The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PAF treatment of rabbit spermatozoa on in vitro fertilization and subsequent blastocyst formation. Rabbit spermatozoa were exposed to PAF (10-7 M ), lyso-PAF (10-7 M ), or HIS (385 mOsm/kg) for 15 min prior to insemination of ovulated oocytes. Fertilized oocytes were cultured to the hatched blastocyst stage.

A produção in vitro de embriões expõe o concepto a condições diferentes do ambiente intra-tubárico-uterino. A alta tensão de oxigênio durante o cultivo in vitro induz estresse oxidativo mediante aumento dos níveis das espécies reativas de oxigênio. A condição de estresse oxidativo altera a expressão de RNAm e miRNAs, podendo comprometer vias de interação materno-embrionária. Recentemente, os exossomos têm sido descritos como um mecanismo complementar de transporte de RNAm e miRNAs, que beneficiam a comunicação bidirecional materno-embrionária. Portanto, além do estudo dos próprios embriões, a análise dos exossomos isolados do meio de cultivo da PIVE também é relevante. Comumente são utilizados dois modelos de cultivo na PIVE, a alta tensão (20%) e a baixa tensão (5%) de oxigênio. A hipótese deste estudo é que a alta tensão de oxigênio no cultivo embrionário gera uma condição de estresse oxidativo que causa alterações de expressão de RNAm e miRNAs presentes nos embriões e nos exossomos. Além disso, o estresse oxidativo exerceria efeito sobre o padrão de secreção destes exossomos. Para testar essa hipótese este estudo produziu embriões bovinos in vitro cultivados em diferentes tensões de oxigênio. Os embriões foram coletados no dia 7 e os meios de cultivo, para isolamento os exossomos, foram coletados nos dias 3 e 7 do cultivo. Os blastocistos cultivados em alta tensão de oxigênio apresentaram um aumentou dos níveis de EROs através de análise de fluorescência. Este resultado validou o modelo de estresse oxidativo para embriões. Os resultados iniciais indicaram que apesar do miR-199a-5p, descrito como possível regulador dos genes alvos ERBB2 e ERBB3, ter apresentado maior expressão nos embriões cultivados em alta tensão, os transcritos ERBB2 e ERBB3 e a proteína ERBB2 não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Uma vez que não se estabeleceu uma relação de regulação entre o miR-199a-5p e o gene alvo ERBB2 para os embriões bovinos, este estudo se voltou para a análise de outros 96 RNAm e 378 miRNAs, destes 40 RNAm e 8 miRNAs apresentaram alterações significativas entre os embriões cultivados em alta e baixa tensão de oxigênio. Entre as principais funções alteradas estão associadas à resposta ao estresse oxidativo, proliferação e diferenciação celular, remodelação epigenética, apoptose, metabolismo e reconhecimento materno-fetal. Por fim, com o objetivo de compreender um panorama maior dos efeitos do estresse oxidativo, este estudo se propôs a analisar o padrão de expressão e os miRNAs do conteúdo dos exossomos do meio de cultivo. O estresse oxidativo alterou tanto a concentração dos exossomos quanto a expressão dos mRNAs, em ambos os dias do desenvolvimento embrionário (D3 e D7). Dentre os miRNAs, destaca-se o miR-210 que foi considerado por este trabalho como biomarcador não invasivo da condição de normoxia no cultivo in vitro de embriões bovinos. Em conclusão, esse estudo não elucidou como o estresse oxidativo altera a interação materno-embrionária em embriões produzidos in vitro em diferentes condições de tensão de oxigênio, mas gerou conhecimentos adicionais sobre do desenvolvimento embrionário bovino e os efeitos da alta tensão de oxigênio. / The in vitro embryo production exposes the concept to conditions different from the intra-tubal-uterine environment. The high oxygen tension during in vitro production induces the oxidative stress by increasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species. The oxidative stress condition changes the mRNA and miRNAs expression, it can compromise pathways of maternal-embryonic interaction. Recently, the exosomes have been described as a complementary mechanism of mRNA and miRNAs transport, which improve the bidirectional maternal-embryonic communication. Therefore, the studies of the embryos and exosomes isolated from the IVP culture medium are relevant. Two cultivation models are usually used in IVP, the high tension (20%) and the low tension (5%) of oxygen. The hypothesis of this study is that the high oxygen tension in the embryonic culture generates an oxidative stress condition that causes changes in the mRNA and miRNAs expression. In addition, this oxidative stress is able to modulate the secretion pattern of the exosomes isolated from IVP embryos. To test this hypothesis, this study produced in vitro bovine embryos developed at different oxygen tensions. The embryos were sampled on day 7 and the culture media, for exosomes isolation, were collected on days 3 and 7 of the embryo development. Blastocysts cultured in high oxygen tension showed increased levels of ROS through fluorescence analysis. This result validated the oxidative stress model for embryos. In order to understand the effect of oxidative stress on the pathways of maternal-embryonic interaction, this study aimed to analyze the ERBB signaling pathway. Despite the fact that miR-199a-5p, described as a possible regulator of the ERBB2 and ERBB3 target genes, showed higher expression in embryos cultured under high tension, the ERBB2 and ERBB3 transcripts and the ERBB2 protein showed no significant difference between high and low oxygen tension groups. Since a regulatory relationship between miR-199a-5p and the ERBB2 target gene was not established for bovine embryos, this study turned to the analysis of other 96 mRNAs and 378 miRNAs, out of 40 mRNAs and 8 miRNAs showed significant changes among the groups. The main altered functions are the response to oxidative stress, cell proliferation and differentiation, epigenetic remodeling, apoptosis, metabolism and maternal-fetal recognition. Finally, in order to understand the bigger picture of oxidative stress effect we analyze the secretion pattern and the miRNA content of the exosomes from culture medium of IVP embryos. Oxidative stress change both, the exosome concentration and the miRNA expression (at D3 and D7). Among the miRNAs, we highlight the miR-210 that was considered by this work as a non-invasive biomarker of the normoxia condition in the in vitro culture of bovine embryos. In conclusion, this study did not elucidate how oxidative stress changes the maternal-embryonic interaction in IVP embryos, but it generated additional knowledge about bovine embryonic development and the high oxygen tension effects.

