Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Medical Sciences - Pediatrics. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on January 24, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate outcomes associated with blood component (BC) transfusion in adult trauma patients. Specific aims were to: 1) explore the relationship between traumatic injury, hemorrhage, and BC transfusion, focusing on consequences of the component storage lesion through presentation of a conceptual model; 2) systematically review research literature comparing outcomes of massively transfused major trauma patients based on ratios of BCs received; 3) evaluating the relationship between type of blood transfusion trauma patients received (whole blood versus BCs) and mortality likelihood after controlling for demographic and clinical variables; 4) evaluating the relationship between volume and ratio of BCs transfused to trauma patients and development of inflammatory complications (ICs) after controlling for demographic and clinical variables. Specific aim one was addressed through the development of a conceptual model, depicting the current state of knowledge regarding the storage lesion, and short-/long-term outcomes of traumatic injury, hemorrhage, and blood transfusion. The second specific aim was addressed through a systematic review of studies that grouped critically injured, massively transfused patients based on ratios of BCs they received, and compared clinical outcomes among groups. Findings from this analysis revealed increased survival likelihood with massive transfusion of BCs in a 1:1:1 (packed red blood cells [PRBCs], fresh frozen plasma [FFP], platelets [PLTs]) fashion. The third specific aim involved a secondary analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank to evaluate the relationship between type of transfusion trauma patients received (whole blood versus BCs) and mortality. Patients who received BCs experienced a higher mortality likelihood compared with those who received whole blood. The fourth specific aim was addressed through a secondary analysis of the Inflammation and Host Response to Injury Trauma-Related Data Base, to evaluate the relationship between volume and ratio of BCs transfused and development of ICs in patients with major trauma. Findings revealed that total transfused volume of PRBCs, injury severity, and comorbidities were associated with development of ICs. There were no differences in time to complication between PRBCs:FFP or PRBCs:PLTs ratio groups.

Diss. med. Bern (kein Austausch).

Objective: The survival rates for cardiac arrest patients to hospital discharge are very low. Post-arrest patients have an immune response and usually a period of immunosuppression. When CD3+ T cells activate, they switch from primarily relying on aerobic metabolism to primarily relying on anaerobic metabolism. The goal of this study is to characterize the immune system of post-cardiac arrest patients. The specific objectives are (1) to determine the time period after the occurrence of a cardiac arrest that a patient acquires an infection, (2) to identify the most common types of infections in post-arrest patients, (3) to compare in vitro the cellular oxygen consumption of immune cells post-cardiac arrest with healthy controls, and (4) to compare cell proliferation and ATP production of immune cells post-cardiac arrest with healthy controls. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 170 cardiac arrest patients (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) who had return of spontaneous circulation. We measured oxygen consumption rates of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in cardiac arrest patients and healthy controls. We also measured cell proliferation and ATP production of CD3+ T cells in cardiac arrest patients and healthy controls. Results: Of the 170 cardiac arrest patients we reviewed, 42% had at least one incidence of infection. The length of time from cardiac arrest to first positive culture was 4 days, with pneumonia and urinary tract infections the most common diagnoses. The PBMCs of cardiac arrest patients showed a significant decrease in oxygen consumption post arrest compared with healthy controls. When thiamine was added to the PBMC samples of cardiac arrest patients, there was a significant increase in oxygen consumption from baseline. There was no significant difference in cell proliferation or ATP production of CD3+ T cells between the two groups of post-cardiac arrest patients and healthy controls. Conclusion: Many patients suffer from infections post-cardiac arrest, and future research is needed on this subject. Our data support the hypothesis that post-arrest patients have a period of hyperimmune response followed by a period of immunosuppression.

