<p>Digital microfluidics as implemented in electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) technology has been widely used as a platform for miniaturizing the biomedical or biochemical laboratory on a chip in recent years. DNA pyrosequencing, one of the DNA sequencing-by-synthesis methods, has been successfully integrated on EWD devices. However, this platform requires microliters of reagents and 200~300V of applied voltages, which contributes to higher costs and limits the feasibility of a portable system. This dissertation proposes a low voltage EWD device using multi-layer insulators that can manipulate picoliter droplets on chip. A 300pl droplet was dispensed and actuated at voltages as low as 11.4Vrms and 7.2Vrms respectively on a 95um electrode a EWD device with a 20um SU8 gasket. The stacked insulators in the actuator consisted of 135nm tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) and 180nm parylene C films deposited and coated with 70 nm of CYTOP. The physical scaling of electrodes was further demonstrated for 33um and 21um electrode devices, resulting in droplets of 12pl and 5pl respectively in conjunction with 3um gaskets. Manipulation of magnetic beads during dispensing, droplet splitting and merging, and droplet transport were also demonstrated on the scaled EWD devices. The chemiluminescent light produced by the on-chip reaction of 100pl ATP-luciferin and luciferase could be detected with an external cooled CCD camera, but detecting this reaction with smaller-scale droplet reactions was limited by the external detector's sensitivity. Based on fundamental theories and experiments, the actuation voltage and dimensional scaling of EWD devices have been demonstrated, but the use of picoliter droplets in biochemical applications will required improved sensing methods.</p> / Dissertation

<p>Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) digital microfluidics is a droplet-based fluid handling technology capable of radically accelerating the pace of genome engineering research. EWD-based laboratory-on-chip (LoC) platforms demonstrate excellent performance in automating labor-intensive laboratory protocols at ever smaller scales. Until now, there has not been an effective means of gene transfer demonstrated in EWD microfluidic platforms. This thesis describes the theoretical and experimental approaches developed in the demonstration of an EWD-enabled electrotransfer device. Standard microfabrication methods were employed in the integration of electroporation (EP) and EWD device architectures. These devices enabled the droplet-based bulk transformation of E. coli with plasmid and oligo DNA. Peak on-chip transformation efficiencies for the EP/EWD device rivaled that of comparable benchtop protocols. Additionally, ultrasound induced in-droplet microstreaming was developed as a means of improving on-chip electroporation. The advent of electroporation in an EWD platform offers synthetic biologists a reconfigurable, programmable, and scalable fluid handling platform capable of automating next-generation genome engineering methods. This capability will drive the discovery and production of exotic biomaterials by providing the instrumentation necessary for rapidly generating ultra-rich genomic diversity at arbitrary volumetric scales.</p> / Dissertation

Digital microfluidics (DMF) is an emerging liquid-handling technique that facilitates manipulation of discrete droplets across an array of electrodes. Although the working principle of droplet movement is still under debate, it has gained significant interest as the technique has been applied to various applications in biology, chemistry and medicine. With recent advances in rapid prototyping and multilayer fabrication techniques using printed circuit boards, DMF has become an attractive and alternative solution to conventional macroscale fluidics techniques with additional capability of sample size reduction, faster analysis time, full automation, and multiplexing. In this thesis, we explore the use of DMF for human plasma protein depletion due to its multiple advantages. The high abundance of human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulins (Igs), which constitute 80% of total plasma proteins, is a major challenge in proteome studies. Unfortunately, conventional methods to deplete high abundant proteins (e.g. macro LC-columns) are labour-intensive, require dilution of sample, and run the risk of sample loss. Furthermore, most techniques lack the ability to process multiple samples simultaneously. Hence, we developed a new method of protein depletion using anti-HSA and Protein A/G immobilized paramagnetic beads manipulated by DMF to deplete HSA and IgG from human plasma. Toward this goal, prototype DMF devices and electronic controller were designed, built and characterized (Chapter 2). Preliminary depletion experiments were first optimized in-tubes and then adapted for DMF manually (Chapter 3). At last, the entire depletion process was performed on DMF using an automated controller system (Chapter 4). Results showed that the protein depletion efficiency for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and HSA in 10 minutes for four samples simultaneously was as high as 98%, and an approximately 3-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio after depletion was demonstrated by MALDI-MS analysis. The depletion process is sufficient for a tryptic digest to be performed on a model protein, cytochrome C, where 89% sequence coverage was obtained for a depleted sample. Although some improvements such as on-chip sample processing (e.g. digestion) need to be carried out as future work, we anticipate that the new technique is a significant alternative for applications involving protein depletion steps. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-29 02:38:50.176

This dissertation work concentrates on novel reconfiguration technologies, including design, microfabrication, and characterization aspects with an emphasis on their applications to multifunctional recon-figurable antennas. In the literature, reconfigurable antennas have made use of various reconfiguration techniques. The most common techniques utilized revolved around switching mechanisms. Other techniques such as the incorporation of variable capacitors, varactors, and physical structure manipulation surfaced recently to overcome many problems faced in using switches and their biasing. Usage of fluids (micro-fluidic or otherwise) in antennas provides a conceptually easy reconfiguration mechanism in the aspect of physical alteration. However, a requirement of pumps, valves, etc. for liquid transportation makes the antenna implementations rather impractical for the real-life scenarios. This work reports on design and experiments conducted to evaluate the electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) driven digital microfluidics as a reconguration mechanism for antennas.