A produção in vitro de embriões expõe o concepto a condições diferentes do ambiente intra-tubárico-uterino. A alta tensão de oxigênio durante o cultivo in vitro induz estresse oxidativo mediante aumento dos níveis das espécies reativas de oxigênio. A condição de estresse oxidativo altera a expressão de RNAm e miRNAs, podendo comprometer vias de interação materno-embrionária. Recentemente, os exossomos têm sido descritos como um mecanismo complementar de transporte de RNAm e miRNAs, que beneficiam a comunicação bidirecional materno-embrionária. Portanto, além do estudo dos próprios embriões, a análise dos exossomos isolados do meio de cultivo da PIVE também é relevante. Comumente são utilizados dois modelos de cultivo na PIVE, a alta tensão (20%) e a baixa tensão (5%) de oxigênio. A hipótese deste estudo é que a alta tensão de oxigênio no cultivo embrionário gera uma condição de estresse oxidativo que causa alterações de expressão de RNAm e miRNAs presentes nos embriões e nos exossomos. Além disso, o estresse oxidativo exerceria efeito sobre o padrão de secreção destes exossomos. Para testar essa hipótese este estudo produziu embriões bovinos in vitro cultivados em diferentes tensões de oxigênio. Os embriões foram coletados no dia 7 e os meios de cultivo, para isolamento os exossomos, foram coletados nos dias 3 e 7 do cultivo. Os blastocistos cultivados em alta tensão de oxigênio apresentaram um aumentou dos níveis de EROs através de análise de fluorescência. Este resultado validou o modelo de estresse oxidativo para embriões. Os resultados iniciais indicaram que apesar do miR-199a-5p, descrito como possível regulador dos genes alvos ERBB2 e ERBB3, ter apresentado maior expressão nos embriões cultivados em alta tensão, os transcritos ERBB2 e ERBB3 e a proteína ERBB2 não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Uma vez que não se estabeleceu uma relação de regulação entre o miR-199a-5p e o gene alvo ERBB2 para os embriões bovinos, este estudo se voltou para a análise de outros 96 RNAm e 378 miRNAs, destes 40 RNAm e 8 miRNAs apresentaram alterações significativas entre os embriões cultivados em alta e baixa tensão de oxigênio. Entre as principais funções alteradas estão associadas à resposta ao estresse oxidativo, proliferação e diferenciação celular, remodelação epigenética, apoptose, metabolismo e reconhecimento materno-fetal. Por fim, com o objetivo de compreender um panorama maior dos efeitos do estresse oxidativo, este estudo se propôs a analisar o padrão de expressão e os miRNAs do conteúdo dos exossomos do meio de cultivo. O estresse oxidativo alterou tanto a concentração dos exossomos quanto a expressão dos mRNAs, em ambos os dias do desenvolvimento embrionário (D3 e D7). Dentre os miRNAs, destaca-se o miR-210 que foi considerado por este trabalho como biomarcador não invasivo da condição de normoxia no cultivo in vitro de embriões bovinos. Em conclusão, esse estudo não elucidou como o estresse oxidativo altera a interação materno-embrionária em embriões produzidos in vitro em diferentes condições de tensão de oxigênio, mas gerou conhecimentos adicionais sobre do desenvolvimento embrionário bovino e os efeitos da alta tensão de oxigênio. / The in vitro embryo production exposes the concept to conditions different from the intra-tubal-uterine environment. The high oxygen tension during in vitro production induces the oxidative stress by increasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species. The oxidative stress condition changes the mRNA and miRNAs expression, it can compromise pathways of maternal-embryonic interaction. Recently, the exosomes have been described as a complementary mechanism of mRNA and miRNAs transport, which improve the bidirectional maternal-embryonic communication. Therefore, the studies of the embryos and exosomes isolated from the IVP culture medium are relevant. Two cultivation models are usually used in IVP, the high tension (20%) and the low tension (5%) of oxygen. The hypothesis of this study is that the high oxygen tension in the embryonic culture generates an oxidative stress condition that causes changes in the mRNA and miRNAs expression. In addition, this oxidative stress is able to modulate the secretion pattern of the exosomes isolated from IVP embryos. To test this hypothesis, this study produced in vitro bovine embryos developed at different oxygen tensions. The embryos were sampled on day 7 and the culture media, for exosomes isolation, were collected on days 3 and 7 of the embryo development. Blastocysts cultured in high oxygen tension showed increased levels of ROS through fluorescence analysis. This result validated the oxidative stress model for embryos. In order to understand the effect of oxidative stress on the pathways of maternal-embryonic interaction, this study aimed to analyze the ERBB signaling pathway. Despite the fact that miR-199a-5p, described as a possible regulator of the ERBB2 and ERBB3 target genes, showed higher expression in embryos cultured under high tension, the ERBB2 and ERBB3 transcripts and the ERBB2 protein showed no significant difference between high and low oxygen tension groups. Since a regulatory relationship between miR-199a-5p and the ERBB2 target gene was not established for bovine embryos, this study turned to the analysis of other 96 mRNAs and 378 miRNAs, out of 40 mRNAs and 8 miRNAs showed significant changes among the groups. The main altered functions are the response to oxidative stress, cell proliferation and differentiation, epigenetic remodeling, apoptosis, metabolism and maternal-fetal recognition. Finally, in order to understand the bigger picture of oxidative stress effect we analyze the secretion pattern and the miRNA content of the exosomes from culture medium of IVP embryos. Oxidative stress change both, the exosome concentration and the miRNA expression (at D3 and D7). Among the miRNAs, we highlight the miR-210 that was considered by this work as a non-invasive biomarker of the normoxia condition in the in vitro culture of bovine embryos. In conclusion, this study did not elucidate how oxidative stress changes the maternal-embryonic interaction in IVP embryos, but it generated additional knowledge about bovine embryonic development and the high oxygen tension effects.