Introdução: As infecções virais do trato respiratório (IVTR) têm sido freqüentemente identificadas em associação com asma aguda (AA) em crianças, porém poucos estudos têm mostrado resultados similares em adultos com asma. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de infecção viral na asma aguda em pacientes atendidos no setor de adultos do departamento de emergência (DE), comparando as características entre os grupos com amostras positivas e negativas para os vírus respiratórios. Material e Métodos: Conduzimos um estudo transversal de pacientes que se apresentaram com AA no setor de adultos do DE (idade igual ou maior que 12 anos) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Um aspirado nasofaríngeo foi obtido para detecção de antígeno com a técnica de coloração de imunofluorescência indireta (vírus sincicial respiratório, adenovírus, influenza e parainfluenza tipo 1, 2, 3 e 4). Foram coletados dados referentes a características demográficas, medicações regulares, história médica pregressa, crise que levou à atual visita ao DE e desfechos da crise. Resultados: No período de março de 2004 a novembro de 2005, 111 pacientes foram examinados para IVTR. Foram identificados vírus respiratórios em 15 pacientes (8 com Adenovírus, 1 com RSV, 2 com Influenza A, e 4 com Parainfluenza tipo 1). Utilizando a análise de regressão logística, as variáveis com (p < 0,10), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e febre no domicilio, foram significativamente associados à identificação de vírus respiratório. Sessenta e seis por cento dos pacientes com IVTR apresentaram febre no domicílio, enquanto que somente 27% dos pacientes sem infecção viral apresentaram febre a domicílio, (p = 0,006). Não houve outra diferença significativa nas características clínicas, tempo de permanência e desfechos. Conclusão: Este estudo mostra uma prevalência de 13,5% de IVTR na AA em pacientes com idade igual ou maior que 12 anos atendidos na sala de emergência, confirmando a infecção viral como importante desencadeante nesta faixa etária. Dentre as características clínicas estudadas, febre no domicílio e IMC elevado, apresentam maior chance de identificação viral positiva. / Introduction: Respiratory tract viral infections (RTVI) have been frequently identified in association with acute asthma (AA) in children, but few studies have shown similar results in adults with asthma. Objectives: Evaluate the prevalence of viral infection with acute asthma in patients presented to the adult sector of the Emergency Department (ED), comparing the characteristics among the groups with positive and negative samples for respiratory viruses. Materials and Methods: It was conducted a cohort study of patients with AA that presented themselves to the adult sector of the ED (age 12 or older) at Hospital de Clínicas in Porto Alegre. A nasopharyngeal aspirate was obtained for detection of viral by indirect immunofluorescence technique (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza type 1, 2, 3, and 4). Data related to demographic characteristics, regular medication, previous medical history, the exacerbation that resulted in coming to the ED, and the outcomes of the crisis. Results: From March 2004 to November 2005, 111 patients were examined for RTVI. Respiratory viruses were identified in 15 patients (8 with Adenoviruses, 1 with RSV, 2 with Influenza A, and 4 with Parainfluenza type 1). Using the logistic regression analysis, the variables (p < 0.10) Body Mass Index (BMI) and fever at home were significantly associated to the identification of respiratory virus. Sixty-six percent of the patients with RTVI had fever at home while only 27% of the patients without viral infection presented fever a home (p = 0.006). There was not another significant difference in the clinical characteristics, time of stay, and outcomes. Conclusion: This study shows a prevalence of 13.5% of RTVI in AA in patients 12 years or older treated at the emergency room, which confirms viral infection as an important asthma-triggering factor in this age bracket. Among the clinical characteristics studied, fever at home and high BMI present the highest chance of positive viral identification.

