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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Evaluation of the Benefits of Oxy-combustion on Emissions from a Compression Ignition Engine

Salt, Thomas A. 12 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
In this research the benefits of applying oxy-combustion in a diesel engine to reduce NOx and particulate emissions were evaluated. The addition of oxygen to the intake in conjunction with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was shown to reduce NOx without an increase in particulate. Indicated specific NOx and particulate emissions for oxygen-enhanced EGR (O-EGR) and EGR without oxygen addition (normal or N-EGR) were compared at three engine loads. NOx emissions correlated with flame temperature for both N-EGR and O-EGR but were slightly lower at a given flame temperature for O-EGR. Flame temperature reduction for N-EGR was primarily through dilution of the available oxygen while for O-EGR both the increase of specific heat and dilution were important in reducing flame temperature. Oxygen addition allowed the use of high levels of EGR without reducing the oxygen concentration, thereby substituting CO2 and H2O for a substantial portion of the N2 as diluent. Increased dissociation due to higher levels of CO2 was believed to provide a minor enhancement to flame temperature reduction for O-EGR. An analysis of NOx formation based on the Zeldovich mechanism suggested that increased NOx reduction for O-EGR at equivalent flame temperatures is due to lower nitrogen concentrations. Indicated specific particulate increased with increasing EGR for N-EGR and correlated with flame temperature but remained constant for O-EGR and did not correlate with flame temperature. This indicated that O-EGR has a chemical effect on particulate formation and/or oxidation. The literature suggests CO2 suppresses soot formation by decreasing the radical H concentration which reduces the formation of soot precursors and soot growth.
2

Essays on Electric Vehicle Adoption

Kuppusamy, Saravanan January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
3

Study of Reaction Kinetics for Elemental Mercury Vapor Oxidation for Mercury Emission Control

Sriram, Vishnu January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
4

Single Annular Combustor: Experimental investigations of Aerodynamics, Dynamics and Emissions

Abd El-Nabi, Bassam 08 April 2010 (has links)
No description available.
5

Contribuição das configurações de sistemas de acionamento e de seus componentes naturais no controle de interferências eletromagnéticas. / Contribution of drive systems configurations and their natural components in the control of electromagnetic interferences.