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-12-02T20:42:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Izomar Barbosa Melo.pdf: 2004947 bytes, checksum: 6693dd37b010d6657da5fc6970265ffd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T18:17:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Izomar Barbosa Melo.pdf: 2004947 bytes, checksum: 6693dd37b010d6657da5fc6970265ffd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T18:26:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Izomar Barbosa Melo.pdf: 2004947 bytes, checksum: 6693dd37b010d6657da5fc6970265ffd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Izomar Barbosa Melo.pdf: 2004947 bytes, checksum: 6693dd37b010d6657da5fc6970265ffd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-15 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Gastropods of the genus Pomacea (Perry, 1810), as well as ecological importance are used for human consumption, are considered the largest freshwater gastropods group. This study investigated the daily activity and substrate selection of gastropod Pomacea amazonica (reeve, 1856), and reproduction and substrate selection for oviposition. The gastropods were collected from May to August of 2014 in the City of Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil. Investigation of daily activity and substrate selection were performed under light and temperature conditions. The animals were observed for 48 hours to record their daily activities and substrate selection was analyzed by four different types of substrates sand, pebbles, water column and smooth surfaces. In reproduction experiment and substrate selection for oviposition graduates couples were kept in cages with different substrates, three types of sandpaper with different roughness, beyond the smooth wall of the bottle itself. P. amazonica activity was significantly different (P<0,05), Compared the time of day and night The highest activity was recorded overnight, about 70% of individuals explored the room during the day and 72% remained immobile. The substrate selection differed significantly compared between periods of day and night (X2 = 22,46; DF = 3; P <0,05). With greater use of the flat substrate during the day and during the night most of the animals went on to use the substrate pebble There was no significant difference (t=-1.1289; DF= 172; P=0.2605) as compared size between males and females of the collected population. As for the size of males and females of each couple, there was significant difference (Z=2.4326; P=0.0150), with fewer males than females. Altogether 29 females laid egg masses and of these, 6 left two bodies of consecutive eggs. The multiple spawns only the females that put two egg masses, no significant difference in the number of eggs (Z=0.8090; P=0.4185). Embryonic development averaged 10.38 ±1.73 mean hatch rate of 89.6% for the first spawn and 65% for the second spawning. Among masses of consecutive eggs of the same female diameter of the eggs did not differ (t=-0.1801; GL=5; P=0,8641). It was observed that the higher the female higher fertility, despite the low coefficient of determination (R2=0.22), regression was significant (F=7,6382; Gl=1; P=0,0099). The substrate selection for oviposition significantly different (X2=172,55; GL=3; P<0,05) with preference animals lay eggs in smooth surface. It can be concluded that P. amazonica nocturnal activities and substrate selection varies with the time of day. Although the size of the sexes is not different in P. amazonica mating females prefer the smaller males. The fecundity of this species is directly related to female size and egg laying mass occurs mostly at night in smooth substrate surface. Embryonic development was relatively short compared to other species of the same genus, and the diameter of the eggs did not differ between consecutive spawns. / Os gastrópodes do gênero Pomacea (Perry, 1810), além da importância ecológica são usados na alimentação humana, são considerados o maior grupo de gastrópodes de água doce. Este estudo investigou a atividade diária e seleção de substrato e a reprodução e seleção de substrato para oviposição do gastrópode Pomacea amazonica (Reeve, 1856). Os gastrópodes foram coletados no período de maio a agosto de 2014 no município de Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brasil. A investigação da atividade diária, seleção de substrato foram realizadas sob condições de luz e temperatura ambiente. Os animais foram observados por 48 horas para registro de suas atividades diárias, e a seleção de substrato foi analisada por quatro diferentes tipos de substratos: areia, seixo, coluna d’água e superfície lisa. No experimento de reprodução e seleção de substrato para oviposição os casais formados foram mantidos em gaiolas, com diferentes substratos, três tipos de lixas de diferentes rugosidades, além da parede lisa do próprio frasco. A atividade de P. amazonica foi significativamente diferente (P<0,05), quando comparado o período do dia e da noite. A maior atividade foi registrada durante a noite, cerca de 70% dos indivíduos exploraram o ambiente e durante o dia 72% permaneceram imóveis. A seleção de substrato diferiu significativamente entre os períodos do dia e noite (X2 = 22,46; Gl = 3; P <0,05) com maior uso do substrato liso durante o dia e durante a noite a maioria dos animais passaram a usar o substrato seixo. Não houve diferença significativa (t=-1.1289; DF= 172; P=0.2605) quando comparado o tamanho entre machos e fêmeas da população coletada. Já para o tamanho de machos e fêmeas de cada casal, houve diferença significativa (Z=2.4326; P=0.0150), com machos menores que as fêmeas. Ao todo 29 fêmeas colocaram massas de ovos e destas, 6 colocaram duas massas de ovos consecutivas. As desovas múltiplas apenas das fêmeas que colocaram duas massas de ovos, não apresentaram diferença significativa quanto ao número de ovos (Z=0.8090; P=0.4185). O desenvolvimento embrionário teve média de 10,38±1,73 com taxa de eclosão média de 89,6% para primeira desova e 65% para a segunda desova. Entre massas de ovos consecutivas de uma mesma fêmea o diâmetro dos ovos não diferiu (t=-0.1801; GL=5; P=0,8641). Observou-se que quanto maior a fêmea, maior a fecundidade, e apesar do baixo coeficiente de determinação (R2=0,22), a regressão foi significativa (F=7,6382; Gl=1; P=0,0099). A seleção de substrato para oviposição apresentou diferença significativa (X2=172,55; GL=3; P<0,05) com preferência dos animais em colocar ovos em superfície lisa. Pode-se concluir que P. amazonica tem atividade noturna e a seleção de substrato varia de acordo com o período do dia. Embora o tamanho entre os sexos não seja diferente, no acasalamento de P. amazonica as fêmeas preferem os machos menores. A fecundidade desta espécie está diretamente relacionada ao tamanho da fêmea e a postura de massas de ovos ocorre principalmente à noite em superfície de substrato liso. O desenvolvimento embrionário foi relativamente curto em relação a outras espécies do mesmo gênero, e o diâmetro dos ovos não difere entre as desovas consecutivas