Introdução: As infecções virais do trato respiratório (IVTR) têm sido freqüentemente identificadas em associação com asma aguda (AA) em crianças, porém poucos estudos têm mostrado resultados similares em adultos com asma. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de infecção viral na asma aguda em pacientes atendidos no setor de adultos do departamento de emergência (DE), comparando as características entre os grupos com amostras positivas e negativas para os vírus respiratórios. Material e Métodos: Conduzimos um estudo transversal de pacientes que se apresentaram com AA no setor de adultos do DE (idade igual ou maior que 12 anos) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Um aspirado nasofaríngeo foi obtido para detecção de antígeno com a técnica de coloração de imunofluorescência indireta (vírus sincicial respiratório, adenovírus, influenza e parainfluenza tipo 1, 2, 3 e 4). Foram coletados dados referentes a características demográficas, medicações regulares, história médica pregressa, crise que levou à atual visita ao DE e desfechos da crise. Resultados: No período de março de 2004 a novembro de 2005, 111 pacientes foram examinados para IVTR. Foram identificados vírus respiratórios em 15 pacientes (8 com Adenovírus, 1 com RSV, 2 com Influenza A, e 4 com Parainfluenza tipo 1). Utilizando a análise de regressão logística, as variáveis com (p < 0,10), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e febre no domicilio, foram significativamente associados à identificação de vírus respiratório. Sessenta e seis por cento dos pacientes com IVTR apresentaram febre no domicílio, enquanto que somente 27% dos pacientes sem infecção viral apresentaram febre a domicílio, (p = 0,006). Não houve outra diferença significativa nas características clínicas, tempo de permanência e desfechos. Conclusão: Este estudo mostra uma prevalência de 13,5% de IVTR na AA em pacientes com idade igual ou maior que 12 anos atendidos na sala de emergência, confirmando a infecção viral como importante desencadeante nesta faixa etária. Dentre as características clínicas estudadas, febre no domicílio e IMC elevado, apresentam maior chance de identificação viral positiva. / Introduction: Respiratory tract viral infections (RTVI) have been frequently identified in association with acute asthma (AA) in children, but few studies have shown similar results in adults with asthma. Objectives: Evaluate the prevalence of viral infection with acute asthma in patients presented to the adult sector of the Emergency Department (ED), comparing the characteristics among the groups with positive and negative samples for respiratory viruses. Materials and Methods: It was conducted a cohort study of patients with AA that presented themselves to the adult sector of the ED (age 12 or older) at Hospital de Clínicas in Porto Alegre. A nasopharyngeal aspirate was obtained for detection of viral by indirect immunofluorescence technique (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza type 1, 2, 3, and 4). Data related to demographic characteristics, regular medication, previous medical history, the exacerbation that resulted in coming to the ED, and the outcomes of the crisis. Results: From March 2004 to November 2005, 111 patients were examined for RTVI. Respiratory viruses were identified in 15 patients (8 with Adenoviruses, 1 with RSV, 2 with Influenza A, and 4 with Parainfluenza type 1). Using the logistic regression analysis, the variables (p < 0.10) Body Mass Index (BMI) and fever at home were significantly associated to the identification of respiratory virus. Sixty-six percent of the patients with RTVI had fever at home while only 27% of the patients without viral infection presented fever a home (p = 0.006). There was not another significant difference in the clinical characteristics, time of stay, and outcomes. Conclusion: This study shows a prevalence of 13.5% of RTVI in AA in patients 12 years or older treated at the emergency room, which confirms viral infection as an important asthma-triggering factor in this age bracket. Among the clinical characteristics studied, fever at home and high BMI present the highest chance of positive viral identification.

