of the aromatic ring.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-14T20:00:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CD - Tese - Acoplamento eletroquímico de haletos alílicos e prenílicos com aldeídos e cetonas em cátodo de pó de grafita.pdf: 1538935 bytes, checksum: 24304a2a17ee9e2727b54cae82fa996a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T20:00:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CD - Tese - Acoplamento eletroquímico de haletos alílicos e prenílicos com aldeídos e cetonas em cátodo de pó de grafita.pdf: 1538935 bytes, checksum: 24304a2a17ee9e2727b54cae82fa996a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-19 / Na primeira parte do trabalho foi investigado o acoplamento eletroquímico da mistura de haletos alílicos a compostos carbonílicos adsorvidos em cátodo de pó de grafita na presença ou ausência de aditivos (AgNO3 ou TBABF4), usando um anólito aquoso em célula de cavidade. Foram utilizadas as técnicas eletroquímicas de voltametria de varredura linear e eletrólise com potencial ou corrente constante. O uso de quantidades catalíticas dos sais de AgNO3 ou TBABF4, misturados à grafita, melhoraram significativamente a formação dos álcoois homoalílicos. As eletrólises com o cloreto de alila levaram aos melhores resultados, quando comparadas às eletrólises com o brometo de alila. A reação de alilação mostrou-se sensível a efeitos estéricos e eletrônicos. Os potenciais e correntes mais negativas favoreceram o heteroacoplamento. Os aldeídos aromáticos (67 - 99%) e a 1,1,1-trifluoroacetofenona (95%) levaram aos melhores resultados, já os rendimentos na presença de aldeídos alifáticos (28%) ou cetonas (7%) não foram satisfatórios. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi investigado o acoplamento eletroquímico da mistura de haletos prenílicos ao benzaldeído, nas mesmas condições descritas na primeira parte, utilizando as técnicas eletroquímicas de voltametria de varredura linear e eletrólise com potencial constante. O uso de quantidades catalíticas dos sais de AgNO3 ou TBABF4 misturado à grafita, influenciaram na proporção dos produtos de acoplamento (isômeros α e γ). Os melhores resultados na formação do isômero α, 1-fenil-4-metil-3-penten-1-ol (28%, proporção α:γ igual 74:26 ) foram alcançados com o brometo de prenila e os melhores resultados na formação do isômero γ, 1-fenil-2,2-dimetil-3-buten-1-ol (45%, proporção α:γ igual 6:94) com o cloreto de prenila. Dentro deste estudo, também foram investigados os efeitos da variação da quantidade de reagentes, potencial, corrente, aditivos e tipo de anólito nas reações de acoplamento eletroquímico estudadas. Do ponto de vista preparativo, os resultados são comparáveis aos da literatura e apresentam-se como uma alternativa verde, visto que o cátodo de grafita elimina solventes orgânicos e ânodo sacrificial tradicional de métodos eletrossintéticos. Do ponto de vista mecanístico, deve prevalecer o mecanismo aniônico para a reação de alilação, enquanto na reação de prenilação a competição entre o mecanismo radicalar e aniônico pode ser direcionado para a formação dos isômeros α e γ. / In the first part of this work, the electrochemical coupling of a mixture of allylic halides and carbonyl compounds was investigated. The reagents were adsorbed on graphite powder cathode, in the presence or absence of additives (AgNO3 or TBABF4) using aqueous anolyte and a cavity cell. Electrochemical techniques of linear sweep voltammetry and potential or constant current electrolyses were used. The use of catalytic amounts of AgNO3 or TBABF4 added to the graphite powder, have significantly improved the formation of homoallylic alcohols. The electrolysis with allyl chloride gave to the best results when compared to the allyl bromide electrolysis. The allylation reaction was sensitive to steric and electronic effects. More negative currents or potentials favored the heterocoupling. The aromatic aldehydes led to the best results (67 - 99%) and the1,1,1-trifluoroacetofenone (95%), the yields in the presence of aliphatic aldehydes (28%) or ketones (7%) were not satisfactory. In the second part, the electrochemical coupling of a mixture of prenylic halides and benzaldehyde was investigated under the same conditions described in the first part of this work, using electrochemical techniques of linear sweep voltammetry and constant potential electrolysis. The use of catalytic amounts of AgNO3 or TBABF4, added to the graphite powder, has influenced the proportion of the coupling products (α and γ isomers). The best results for the α isomer, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-penten-1-ol (28%, ratio α:γ equal 74:26 ) were achieved with prenyl bromide and the best results for the γ isomer, 2,2-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol (45%, ratio α:γ equal 6:94) in the presence of prenyl chloride. The effects of the amount of reactants, potential, current, and type of additives and anolyte solution, were also investigated for all electrochemical coupling reactions studied. From the preparation point of view, the results are comparable to the literature and appear as a green alternative, since the graphite powder cathode eliminates organic solvents and sacrificial anodes of traditional electrosynthetic methods. From the mechanistic point of view, the anionic mechanism predominates for the allylation reaction, while in the prenylation reactions take place a competition between radical and anionic mechanism in the formation of α and γ isomers.