La crioconservación de los embriones por congelación o vitrificación reduce la supervivencia de los embriones de conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus) entre un 20 y 50% dependiendo de la estirpe genética y el procedimiento utilizado. En embriones vitrificados de conejo se ha observado un elevada mortalidad tras la implantación que sugeriría que el proceso tiene efectos tardíos y negativos sobre el desarrollo fetal. El objetivo de la tesis fue estudiar el transcriptoma embrionario previo a la implantación (6 días) y el desarrollo embrionario y fetal de embriones de conejo crioconservados mediante dos procedimientos habituales en esta especie. Específicamente, el objetivo del capítulo I fue la evaluación de los efectos del procedimiento de congelación sobre el desarrollo y expresión génica de embriones de conejo. Para ello, evaluamos primero la distribución de pérdidas durante la gestación analizando las tasas de desarrollo a blastocisto tardío, implantación y nacimiento. Después comparamos el perfil transcriptómico de embriones de 6 días, previamente congelados y transferidos en el estadio de mórula, con embriones desarrollados in vivo (6 días post-inseminación). Para ello, llevamos a cabo un análisis microarray de dos colores y usamos una plataforma genérica específica de conejo. Las tasas de desarrollo a blastocisto tardío, implantación y nacimiento fueron más bajas para los embriones congelados. Así mismo, también se observaron diferencias a nivel de expresión, y los embriones viables de 6 días del grupo congelado presentaron 70 genes diferencialmente expresados. Esta fue la primera aproximación que nos proporcionó una lista de genes candidatos que podrían provocar fallos en el diálogo materno-embrionario, implantación y formación de la placenta. El capítulo II evaluó la distribución de pérdidas durante la gestación debidas al proceso de vitrificación. Sin embargo, en este caso, para evaluar los efectos de la vitrificación sobre la expresión génica de blastocistos tardíos usamos la técnica de PCR cuantitativa (qPCR) con 10 genes candidatos, elegidos por estar diferencialmente expresado en los embriones congelados del anterior trabajo (SCGB1A1, EMP1, C1QTNF1, ANXA3, EGFLAM y TNFAIP6 ), o por su rol en el desarrollo embrionario e implantación (OCT4, VEGF, HBA and LAMA 4 ). Además, introdujimos también datos ecográficos sobre el tamaño del saco embrionario, feto, la placenta fetal y materna desde el día 10 hasta el 14 de gestación. Los resultados mostraron dos picos principales de pérdidas durante la gestación: Uno situado antes de la implantación y el otro después. Asimismo, también detectamos una reducción en el tamaño del feto y de la placenta materna entre los días 10 y 14. Finalmente, pudimos observar que, comparado con los embriones de 6 días desarrollados en condiciones in vivo, la expresión relativa de los transcritos SCGB1A1, EMP1, C1QTNF1, ANXA3, EGFLAM y TNFAIP6 estaba significativamente alterada en los embriones vitrificados, siguiendo además el patrón previamente observado en los embriones congelados. En el capítulo III se compararon directamente los transcriptomas de los embriones de 6 días obtenidos de embriones congelados y vitrificados de 3 días. Siguiendo los mismos procedimientos que en los trabajos anteriores, evaluamos la distribución de pérdidas a lo largo de la gestación analizando las tasas de desarrollo a blastocisto tardío, implantación y nacimiento. Asimismo, empleando la misma plataforma genérica microarray del primer experimento realizamos un análisis dos colores microarray en el que comparamos directamente el perfil transcriptómico a día 6 de desarrollo de embriones congelados y vitrificados. Los resultados reportaron que la congelación y la vitrificación tienen los mismos efectos dañinos sobre el desarrollo a día 6, pero la distribución de pérdidas difiere durante la implantación y el desarrollo, siendo las tasas de implantación y nacimiento mayores para el grupo vitrificado. Las similitudes a día 6 de desarrollo también se reflejaron en el patrón de expresión génica, porque no se detectaron diferencias a nivel transcriptómico entre los dos tipos de embriones. En el capítulo IV se analizó el transcriptoma de los embriones vitrificados de 6 días y placentas fetales de 14 días frente al transcriptoma de embriones y placentas control no vitrificados pero que fueron recuperados y transferidos, aislando así el efecto del proceso de vitrificación. Al igual que observamos en el capítulo II, los embriones vitrificados que eran capaces de llegar al estadio de blastocisto tardío eran también capaces de implantar, pero no todos los embriones implantados tenían la capacidad de finalizar la gestación. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de las ecografías del trabajo anterior, tomamos datos del peso del feto, la placenta fetal y materna a día 14 de desarrollo y del peso al nacimiento. En los resultados detectamos un descenso en los pesos del feto y la placenta materna, así como un incremento en el peso al nacimiento de los embriones vitrificados. En este experimento, para la evaluación de la expresión génica introdujimos unas cuantas modificaciones en el diseño experimental. Así, empleamos una plataforma microarray específica para embrión de conejo y realizamos un análisis microarray de un color. En el caso de los embriones de 6 días no encontramos diferencias significativas en la expresión génica, pero en el caso de las placentas identificamos 60 genes sobreexpresados. Llegados a este punto, realizamos un análisis 2D-DIGE en as placentas fetales para encontrar diferencias a nivel proteómico. Así, detectamos 89 proteínas diferencialmente expresadas en las placentas de 14 días de desarrollo derivadas de embriones vitrificados. Debido a los anteriores resultados de alteraciones a nivel transcriptómico y proteómico en las placentas pocos días después de la implantación, el capítulo V lo centramos en el estudio de las alteraciones proteómicas en placentas fetales de 24 días de desarrollo. En este trabajo pretendimos comparar los perfiles proteicos de placentas fetales de embriones vitrificados y controles en la última parte de la gestación, pocos días antes del nacimiento. Tras realizar un análisis 2D-DIGE encontramos que había 32 proteínas diferencialmente expresadas entre los grupos experimentales. Estos resultados demostraron que la vitrificación induce cambios sustanciales en la expresión de proteínas placentarias al final de la gestación, y que aparte de las consecuencias a corto plazo, la crioconservación embrionaria puede provocar consecuencias a largo plazo en esos fetos que al final nacen. Los resultados de esta tesis nos permiten suponer que la crioconservación embrionaria, bien sea por congelación o vitrificación, no debe ser neutral. Además, por primera vez se han observado modificaciones en los embriones vitrificados ya implantados. Basándonos en estos resultados, nuestro trabajo deja abierta la cuestión de si los efectos causados por la vitrificación durante el desarrollo fetal pueden conllevar algún tipo de alteraciones metabólicas o fisiológicas en la vida adulta. / Saenz De Juano Ribes, MDLD. (2014). Estudio del efecto de la crioconservación sobre la expresión génica de embriones de conejo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/36957 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: CHAPTER 1 In this chapter the aim is to outline the different chapters under section A. Against this background, we will conduct a literature review of relevant studies performed, and evaluate their comments regarding identifying embryo markers which can be utilized to improve overall ART