Introdução: As infecções virais do trato respiratório (IVTR) têm sido freqüentemente identificadas em associação com asma aguda (AA) em crianças, porém poucos estudos têm mostrado resultados similares em adultos com asma. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de infecção viral na asma aguda em pacientes atendidos no setor de adultos do departamento de emergência (DE), comparando as características entre os grupos com amostras positivas e negativas para os vírus respiratórios. Material e Métodos: Conduzimos um estudo transversal de pacientes que se apresentaram com AA no setor de adultos do DE (idade igual ou maior que 12 anos) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Um aspirado nasofaríngeo foi obtido para detecção de antígeno com a técnica de coloração de imunofluorescência indireta (vírus sincicial respiratório, adenovírus, influenza e parainfluenza tipo 1, 2, 3 e 4). Foram coletados dados referentes a características demográficas, medicações regulares, história médica pregressa, crise que levou à atual visita ao DE e desfechos da crise. Resultados: No período de março de 2004 a novembro de 2005, 111 pacientes foram examinados para IVTR. Foram identificados vírus respiratórios em 15 pacientes (8 com Adenovírus, 1 com RSV, 2 com Influenza A, e 4 com Parainfluenza tipo 1). Utilizando a análise de regressão logística, as variáveis com (p < 0,10), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e febre no domicilio, foram significativamente associados à identificação de vírus respiratório. Sessenta e seis por cento dos pacientes com IVTR apresentaram febre no domicílio, enquanto que somente 27% dos pacientes sem infecção viral apresentaram febre a domicílio, (p = 0,006). Não houve outra diferença significativa nas características clínicas, tempo de permanência e desfechos. Conclusão: Este estudo mostra uma prevalência de 13,5% de IVTR na AA em pacientes com idade igual ou maior que 12 anos atendidos na sala de emergência, confirmando a infecção viral como importante desencadeante nesta faixa etária. Dentre as características clínicas estudadas, febre no domicílio e IMC elevado, apresentam maior chance de identificação viral positiva. / Introduction: Respiratory tract viral infections (RTVI) have been frequently identified in association with acute asthma (AA) in children, but few studies have shown similar results in adults with asthma. Objectives: Evaluate the prevalence of viral infection with acute asthma in patients presented to the adult sector of the Emergency Department (ED), comparing the characteristics among the groups with positive and negative samples for respiratory viruses. Materials and Methods: It was conducted a cohort study of patients with AA that presented themselves to the adult sector of the ED (age 12 or older) at Hospital de Clínicas in Porto Alegre. A nasopharyngeal aspirate was obtained for detection of viral by indirect immunofluorescence technique (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza type 1, 2, 3, and 4). Data related to demographic characteristics, regular medication, previous medical history, the exacerbation that resulted in coming to the ED, and the outcomes of the crisis. Results: From March 2004 to November 2005, 111 patients were examined for RTVI. Respiratory viruses were identified in 15 patients (8 with Adenoviruses, 1 with RSV, 2 with Influenza A, and 4 with Parainfluenza type 1). Using the logistic regression analysis, the variables (p < 0.10) Body Mass Index (BMI) and fever at home were significantly associated to the identification of respiratory virus. Sixty-six percent of the patients with RTVI had fever at home while only 27% of the patients without viral infection presented fever a home (p = 0.006). There was not another significant difference in the clinical characteristics, time of stay, and outcomes. Conclusion: This study shows a prevalence of 13.5% of RTVI in AA in patients 12 years or older treated at the emergency room, which confirms viral infection as an important asthma-triggering factor in this age bracket. Among the clinical characteristics studied, fever at home and high BMI present the highest chance of positive viral identification.