Among various energy harvesting technologies reverse electrowetting-on-dielectric energy harvesting (REWOD) has been proved to harvest energy from low frequency motion such as many human motion activities (e.g. walking, running, jogging etc.). Voltage rectification and DC-DC boosting of low magnitude AC voltage from REWOD can be used to reliably self-power the wearable sensors. In this work, a commercial component-based rectifier and DC-DC converter is designed and experimentally verified, for further miniaturization standard 180 nm CMOS process is used to design the rectifier and the DC-DC boost converter.This work also includes the MATLAB based model for REWOD energy harvester for various REWOD models. In REWOD energy harvesting, a mechanical input during the motion causes the electrolyte placed in between two dissimilar electrodes to squeeze back and forth thereby periodically changing the effective interfacial area, hence generating alternating current. The alternating current is given to the rectifier design. There is no realistic model that has been developed yet for this technique. Thereby, a MATLAB based REWOD model is developed for the realistic simulation of the REWOD phenomenon. In the work, a comparison of different REWOD models such as planar surface, rough surface and porous models are performed demonstrating the variations in capacitance, current and voltage.

In this dissertation physical phenomena relevant to (i) an interface formed between two fluids and a solid phase (wetting line) and (ii) an interface between three fluids (triple contact line) were investigated. In the former case, the wetting line (WL) phenomena which encompass the wetting line energy (WLE) or pinning, the wetting line velocity (WLV), and the contact angle hysteresis, were studied using a micropump based on electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). In the latter case, the interfacial phenomena such as the air film lubrication effect and the liquid free surface deformation were taken into account to explain the dual equilibrium states of water droplets on liquid free surfaces. EWOD was implemented to devise a pumping method for a continuous flow in a microchannel. An active micropump with a simple layout and no moving parts is designed and fabricated which has on demand flow on/off capability. The micropump is based on droplet/meniscus pressure gradient generated by EWOD. By altering the contact angle between liquid and solid using an electric field a pressure gradient was induced and a small droplet was pumped into the channel via a uniform flow rate. A surface tension based propellant method was introduced as a low power consumption actuation method in microfluidic devices. For an initial droplet volume of 0.3µL and a power of 12nW a constant flow rate of 0.02µL/sec was demonstrated. Sample loading on-demand could be achieved by regulating an electric potential. Unexpectedly, the flow rate of the pump was found to be constant in spite of the changes in the droplet’s radius, which directly affects the pump’s driving pressure. iv The WL phenomena were studied in details to unravel the physical concept behind the micropump constant flow rate during the operation. An interesting observation was that the shrinking input droplet changes its shape in two modes in time sequence: (i) in the first mode its contact angle decreases while its wetting area remains constant due to the pinning, (ii) in the second mode the droplet’s WL starts to move while its contact angle changes as a function of its velocity. Contact angles were measured for the droplet advancing and receding WLs at different velocities to capture a full picture of contact angle behavior due to pinning and WLV effects. These results are also relevant to the meniscus inside the channel. The changes on the contact angle caused by the presence of EWOD at the bottom of the channel were studied in detail. The EWOD based micropump was used as a platform to study the contribution of the pinning and WLV effects on its constant flow rate. The effects of the WLE on the static contact angle and the WLV on the dynamic contact angle in the pump operation were investigated. Also the effect of EWOD voltage on the magnitude and uniformity of the micropump flow rate was studied. Dynamic contact angles (as a function of pinning and WLV) were used to accurately calculate the pressure gradient between the droplet and the meniscus and estimate the flow rate. It was shown that neglecting either of these effects not only results in a considerable gap between the predicted and the measured flow rates but also in an unphysical instability in the flow rate analysis. However, when the WLE and WLV effects were fully taken into account, an excellent agreement between the predicted and the measured flow rates was obtained. v For the study of the TCL between three fluids, aqueous droplets were formed at oil-air interface and two stable configurations of (i) non-coalescent droplet and (ii) cap/bead droplet were observed. General solutions for energy and force analysis were obtained and were shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. Further the energy barrier obtained for transition from configuration (i) to (ii), was correlated to the droplet release height and the probability of non-coalescent droplet formation. Droplets formed on the solid surfaces and on the free surface of immiscible liquids have various applications in droplet-based microfluidic devices. This research provides an insight into their formation and manipulation.