outcome. We will evaluate the embryo marker sHLA-G in detail, using a prospective randomized study as well as a retrospective multi-centre study. The role of the morphology and genetic profile of an oocyte, zygote and embryo and subsequent blastocyst formation will be evaluated with the help of WGA/CGH. The work will then be summarized and conclusions will be made as well as possible suggestions for future directions will be indicated. In section B the methodology of the studies explaining the role of the candidate is illustrated. CHAPTER 2 In this chapter the impact of the oocyte/zygote and the embryo on implantation/pregnancy rate was discussed. The morphologic characteristics of the oocyte, the cumulus–oocyte-complex (COC), the zona pellucida, the perivitelline space, cytoplasm and meiotic spindle and the polar body and its appearance were discussed in detail. The morphologic characteristics of embryo fragmentation and its effect on embryo development, ploidy and blastocyst formation were also studied. Embryo markers to predict pregnancy outcome were researched based on the international literature. The pronuclear morphology and early cleavage were highlighted as non-invasive embryo markers to predict outcome. A non-invasive biochemical marker, soluble Human Leucocyte-Antigen-G (sHLA-G), that is expressed by developing embryos was researched. The value of blastocyst transfer and the improved ongoing pregnancy rate compared to cleavage stage embryos were highlighted based on a recent meta-analysis. A detailed discussion on sHLA-G as well as Array-CGH and the future of these tests followed. CHAPTER 3 In this chapter the aim was to compare pregnancy and implantation rates when embryos are selected based on a single Day 3 (D 3) morphology score vs. a GES score plus sHLA-G expression. This was a prospective randomized study (n=214) undergoing fresh ICSI cycles. Embryos were selected for transfer based on either Day 3 morphology score (Group A) or GES-scoring plus sHLA-G expression (Group B). The following results were reported: Clinical [35/107 (33%) vs. 52/107 (49%)] and ongoing pregnancy [20/107 (19%) vs. 52/107 (49%)] rates were significantly different between Group A and Group B (p<0.05). Implantation rates were not significantly different between Group A [52/353 (15%)] and Group B [73/417 (18%)] (p<0.05). The number of pregnancies lost during the first trimester was nearly 12 times higher in Group A [25/52 (48%)]. It was concluded that the miscarriage rate was significantly lower in Group B than Group A and the pregnancy results were superior when embryos were selected based on GES plus sHLA-G expression. CHAPTER 4 Several studies have reported an association between the presence of soluble human leukocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) in human embryo culture supernatants (ES) with implantation and pregnancy outcome in vitro. However, the actual presence role during implantation and effect on implantation and pregnancy outcome are still controversial. A retrospective multi-centre study was performed on 2040 ICSI patients in six different centers. All embryos were individually cultured and a chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the presence of sHLA-G in culture medium surrounding embryos. In all centers, a positive sHLA-G result was associated with an increase in odds of multiple clinical implantations (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.05, p-value: 0.0170), and an increased odds of multiple on-going pregnancies (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.51, p-value: 0.0170). Data from this multi-centre study emphasize that sHLA-G expression is a valuable non-invasive embryo marker to assist in improving pregnancy outcome with the theoretical potential to reduce multiple pregnancies. A combination of sHLA-G expression and extended embryo culture to the blastocyst stage might provide future tools by which to select single embryos for transfer and reduce the risk of multiple gestational, without compromising their pregnancy rates. CHAPTER 5 In this chapter the ploidy status of first and second polar bodies and Day 3 blastomere, embryo morphology and biochemical (sHLA-G) characteristics were correlated with blastocyst development and subsequent pregnancy outcome. All oocytes/zygotes and embryos were individually cultured to the blastocyst stage. PB-I, PB-II and blastomeres underwent whole genome amplification (WGA) and comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and complete karyotyping. Each embryo‟s culture medium supernatant was collected and analyzed for sHLA-G expression on Day 2. The following results were reported: Fifty seven mature (MII) donor oocytes were obtained, 33/57 (57.9%) were aneuploid, 21/57 (36.8%) were euploid and 3/57 (5%) were “inconclusive”. No correlation was found between CGH status of PB-I, PB-II and the GES-score. Furthermore, no correlation was established between PB-I CGH results and blastocyst morphology grade. There was a significant correlation between PB-I CGH and blastomere CGH results. Euploid and aneuploid PB-I developed into 58% and 67% blastocysts, respectively. Kappa statistics (>0.7) revealed a positive correlation between the ploidy of PB-I, PB-II and the blastomeres. It was concluded that following ICSI and sequential genetic karyotyping of the oocyte/zygote and subsequent blastomeres, the majority of oocytes fertilized and subsequent zygotes developed into blastocysts, despite their ploidy status. We therefore conclude that blastocyst development is not associated with ploidy. CHAPTER 6 Identifying a developmentally competent embryo to transfer that has the highest probability to develop into a live baby has been an issue of debate and continues research. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the morphological, biochemical and genetic features of an embryo that has been shown to be predictive of implantation and pregnancy outcome in ART using most current evidence. A literature search was performed looking at the correlation between pronuclear morphology, early cleavage, cleavage stage embryos, blastocyst development, the presence of sHLA-G, CGH, embryo development and implantation/pregnancy rates in ART. Based on the available literature, a combination of observations could assist the scientist with embryo selection. The pronuclear stage morphology, the early embryo division, cleavage embryo stage and quality of the day 3 embryos provides limited guidance. However, choosing a blastocyst with a positive sHLA-G result on Day 5 is the optimal combination to make the final selection before embryo transfer or freezing. This non-invasive approach should improve pregnancy outcome and reduce multiple pregnancy rates. As far as the use of the more invasive technology such as aCGH is concerned, more research on pregnancy outcome is needed. CHAPTER 7 A combination of observations for embryo selection, starting with oocyte grading, pronuclear stage morphology, early zygote cleaving and cleavage-stage embryo morphology/quality on Day-3, however, ultimately using extended embryo culture and choosing a blastocyst on Day 5 with positive sHLA-G values available, will assist the scientist in making the final decision before selecting an embryo for transfer or cryopreservation. The use of aCGH (for chromosomal analysis) is invasive and is still considered experimental. Finally we conclude that despite all the above mentioned parameters to select an embryo for transfer that will develop into a live baby, more extensive research and international corroboration is needed in order to improve and standardize embryo selection criteria. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: HOOFSTUK 1 Die doel in hierdie hoofstuk is om die verskillende hoofstukke onder Afdeling A uiteen te sit. Daar word beplan om „n literatuur oorsig te doen van toepaslike studies rakend embriomerkers wat swangerskap-uitkoms in in vitro bevrugting kan verbeter. Verder sal die embriomerker sHLA-G deeglike bestudeer word met behulp van „n prospektiewe gerandomiseerde studie, asook „n retrospektiewe multisentrum studie. Die rol van embrio morfologie en die genetiese profiel van die ovum, sigoot asook die embrio en die daaropvolgende blastosist vorming sal geëvalueer word met behulp van WGA/CGH. Alle bevindings sal daarna opgesom word, gevolg deur „n sinvolle gevolgtrekking en laastens sal voorstelle gemaak word vir toekomstige navorsing op die gebied. In Afdeling B sal die metodiek van die studies verduidelik word, asook „n beskrywing gegee word van die kandidaat se rol gedurende die navorsings projekte in hierdie tesis. HOOFSTUK 2 In hierdie hoofstuk word die impak van die oösiet en die embrio op die inplanting/swangerskap-koers bespreek. Die morfologiese eienskappe van die oösiet, die kumulus-oösiet kompleks, die sona pellucida, die perivitelline spasie, sitoplasma en meiotiese spoel, die poolliggaam en die se voorkoms word breedvoerig bespreek. Die morfologiese eienskappe van die embrio, fragmentasie en die invloed daarvan op die embrio, ploïdie, en blastosistvorming word bespreek. Embriomerkers om swangerskapsuitkoms te voorspel, gebaseer op internasionale literatuur, is ook nagevors. Die pronukleêre morfologie en vroeë deling word as nie-indringende embriomerkers uitgelig om swangerskapsuitkoms te voorspel. „n Biochemiese, nie-indringende merker wat deur ontwikkelende embrios uitgedruk word, oplosbare menslike leukosiet antigeen-G (sHLA-G), word bespreek. Die waarde van blastosist oordrag en die verbeterde koers van voortgaande swangerskappe in vergelyking met verdelende embrios, is ook uitgelig, gebaseer op „n onlangse metanalise. „n Breedvoerige bespreking van sHLA-G asook “Array-CGH” en die toekoms van hierdie toetse word behandel. HOOFSTUK 3 Die doel van hierdie hoofstuk is om swangerskap en inplantingskoerse te vergelyk wanneer embrios geselekteer word op „n enkel Dag 3 (D 3) morfologie beoordeling, teenoor „n kumulatiewe GES-telling plus sHLA-G uitdrukking. Hierdie was „n prospektiewe ewekansige studie (n=214) waar pasiënte ICSI-siklusse ondergaan het. Embrios is geselekteer vir terugplasing gebaseer op óf Dag 3 morfologie telling (Groep A), óf „n kumulatiewe GES-telling plus sHLA-G uitdrukking (Groep B). Die volgende resultate is gerapporteer: kliniese swangerskappe [35/107 (33%) vs 52/107 (49%)] en voortgaande swangerskappe [20/107 (19%) vs. 52/107 (49%)] se sukses koerse is beduidend verskillend tussen Groep A en Groep B (p<0.05). Inplantingskoerse is nie beduidend verskillend tussen Groep A [52/353 (15%)] en Groep B [73/417 (18%)] (p<0.05) nie. Die aantal swangerskappe wat tot niet gegaan het tydens die eerste trimester was bykans 12 keer hoër in Groep A [25/52 (48%)]. Die slotsom was dat die miskraamsyfer beduidend laer in Groep B as in Groep A is en die swangerskap syfer betekenisvol beter was wanneer die selektering van embrios op GES plus sHLA-G gebaseer is. HOOFSTUK 4 Verskeie studies het „n assosiasie getoon tussen die teenwoordigheid van oplosbare menslike leukosiet antigeen-G (sHLA-G) in menslike embrio kultuur en swangerskaps uitkoms in vitro. „n Retrospektiewe studie is op 2040 ICSI pasiënte by 6 verskillende sentra gedoen om die effek van s-HLAG verder te bestudeer. Alle embrios is individueel gekweek om die teenwoordigheid van sHLA-G in „n kultuurmedium rondom die embrios te identifiseer. In alle sentra is „n positiewe sHLA-G uitslag met „n toename in die waarskynlikheid van veelvuldige inplantings geassosieer (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.07 tot 2.05, p-waarde: 0.0170), asook „n toename in waarskynlikheid van meervoudige swangerskappe wat voortduur (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.51, p-waarde: 0.0170). Data uit die multisentriese studie beklemtoon dat sHLA-G uitdrukking „n waardevolle nie-indringende embriomerker is om by te dra tot die verbetering van swangerskapsuitkoms, asook die teoretiese potensiaal om meervoudige swangerskappe te verminder. „n Kombinasie van sHLA-G uitdrukking en verlengde embrio kultuur tot die blastosist stadium mag moontlik „n toekomstige hulpmiddel wees waardeur enkele embrios vir terugplasing geselekteer kan word. Daardeur kan die risiko van meervoudige swangerskappe beperk word sonder om die swangerskapkoerse in gevaar te stel. HOOFSTUK 5 In dié hoofstuk word die ploïdie status van die eerste en tweede poolliggaampies en Dag 3 blastomere, embrio morfologie en biochemiese (sHLA-G) eienskappe gekorrelleer met blastosist ontwikkelling en uiteindelike swangerskapsuitkoms. Alle oösiete/sigote en embrios is individueel tot die blastosist stadium gevolg. PB-I, PB-II en blastomere het “volledige kariotipering ondergaan deur gebruik te maak van die toets “comparative genome hybridization (CGH)”. Elke embrio se kultuurmedium supernatant is versamel en ontleed vir sHLA-G uitdrukking op Dag 2. Die volgende uitslae is gerapporteer: Sewe-en-vyftig mature (MII) donor oösiete is verkry; 33/57 (57.9%) is aneuploïd, 21/57 (36.8%) is euploïd en 3/57 (5%) is onbeslis. Geen verwantskap is gevind tussen CGH status van PB-I, PB-II en die GES-telling. Geen verwantskap is gevind tussen CGH status van sHLA-G. Verder was daar geen verwantskap gevind tussen PB-I CGH uitslae en blastosist morfologie graad nie. Daar was „n beduidende korrelasie tussen PB-I CGH en blastomeer CGH uitslae. Euploïde en aneuploïde PB-I het onderskeidelik in 58% en 67% blastosiste ontwikkel. Daar is „n positiewe verwantskap tussen die ploïdie van PB-I, PB-II en die blastomere aangetoon [Kappa (>0.7)]. Dit is afgelei dat na ICSI en sekwensiële genetiese kariotipering van die oösiet/sigoot en daaropvolgende blastomere, die meerderheid oösiete bevrug is en die daaropvolgende sigote ontwikkel het tot blastosiste, ongeag hul ploïdie status. Ons afleiding is dus dat blastosist ontwikkelling nie aan ploïdie verwant is nie. HOOFSTUK 6 In hierdie hoofstuk bespreek ons waarnemings wat betref seleksie kriteria om die beste embrios te kies vir terugplasing wat uiteindelik tot „n suksesvolle swangeskap sal lei. Morfologiese, biochemiese en genetiese faktore is ondersoek. „n Onderskeiding is gemaak tussen nie-indringende (mikroskopiese en biochemiese) en indringende (embrio biopsie, aCGH) tegnieke. 