Orientador: Patrícia Moriel / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T03:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_IndiraValade_M.pdf: 1267534 bytes, checksum: de03a91e0914a3ff437fe44fca10a9e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A segurança na utilização de medicamentos tornou-se um tema altamente discutido nas políticas de saúde, em parte devido a pesquisas que demonstram a ocorrência de importantes eventos adversos aos medicamentos (EAM) causados por fármacos comumente utilizados. Poucos estudos em pediatria quantificam os EAM, o que demonstra a necessidade da condução de mais estudos com esta faixa etária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise prospectiva sobre a incidência de EAM e estabelecer o perfil de adesão à farmacoterapia de uso contínuo em pacientes pediátricos admitidos em uma unidade de emergência. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo transversal, com duração de um ano (julho/2011 a junho/2012), conduzido na Unidade de Emergência Referenciada Pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas da (HC) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Os EAM foram identificados, quantificados e caracterizados em 7 categorias (reação adversa ao medicamento; não adesão; inefetividade terapêutica; uso inadequado do medicamento; interação medicamentosa; intoxicação e queixa técnica) e classificados segundo a gravidade obedecendo aos critérios do CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events). As reações adversas aos medicamentos foram classificadas pela causalidade, segundo Algoritmo de Naranjo. Para os pacientes em tratamento medicamentoso em regime contínuo, foi avaliado o grau de adesão à terapia proposta utilizando o Teste de Morisky-Green. No período de estudo foram admitidos na unidade de emergência 20.441 pacientes e 1723 (8,4%) foram atendidos pela farmacêutica responsável pelo projeto. Destes, 199 (11,5%) foram admitidos em decorrência de pelo menos um EAM e fazem parte da "População EAM" e 226 (13,2%) relataram o uso de pelo menos um medicamento em regime contínuo e por isso foram incluídos na "População Adesão". O evento de maior frequência foi uso inadequado do medicamento, identificado em 39,3% dos casos. O principal medicamento envolvido nos casos de reação adversa ao medicamento, não adesão e uso inadequado foi a Amoxicilina (26,0%). Nos casos em que mais de um medicamento estava envolvido em um ou mais eventos, notou-se que a maioria dos medicamentos causadores dos EAM provinha de medicamentos prescritos (85,8%). Foi observada maior ocorrência de EAM de gravidade leve (62,9%) e, ao estudo da causalidade das reações adversas, apenas 1 caso foi classificado como definido (2,4%). Quanto às características do perfil de adesão à farmacoterapia prescrita, houve predomínio de alta adesão (62,2%) principalmente entre crianças de 0 a 9 anos. Este trabalho demonstra uma alta incidência de EAM relacionados à admissão de pacientes pediátricos em unidade de emergência. A carência de informações e de estudos publicados na área demonstra a necessidade de estímulo a pesquisas nos grandes pólos de saúde no Brasil os quais poderão demonstrar o real problema de eventos adversos aos medicamentos na pediatria, podendo com isso estabelecer propostas de ações mais efetivas para o uso racional de medicamentos nesta faixa etária o que ressalta a importância da atuação do farmacêutico clínico através da atenção farmacêutica, para orientar e intervir no uso correto dos medicamentos / Abstract: The safety drug utilization has became a highly visible topic in health politics, due in part to research suggesting that there are important adverse drug events (ADE) caused by commonly used medications. Few pediatric studies quantify the ADE; this fact demonstrates the necessity of conducting further research with this age group. The objective of this study was to realize a prospective analysis on the incidence of ADE and to establish the profile of adherence to pharmacotherapy of continuous use in pediatric patients admitted to an emergency unit. This study was transversal with lasting one year (July/2011 to June/2012), conducted at the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Hospital de Clinicas (HC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). The ADE were identified, quantified and characterized in seven categories: (adverse drug reaction, non-compliance, and treatment ineffectiveness, inappropriate use of medication, drug interactions, toxicity, and technical defect) and classified by severity according to the criteria of the CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events). The adverse drug reactions were classified by causality, second to Naranjo algorithm, and type (organ involved). For patients under treatment in continuous, the degree of adherence to therapy proposal was evaluated using the Morisky-Green test. During the study period 20,441 patients were admitted and 1,723 (8.4%) were attended by the pharmaceutical responsible for the project. Of these, 199 (11.5%) were admitted with at least one ADE and form part of the "Population ADE"; and 226 (13.2%) were evaluated because of administering at least one drug in continuous and so were included in the "Population Adherence". The most frequent event was inappropriate use of the drug, identified in 39.3% of cases. The main drug involved in cases of adverse reaction to medication, non-compliance and inappropriate use was Amoxicillin (26.0%). In cases where more than one drug was involved in one or more events, it was noted that most of the drugs that cause ADE came from prescription