Winnischofer, Godofredo 06 June 2014 (has links)
Nos últimos 20 anos, o inversor de frequência PWM passou a ser largamente utilizado. Dentre as razões principais de sua ampla difusão, cita-se a introdução do IGBT que, devido à sua capacidade de comutação rápida, possibilitou a redução de perdas, tamanho e custo dos conversores, ao mesmo tempo em que permitiu o uso do motor de indução em aplicações que demandam alto desempenho dinâmico. Porém, esta mesma característica que trouxe tais benefícios, contribuiu para acentuar os efeitos relacionados a fenômenos eletromagnéticos, devido à rápida transição que produz sinais em alta frequência, responsáveis por tornar os sistemas de acionamentos potenciais fontes de interferência eletromagnética. Os principais fenômenos desta natureza são a tensão de onda refletida, associada a ruídos de modo diferencial, e a corrente de modo comum. De maneira geral, a corrente de modo comum tem maior potencial de contribuição para a emissão radiada que a de modo diferencial e, em sistemas de acionamento, constitui a principal fonte de interferência eletromagnética. Esta não é resultado apenas da rápida comutação dos IGBTs, mas, também, da configuração do sistema, que propicia o surgimento das tensões de modo comum. Este trabalho visa estudar alternativas que minimizem, naturalmente, estas tensões através de sua configuração, reduzindo-se a necessidade de novos componentes, como filtros passivos ou circuitos ativos. Ressalta-se, assim, que o primeiro passo consistiu-se na compreensão do problema de geração da tensão de modo comum. Visando atingir os propósitos anteriormente mencionados, foi idealizado um inversor, composto de duas pontes chaveando em oposição, chamado de duplo-trifásico. A partir de simulações, avaliou-se seu potencial e definiu-se sua implementação, a partir de dois inversores idênticos. Testou-se o protótipo contra um terceiro módulo de mesmo tipo, em iguais condições. A comparação dos resultados indicou que a configuração proposta pode ser eficiente no controle do ruído de modo comum, obtendo-se valores de redução de 86%. Nota-se que o comportamento observado via o protótipo, permite um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos relativos à circulação da corrente de modo comum. Desta forma, à luz da pesquisa realizada, nota-se que, conceitualmente, a solução proposta se destaca das demais apresentadas na literatura pela sua exequibilidade e simplicidade. / Over the last 20 years, the PWM frequency inverter has become widely used. Among the main reasons for its widespread distribution is the introduction of the IGBT, due to its ability for fast switching allowing the reduction of losses, size and cost of the converters, and the use of the induction motor in applications that demand high dynamic performance. However, this same characteristic that brought such benefits, stressed the effects related to electromagnetic phenomena, due to the fast transition that produces high frequency signals, responsible for turning drive systems, potential sources of electromagnetic interference. The main phenomena of this nature are the reflected wave overvoltage, associated with differential mode noise, and the common mode current. In general, the common mode current has greater potential of contribution to the emission of radiated interference than the differential mode current and is the main source of electromagnetic interference in drive systems. The common mode current is not just the result of the fast transitions of IGBTs, but also of the system configuration, which produces common mode voltages. This work aims to study alternatives that minimize, naturally, those voltages through its configuration, reducing the need for additional components, such as passive filters or active circuits. It is pointed, that the first step consisted in the understanding of the problem of the common mode voltage generation. In order to address this objective, an inverter composed of two bridges, switching in opposition, called double-three-phase was designed. Its potential for noise mitigation, as well, its implementation, with two identical inverters was evaluated by simulations. The prototype was tested against a third module of the same type, under the same conditions. The comparison of the results indicated that the proposed configuration can be efficient in the common mode noise control, with 86% reduction. The behavior observed through the prototype allows a better understanding of the phenomena involving common mode current. Thus, in the light of the research, we note that, conceptually, the proposed solution stands out for its practicality and simplicity, from the others presented in the literature.
6

Análise da eficiência energética em navios mercantes e estudo de caso do consumo de combustível em navio aliviador do tipo Suezmax. / Analysis of merchant ships energy efficiency and case study of Suezmax shutle tanker fuel comsumption.

Schiller, Rodrigo Achilles 28 November 2016 (has links)
A necessidade de redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis, devido ao cenário atual de tentar frear os efeitos do aquecimento global e de reduzir a poluição atmosférica, vem ditando uma série de transformações no setor de transporte naval. Este trabalho apresenta, inicialmente, as mudanças no âmbito normativo na questão do controle de emissões de poluentes e de eficiência de consumo de combustíveis em navios mercantes. Em seguida, com foco nas embarcações existentes, são apresentadas as principais técnicas operacionais com grande potencial de redução de consumo de combustível, destacando o método da redução da velocidade de navegação que, corretamente aplicado, tem impacto positivo tanto na redução dos custos operacionais, quanto no aumento expressivo de eficiência energética. Foi realizada uma análise numérica da variação do consumo de combustível em função da velocidade de um navio petroleiro Suezmax, adaptado para operações de alívio em plataformas do tipo FPSO em águas brasileiras. Com isso, estimou-se o potencial de aumento da eficiência energética da embarcação a partir de pequenas reduções de velocidade, e discutiu-se as possíveis aplicações desta melhoria, a partir do perfil operacional característico do navio tipo, de modo a não causar impacto econômico na operação. O estudo, ainda, avaliou a aplicação de duas metodologias numéricas diferentes, uma baseada apenas em equações de regressão, semi-empírica, e outra utilizando simulações de CFD para a estimativa de parâmetros sensíveis a forma do casco e de grande relevância para a determinação dos consumos característicos, analisando imprecisões e impactos no resultado final. / The need to reduce fossil fuels consumption due to the current scenario of trying to restrain global warming effects and reduce air pollution is dictating a series of transformations in shipping. This study introduces, at first, the changes of the regulatory framework concerning gas emissions control and fuel consumption efficiency on merchant ships. Secondly, the main operational procedures with high potential reduction of fuel consumption are discussed, with focus on existing vessels, using ship speed reduction procedure. This procedure shows the positive impacts on both operating costs reduction and also on energy efficiency increase if correctly applied. Finally, a numerical analysis of the fuel consumption variation with the speed was carried out for a Suezmax class oil tanker, which has been adapted to oil offloading operations for FPSOs in Brazilian offshore oil production systems. In this analysis, the discussions about the variations of vessel energy efficiency from small speed rate reductions and the possible applications of this improvement, taking into account the typical operating profile of the vessel in such a way to have significant economic impacts on the operation. This analysis also evaluated the application of two different numerical methods: one based only on regression equations produced by existing data, semi empirical method, and another using a CFD simulations for estimating the hull shape parameters that are most relevant for determining fuel consumption, analyzing inaccuracies and impact on the final results.
7