'n Kombinasie van nie-indringende observasies, wat insluit pronukliere mofologie, vroee sigoot verdeling en vroeë embrio morfologie/kwalitieit op Dag-3 het beperkte inligting verskaf wat betref swangerskapkans. Verlengde embrio kweking tot die blastosist stadium (Dag-5) plus „n positiewe sHLA-G resultaat gee egter veel meer voordelige inligting aan die embrioloog met die embrio seleksie proses, voor embrio terugplasing of bevriesing. Laasgenoemde inligting sal die swangerskap syfer bevoordeel en die meervoudige swangerskap kans verlaag. Wat die indringende tegniek (aCGH) betref, word veel meer data benodig rakend die potensiele voor- en nadele wat betref swangerskap uitkoms, voordat „n sinvolle gevolgtrekking gemaak kan word. HOOFSTUK 7 „n Volledige literatuur oorsig dui daarop dat alle beskikbare riglyne om embrios te kies vir terugplasing, ingespan moet word. In die studie is daar gekyk na „n kombinasie van hierdie voorstelle. Daar is begin met die morfologie van die pronukliere stadium, gevolg deur vroeë sigoot-verdeling, asook beoordeling van embrios se morfologie/kwaliteit op Dag-3 van ontwikkeling. Daar word voorgestel dat die keuse van „n blastosist op Dag 5, gekombineerd met „n positiewe oplosbare menslike leukosiet antigeen G (shla-G) die embrioloog van hulp kan wees om die beste embrio te kies vir terugplasing of bevriesing. Hierdie nie-indringende riglyn behoort swangerskap-uitkoms te verbeter asook meervoudige swangerskappe te verminder. Indringende tegnieke soos ACGH benodig verdere in diepte navorsing en data verkryging om die waarde van hierdie toets te kan beoordeel.

Due to the immense utilization in food and industry, there is enormous commercial and scientific interest to manipulate canola (Brassica napus L.) seed oil. Seed oil accretions are influenced by genes involved in embryo and seed development. FUSCA3 (FUS3) and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) are well-known transcription factors involved during seed and embryo development. The main objective of this project was to evaluate the role of these genes during seed storage deposition and microspore-derived embryogenesis in B. napus. For this purpose, six BnLEC1 transgenic lines and three BnFUS3 TILLING mutant lines were generated. The over expression of BnLEC1 significantly increased the seed oil content, while the down regulation of BnLEC1 or mutation of BnFUS3 reduced the level of seed oil. Experimental alterations of BnLEC1 and BnFUS3 triggered transcriptional modifications in enzymes taking part in sucrose transport and metabolism, glycolysis, and fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. These changes are suggestive of a greater carbon pool to FA biosynthesis in tissues over-expressing BnLEC1, and a reduced carbon flux available for the synthesis of FA in BnLEC1 down regulators and BnFUS3 tilling mutants. While the elevated oil content induced by BnLEC1 was not accompanied by alterations in FA composition, oil nutritional value, or glucosinolate (GLS) levels, suppression of BnLEC1 reduced seed oil accumulation and raised levels of GLS, possibly through the transcriptional regulation of BnST5a (Sulphotransferase5a), the last GLS biosynthetic enzyme. BnFUS3 tilling mutant seeds had increased levels of linoleic acid, possibly due to the reduced expression of ω-3 FA DESATURASE (FAD3). The effects of altered expression of BnLEC1 and BnFUS3 were also assessed during microspore-derived embryogenesis. Substantial structural abnormalities, accompanied by changes in transcript levels of several embryo marker genes were observed in embryos in which the expression of BnLEC1 or BnFUS3 was altered. The changes in oil level and FA profiles observed in the transformed microspore-derived embryos followed a similar trend to that described in seeds. Collectively, these observations suggest that manipulation of BnLEC1 and BnFUS3 can be employed as a tool to enhance seed oil production and quality in B. napus. / February 2017

São preocupantes as doenças que tem o Aedes aegypti como vetor. A elevada competência vetorial deste mosquito, bem como sua antropofilia e adaptação ao ambiente urbano, geram habitats favoráveis e torna sua prevenção uma árdua tarefa considerando os recursos disponíveis. O controle atual enfatiza o mosquito, mas ainda há espaço para o aprimoramento da sua efetividade e sucesso, o que torna fundamental o maior conhecimento sobre este inseto. O Brasil apresenta condições favoráveis para a disseminação do mosquito. Diante do exposto este estudo visa estudar a vigilância entomológica do Aedes aegypti no Município de São Paulo no ano de 2013, bem como descrever as características morfológicas, morfométricas da fase de ovo e seu desenvolvimento embrionário. A análise da vigilância entomológica no Município de São Paulo, foi realizada a partir de dados secundários oriundos da Secretaria de Saúde do município. Já a etapa envolvendo a descrição morfológica, morfometrica e o desenvolvimento embrionário foi realizada a partir do material biológico cedido pelo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP utilizando recursos, tais como a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Microscopia Eletrônica deTransmissão e Microscopia Confocal. Os indicadores entomológicos Índice de Breteau (IB), Índice de Infestação Predial (IP) e Índice por Tipos de Recipientes Positivos (ITR), tiveram comportamento similares entre si nos anos estudados. Já o ITR revelou que o principal tipo de recipiente positivo para presença do vetor foi o prato/pingadeira para planta, seguido do vaso de planta, ou seja, os principais recipientes positivos encontram-se no ambiente domiciliar. Na avaliação do padrão morfológico e da mensuração acerca do comprimento, largura, razão comprimento/largura (índice) e diâmetro da micrópila constatou-se diferenças significantes entre as duas populações de ovos estudados, para cada um dos atributos morfométricos avaliados. Já a morfologia e o desenvolvimento embrionário apontam exocórion de grande resistência e de difícil permeabilidade, dificultando o acesso ao embrião. Considera-se fundamental a avaliação integrada dos dados oriundos do levantamento entomológico e de pesquisas quanto a características deste vetor nas diversas fases do ciclo biológico, pois somente desta maneira é possível investir em áreas específicas e promissoras para elaboração de políticas públicas efetivas e com poder transformador da realidade. / The diseases that have Aedes aegypti as a vector are worrisome. The high vectorial competence of this mosquito, as well as its anthropophilia and adaptation to the urban environment, generate favorable habitats and makes its prevention an arduous task considering the available resources. The current control emphasizes the mosquito, but its effectiveness