drugs (85.8%). There was higher occurrence of ADE mild severity (62.9%), and the study of causality of adverse events, only 1 case was classified as definite (2.4%). Regarding the characteristics of the profile of adherence to pharmacotherapy prescribed, were higher in adherence (62.2%) mainly children aged 0 to 9 years. This work demonstrates a high incidence of ADE related to admission of pediatric patients in emergency unit. The lack of information and studies published in the area demonstrates the need to stimulate research in major health centers in Brazil which will demonstrate the real problem of adverse drug events in pediatric, and this may establish proposals for more effective actions for rational drug use in this age group which emphasizes the importance of the role of the clinical pharmacist through pharmaceutical care to guide and intervene in the correct use of medicines / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestra em Ciências Médicas

Background: Frequent ED users are generally over the age of 65 years, Medicare beneficiaries, sicker and have more health issues than non-frequent users. Elderly patients suffer a 20% mortality rate upon admission and a 30% decrease in activities of daily living (ADL) after discharge. Transitional care programs (TCP) decrease ED visits and readmission rates, improves ADLs, and increases event-free survival. Purpose: To evaluate the need of an ED TCP in the ED. Aims are to assess ED providers’, nurses’ and managers’ perceptions of elderly frequent ED users’ discharge needs, resources, and potential role of a TCP. Methods: Conducted within one community based ED in Tucson, Arizona. Survey content determined by a review of the literature focused upon elderly transitional care. Recruitment of nurses, providers, and managers following verbal consent. Inclusion criteria: willingness to participate in a 10-minute survey and work two shifts a month minimum within the ED. The survey is comprised of 19 questions focused on patient needs, current resources and the role of a TCP. Surveys were followed by a 5-minute post-survey session to review questions regarding content. Questions structured using a Likert scale format and categorical answers. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics. A needs assessment (NA) executive summary was presented to the ED staff and management. Results: One hundred providers, nurses, and managers completed the survey of which 79% were female, 73% registered nurses, 14% physicians, and 10% advanced practice providers. The majority of respondents believed elderly patients are discharged unsafely, additional resources were needed, more time was spend caring for elderly patients, and TCPs were a viable supportive option. “What is a transitional care team (TCT)?” was the most asked question during question and answer session. Implications: This NA revealed providers’, nurses’, and managers’ perceptions of elderly frequent ED user needs and the role of a TCP. Concerns identified are consistent with the literature. This NA provided information about ED staff perceptions of elderly frequent users and addressed transitional care while laying the groundwork for the potential future implementation of a TCP initiated in the ED.

Background: Research suggests that cervical spine CT examination is over used for potential injury due to blunt trauma. Education of emergency providers regarding evidence-based guidelines can help reduce the over-use of CT examination, and the development of an evidence-based protocol for the management of patients with suspected cervical spine trauma may help promote more appropriate clinical use of radiologic imaging for cervical spine clearance. Purpose: The ultimate goal of this project is to develop a best-practice, evidence-based protocol for the management of patients with suspected cervical spine injury, in order to promote safe and efficient clinical clearance, as well as promote judicious and appropriate use of diagnostic imaging for suspected cervical spine injury. Methods: A retrospective chart review of emergency radiographic imaging studies obtained over a three-month timeframe for suspected cervical spine injury at a 300-bed hospital in Tucson, Arizona was performed to compare ordering practices with the ACR-AC. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. A web-based survey was conducted of facility stakeholders including emergency physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants regarding their views about clinical guidelines and protocols for radiographic and clinical clearance of cervical spine injury. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis was used for survey responses. Results: Analysis of 263 imaging studies over a three-month timeframe demonstrated that 24.3% of cervical spine imaging studies obtained in three-month timeframe would be considered not appropriate based on the ACR-AC. The survey of emergency clinicians revealed that none of those who responded have a preference for referring to the ACR appropriateness criteria, and the majority of respondents did not support the implementation of a hospital protocol for the management of patients with suspected cervical spine trauma. Recommendations: An institutional protocol for suspected cervical spine injury developed from the ACR-AC with incorporation of clinical clearance criteria is recommended. To promote clinician acceptance, overcome resistance to implementation, and promote individualized patient care, the protocol should also include provider education and should allow for variance based on individual patient circumstances.