In this research were studied electrochemical properties of films polypyrrole, poly[(12-pyrrol-1’yldodecanoic acid)], poly[1-(3-brominepropylpyrrole)], poly[1-(3-iodinepropylpyrrole) and poly[4-(3-pyrrolyl)butyric acid] prepared by electrochemical methods and deposited onto Indium Tin doped Oxide. The polymers were obtained from the electrochemical deposition methods potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and galvanostatic and characterized by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The polypyrrole and poly [4 - (3-pyrrolyl) butyric acid] showed capacitive behavior as poly[(12-pyrrol-1’yl dodecanoic acid)] e poly[1-(3-iodinepropylpyrrole) presented a redox couple attributed to the process of doping - undoping of polymers. The capacitive properties of the polymer were obtained from calculations coulombic efficiency and specific capacitance obtained from the charge-discharge curves of the films. The values obtained for these parameters demonstrated the possibility of application of these films in capacitors. All films showed color variations depending on the applied potential and the UV-Vis spectra for the films showed characteristic absorption bands and decrease of the energy gap by increasing the doping level of the polymer. The films were characterized by atomic force microscopy and showed good homogeneity. The values obtained for these parameters demonstrated the possibility of application of these films in electrochromic devices. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades eletroquímicas dos filmes de polipirrol, poli[ácido(12-pirolildodecanóico)], poli[1-(3-bromopropilpirrol)], poli[1-(3-iodopropilpirrol)] e de poli[ácido4-(3-pirrolil)-butírico] preparados por métodos eletroquímicos e depositados sobre eletrodos de óxido de índio dopado com estanho. Os polímeros foram obtidos através dos métodos eletroquímicos de deposição potenciodinâmico, potenciostático e galvanostático e caracterizados por técnicas eletroquímicas e espectroscópicas. O polipirrol e poli[ácido-4-(3-pirrolil)-butírico] apresentaram comportamento capacitivo enquanto o poli [ácido (12-pirolildodecanóico)], poli[1-(3-bromopropilpirrol)] e o poli[1-(3-iodopropilpirrol)] apresentaram um par redox atribuído ao processo de dopagem-desdopagem dos polímeros. As propriedades capacitivas dos polímeros foram investigadas através de cálculos da eficiência coulômbica e da capacitância específicas obtidas a partir das curvas de carga-descarga dos filmes. Os valores obtidos para esses parâmetros demonstraram a possibilidade de aplicações destes filmes em capacitores. Todos os filmes apresentaram variações de coloração conforme o potencial aplicado e os espectros por UV-Vis para os filmes mostraram bandas de absorção características e diminuição da energia de gap pelo aumento do nível de dopagem dos polímeros. Os filmes foram caracterização por microscopia de força atômica e apresentaram boa homogeneidade. Os valores obtidos para esses parâmetros demonstraram a possibilidade de aplicações destes filmes em dispositivos eletrocrômicos.

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an emerging biotechnology platform for the conversion of CO2 feedstocks into value-added chemical commodities. In MES, microbial catalysts use the cathode (electrons/ H2) as a sole source of energy for the reduction of CO2. Integrating MES technology with renewable energy sources, such as solar power, to convert CO2 to storable chemicals is an example of a perfect circular economy and a sustainable climate change mitigation strategy. However, many knowledge gaps need to be addressed to scale-up MES as an economically viable chemical production process. Therefore, different in-depth approaches were tested in this dissertation by optimizing the cathode architecture and exploring the saline application to enhance MES performance. A balance between various bio-physicochemical phenomena at the MES cathode, i.e., the three-phase interface between CO2 gas, cathodic-biofilm, and electrolyte, is desirable for efficient microbial electrochemical CO2 capture and utilization. To address this problem, this thesis investigated alternatives to the benchmark carbonbased plane cathode by applying a dual-functioning (cathode as well as a CO2 gas-transfer membrane) electrode architecture on MES performance. High Faradaic efficiencies for CO2 reduction were achieved with this novel cathode architecture. This hollow-fiber electrode architecture was also applied to MES operation in saline conditions (i.e., Saline-MES). Because seawater potentially acts as an endless source of saline electrolyte, and its high electrical conductivity useful to minimize the concentration overpotential losses occurs in MES. However, exploring robust halophilic microbial catalysts with high selectivity towards CO2 reduction to the desired end product(s) is necessary to develop the saline-MES process. Therefore, this thesis investigated natural saline habitats with hyper (Red sea brine pool) and moderate salinity (mangrove and salt marsh sediment) as a source of inoculum. Emphasis was placed on improving new knowledge in the direction of halophilic CO2 reducing communities enrichment using cathode selective pressure in the saline-MES. The fundamental insights demonstrated in this dissertation are useful for further development of MES technology, to bring MES one step closer to full-scale applications, for overcoming the bottlenecks associated with reactor scaling-up related to cathode architecture, strategies for the enrichment of halophilic CO2 reducing microbial communities, and saline-MES process optimization.