and success in containing its dispersion still needs to improve, which makes fundamental the greater knowledge about this insect. Brazil presents highly favorable conditions for the spread of the mosquito. In view of the above, this study aims to study the entomological surveillance of Aedes aegypti in the city of São Paulo in 2013, as well as the morphological, morphometric characteristics of the egg phase and its embryonic development. The analysis of entomological surveillance was based on secondary data from health secretariats. The morphology, morphometry and embryonic development stages were performed using the biological material provided by the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo using resources such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission and Confocal. The entomological indicators Breteau Index (IB), Infestation Index (PI) and Index by Types of Positive Containers (ITR), had similar behavior among themselves in the years studied, since the ITR revealed that the main type of positive container for presence of the vector was dish / drip tray for plant followed by plant pot, the main positive containers are in the home environment. In the evaluation of the morphological pattern and measurement on length, width, length / width ratio (index) and diameter of the micropyle, it was observed significant differences between the two egg populations for each of the evaluated morphometric attributes. The morphology and embryonic development point to exochorion of big resistance and of difficult permeability, making difficult the access to the embryo. It is considered fundamental the integrated evaluation of data from the entomological survey and research on the characteristics of this vector in the various phases of the biological cycle, since only in this way is it possible to invest in specific and promising areas for the elaboration of effective public policies with transformative power of reality.

No intuito de descrever a evolução do desenvolvimento do concepto bubalino entre 10 e 60 dias de gestação, esse estudo utilizou a metodologia de mensuração por Crow rump para revelar a idade estimada de 96 embriões e fetos coletados no Matadouro municipal de Macapá, no estado do Amapá entre os anos de 2006 a 2008. Os parâmetros utilizados consistiram em medidas de comprimento (crânio caudal) e peso utilizando-se balança eletrônica de precisão. Para visualização macroscópica foram feitas fotografias, e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura auxiliou na identificação de inúmeras estruturas externas dos embriões. Foram realizados cortes histológicos de 5µm os quais foram corados em HE e picrosirius, e submetidos a técnicas de imunohistoquimica para detecção de Oct4, PCNA e vimentina. Nossos resultados revelam que embriões de mamíferos até a 5° semana de gestação são muito semelhantes aos de outras espécies de mamíferos já estudados. Similaridades entre bovinos e bubalinos persistem com exceção dos estágios fetais onde aparentemente búfalos se desenvolvem mais rapidamente que bovinos. Em conclusão, o estudo indica características importantes que podem ser utilizadas para verificar a viabilidade de embriões de búfalos e auxiliar avaliações em exames complementares como os de ultrassonografia, e também indicam a presença de importantes sítios de células pluripotentes em regiões diferentes do embrião dependendo do estágio de desenvolvimento em que o mesmo se encontra. / The aim of this study was to describe the developmental changes in the bubaline conceptus from 10-60 days of gestation using the Crown rump methodology to diagnostic the estimated age of those 96 embryos and fetuses obtained at Matadouro Municipal de Macapá, on Amapá state, from 2006 until 2008. Parameters used were cranio-caudal length (CR) and weight. For macroscopic view photographies were done, Scanning electron microscopy helps to identify inumerous external structures of the embryos. Histotogic section of 5µm were done and stained using Hematoxilin-Eosin, picrosirius, and also subjected to immunohistochemistry for Oct4, PCNA and vimentin were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy was used in fetal membranes to describe it better. The obtained results revealed that mammal embryos until 5th weeks of gestation has to much similar characteristics to others studied species. Similarities between bovine and bubaline persist; except on fetal stages that buffalos seems develop faster than bovine ones. In conclusion, the overall data indicated the important characteristics that can be evaluated to verify the viability of buffalo embryos and help the evaluations of ultrasonographic exams, also identify the presence of important regions with pluripotente cells that changes according to the stage of the embryo development.

The purpose of this research was to define the effects of various growth-promoting factors on in vitro embryonic development of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. The control medium was a chemically defined medium which improves the possibility of closely determining the in vivo conditions the embryo is actually exposed to. The growth-promoting factors tested in this experiment included transferrin, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-one), IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor-two), TGF-a (transforming growth factor-alpha) , TGF-B1 (transforming growth factor-beta1) , PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), EGF (epidermal growth factor), NGF (nerve growth factor), and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor). Transferrin was included at 10 micrograms/milliliter , while all other factors were utilized at 10 nanograms/milliliter in the control medium. Bovine cumulus-oocytes were retrieved from slaughterhouse ovaries and were matured i n Medium-199 containing 10% feta l bovine serum for 24 hours at 39°C in a 5% C02 atmosphere. Frozen-thawed bull spe r m were s wim-up separated and capacitated in medium containing heparin for 3 hours prior to insemination. Gametes were co- incubated fo r 18 hours and then cumulus cells were stripped from the ova. Ova which did not cleave were removed from culture 36 hours after insemi nati on and were stained for evidence of fertilization. Embryos were cultured in one of the 10 conditions (including control) described above. A total of 150 total oocy.t.es were cultured per treatment for a tota l of 10 days. EGF improved embryo development, while TGF-Bl and TGF-a only slightly improved embryo development compared to the control. All other factors tested did not have a beneficial effect on embryo development in this culture medium. In summary, EGF improved in vitro development of bovine embryos obtained from in vitro maturated and in vitro fertilized bovine oocytes. Other factors which were t est ed did not significantly improve in vitro bovine embryo development. Further experiments are necessary fo r determining the requirements of bovine embryos in vitro.