Dans le domaine des Lab-on-a-chip (LOC), la géométrie des canaux d'une puce microfluidique est souvent spécifique à la réalisation d'un protocole donné. La géométrie d'une puce est définie à l'étape de conception, avant les étapes de fabrication (généralement longues et coûteuses), et ne peut être modifiée a posteriori. Ce constat devient problématique lorsque la géométrie ne répond pas de façon satisfaisante au cahier des charges et qu'un nouveau lot de fabrication doit être démarré afin de redimensionner la puce. Pour pallier cet inconvénient, nous proposons de développer des puces microfluidiques génériques dont la géométrie est programmable et reconfigurable. Ce concept s'appuie largement sur les deux techniques de microfluidique digitale, l'électromouillage sur diélectrique (EWOD) et la diélectrophorèse liquide (LDEP). La première voie d'étude se concentre sur la technique de microfluidique LDEP. Tout d'abord, un modèle électromécanique, décrivant les comportements des liquides lors d'actionnements par LDEP ou EWOD, est établi. Ce modèle sert ensuite de base pour la conception et la fabrication de designs LDEP. Ces derniers sont testés afin d'identifier les géométries et les empilements technologiques, offrant des actionnements LDEP optimisés. L'étude, qui prend en compte un grand nombre de paramètres, montre que, avec des configurations et conditions spécifiques, les actionnements de liquide par LDEP offrent des performances égales, a minima, sur certains points, et supérieures sur d'autres par rapport à l'ensemble des études reportées dans la littérature. Enfin, un protocole de fonctionnalisation de surface par des spots de polymère de quelques microns à plusieurs dizaines de microns de diamètre, utilisant la technologie LDEP, est décrit. Cette méthode est susceptible de concurrencer directement les méthodes de fonctionnalisation classiques. La seconde voie d'étude traite du concept de géométrie programmable et reconfigurable, à l'aide de plateformes microfluidiques couplant les effets LDEP et EWOD. Dans un premier temps, les plateformes en configuration " ouverte " permettent de produire des moules à géométrie programmable pour la réalisation de puces microfluidiques en PDMS. Les résultats de cette étude prometteuse aboutissent, entre autres, à la réalisation de géométries de canaux complexes et typiques dans le domaine de la microfluidique (jonctions en " T " et valves de type " Quake "). Dans un second temps, les résultats les plus aboutis de ce manuscrit sont exposés à propos du concept de géométrie programmable et reconfigurable en utilisant de la paraffine. Un protocole spécifique, exploitant judicieusement les déplacements de liquides par EWOD et LDEP, donne lieu à la fabrication d'un grand nombre de puces microfluidiques, comportant des géométries de canaux complexes et variées. Dans les deux cas, un grand nombre de géométries peut être généré a à partir d'une seule plateforme microfluidique digitale générique. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent des perspectives de travail originales et prometteuses, dont certaines d'entre elles sont abordées en marge des objectifs initiaux. La première se trouve dans la continuité du concept de géométrie programmable et reconfigurable, en proposant une technologie à bas coût (substrat souple en Kapton et impression d'électrodes avec de l'encre conductrice). La seconde perspective instruit la compatibilité des technologies comportant des structures résonantes de type MEMS et des structures métalliques LDEP (en polysilicium) à l'échelle submicronique. / In the field of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems, the channel geometry of a microfluidic chip is often specific to perform a given protocol. The chip geometry is hence defined at the design step, before the fabrication steps (generally time consuming and expensive) and cannot be thereafter modified. This fact becomes an issue when the geometry does not fit satisfactorily to the specifications and a new batch of fabrication has to be started, to size afresh the microfluidic chip. To overcome this inconvenient we propose to develop a new generation of microfluidic chips with a programmable and reconfigurable geometry. This concept is widely based on both digital microfluidic techniques, the electrowetting on dielectrics (EWOD) and the liquid dielectrophoresis (LDEP) actuations. The first investigation is focused on the microfluidic technique LDEP. First, an electromechanical model for liquids behaviours during a EWOD or LDEP actuation is established. This model is then used as a basis for the LDEP patterns design and fabrication. The LDEP patterns are tested to identify the geometries and dielectric layers stacks which give optimized LDEP actuations. By taking into account a broad parameters range, the study shows that, within a precise setup and specific conditions, the LDEP actuations can have equal performances at the minimum, or better performances than those reported in the overall scientific literature until now. Finally, a surface functionalization protocol by polymer spots (diameter size ranging from a few microns to several dozens of microns) utilizing the LDEP technology is described. This method is likely to compete directly with the standard functionalization tools. The second investigation is dealing with the programmable and reconfigurable geometry concept, thanks to microfluidic platforms which get together both EWOD and LDEP technologies on a same component. Firstly, the microfluidic platform in a single plate configuration allows providing master molds with a programmable geometry for the PDMS microfluidic chip fabrication. The results about this promising study lead to the processing of complex channels geometries, typically used in the microfluidic field. Secondly, the more exciting results are exposed about the programmable and reconfigurable microfluidic concept, by using advantageously the paraffin material. A specific protocol which takes advantages of LDEP and EWOD liquids displacements produces a lot of various and different microfluidic chips with complex channels shapes. For both applications, a single generic microfluidic platform can generate a wide number of different geometries, which can be modified partially or totally thereafter. The obtained results open up novel and promising work prospects, which one of them are approached on the fringe of the initial purposes. The first one belongs to the continuity of the programmable and reconfigurable by suggesting a low cost technology based on flexible Kapton substrate and inkjet printing of silver nanoparticules. The second one investigates the technologies compatibility between MEMS/NEMS resonating structures and LDEP metal structures (in polysilicon) at the submicronic scale.