Les sources hydrothermales profondes sont des édifices géologiques formés par l’infiltration d’eau de mer dans la croûte océanique, formant un fluide chaud (>400 °C), riche en métaux qui précipite pour former des cheminées dans lesquelles circulent un courant électrique. Les travaux de recherche présentés ici avaient pour objectif de révéler la présence de microorganismes capable de participer à la production de ce courant électrique ou d’utiliser cette électricité pour vivre au sein de ces cheminées électriquement conductrices. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur les microorganismes capables de survivre à haute température (entre 60 et 95°C). Différentes communautés microbienne en interaction et électroactives ont pu être cultivées permettant de poser des hypothèses crédibles quant à la colonisation primaire de ces environnements extrêmes. Ces hypothèses pourraient également s’appliquer aux théories d’origine de la vie en contexte hydrothermal. / Deep hydrothermal vents are geologic structures formed by the infiltration of seawater into the oceanic crust, forming a hot metal-rich fluid (> 400 ° C) that precipitates to form chimneys in which an electric current flows. The purpose of the research presented here was to reveal the presence of microorganisms capable of participating in the production of this electric current or of using this electricity to live within these electrically conductive chimneys. We focused on microorganisms able to survive at high temperatures (between 60 and 95 ° C). Different interacting and electroactive microbial communities have been cultivated, allowing the building of credible hypotheses about the primary colonization of these extreme environments. These hypotheses could also be applied to theories of origin of life in a hydrothermal context.

Ce mémoire est consacré à la réactivité rédox de la porphine de magnésium, à l’étude de son électropolymérisation et des matériaux résultants, à sa fonctionnalisation par des nucléophiles ainsi qu’à l’étude mécanistique du couplage oxydant C-C sur une porphyrine modèle tri-méso-substituée.L’oxydation électrochimique de la porphine de magnésium au stade du radical cation, génère des oligomères en solution et des polymères à la surface de l’électrode dont la structure moléculaire dépend du potentiel imposé. La réactivité du radical cation a également été exploitée en additionnant un nucléophile (pyridine et triphénylphosphine) dans le milieu réactionnel en quantité suffisante, afin d’inhiber le processus d’oligomérisation/polymérisation et conduire exclusivement aux produits de mono-substitution. En dépit des deux types de positions libres sur l’anneau porphyrinique (positions méso et ?-pyrrolique), la réaction est idéalement régio-sélective sur la position méso.L’analyse d’un dérivé modèle, une porphyrine tri-substituée en position méso, ne possédant donc qu’un seul site méso réactif, a permis de simplifier l’étude mécanistique du couplage oxydant C-C puisque celui-ci ne peut conduire qu’à la formation du dimère simplement lié. Par ailleurs, ce dernier a été électrosynthétisé avec des rendements inégalés et compétitifs avec ceux de la voie chimique. Enfin, la substitution nucléophile anodique (phosphination, nitration et pyridination) en position méso a été élargie à des porphyrines tri-substituées de nickel, magnésium et zinc. Le complexe de magnésium nitré a été quantitativement converti en amine par hydrogénation électrocatalytique / This work deals with the redox reactivity of magnesium porphine, the study of its electropolymerization and resulting materials, of its functionalization by nucleophiles as well as the mechanistic investigation of the C-C oxidative coupling on a tris-meso-substituted porphyrin model.The electrochemical oxidation of magnesium porphine to its cation radical leads to oligomers in solution and polymers on the electrode, which molecular structure depends on the imposed potential. The reactivity of the cation radical has also been exploited by adding sufficient amount of nucleophiles (pyridine and triphenylphosphine) in the reactional in order to inhibit the oligomerization/polymerization process and to lead exclusively to the mono-substitution product. In spite of the two types of free positions on the porphyrin ring (meso and ? positions), the reaction is ideally regio-selective on the meso position. The analysis of a model derivative, a tris-meso-substituted porphyrin, thus having only one reactive site méso, rendered the mechanistic study of the C-C oxidative coupling easier since this one can only lead to the formation of the meso-meso dimer. In addition, the latter was electrosynthesized with high and competitive yields compared with those reported for the chemical way. Lastly, the anodic nucleophilic substitution (phosphination, nitration and pyridination) in meso position was extended to tris-meso-substituted porphyrins of nickel, magnesium and zinc. The nitro-porphyrin magnesium complex was converted quantitatively into amine by electrocatalytic hydrogenation