Contribuição das configurações de sistemas de acionamento e de seus componentes naturais no controle de interferências eletromagnéticas. / Contribution of drive systems configurations and their natural components in the control of electromagnetic interferences.

Godofredo Winnischofer 06 June 2014 (has links)
Nos últimos 20 anos, o inversor de frequência PWM passou a ser largamente utilizado. Dentre as razões principais de sua ampla difusão, cita-se a introdução do IGBT que, devido à sua capacidade de comutação rápida, possibilitou a redução de perdas, tamanho e custo dos conversores, ao mesmo tempo em que permitiu o uso do motor de indução em aplicações que demandam alto desempenho dinâmico. Porém, esta mesma característica que trouxe tais benefícios, contribuiu para acentuar os efeitos relacionados a fenômenos eletromagnéticos, devido à rápida transição que produz sinais em alta frequência, responsáveis por tornar os sistemas de acionamentos potenciais fontes de interferência eletromagnética. Os principais fenômenos desta natureza são a tensão de onda refletida, associada a ruídos de modo diferencial, e a corrente de modo comum. De maneira geral, a corrente de modo comum tem maior potencial de contribuição para a emissão radiada que a de modo diferencial e, em sistemas de acionamento, constitui a principal fonte de interferência eletromagnética. Esta não é resultado apenas da rápida comutação dos IGBTs, mas, também, da configuração do sistema, que propicia o surgimento das tensões de modo comum. Este trabalho visa estudar alternativas que minimizem, naturalmente, estas tensões através de sua configuração, reduzindo-se a necessidade de novos componentes, como filtros passivos ou circuitos ativos. Ressalta-se, assim, que o primeiro passo consistiu-se na compreensão do problema de geração da tensão de modo comum. Visando atingir os propósitos anteriormente mencionados, foi idealizado um inversor, composto de duas pontes chaveando em oposição, chamado de duplo-trifásico. A partir de simulações, avaliou-se seu potencial e definiu-se sua implementação, a partir de dois inversores idênticos. Testou-se o protótipo contra um terceiro módulo de mesmo tipo, em iguais condições. A comparação dos resultados indicou que a configuração proposta pode ser eficiente no controle do ruído de modo comum, obtendo-se valores de redução de 86%. Nota-se que o comportamento observado via o protótipo, permite um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos relativos à circulação da corrente de modo comum. Desta forma, à luz da pesquisa realizada, nota-se que, conceitualmente, a solução proposta se destaca das demais apresentadas na literatura pela sua exequibilidade e simplicidade. / Over the last 20 years, the PWM frequency inverter has become widely used. Among the main reasons for its widespread distribution is the introduction of the IGBT, due to its ability for fast switching allowing the reduction of losses, size and cost of the converters, and the use of the induction motor in applications that demand high dynamic performance. However, this same characteristic that brought such benefits, stressed the effects related to electromagnetic phenomena, due to the fast transition that produces high frequency signals, responsible for turning drive systems, potential sources of electromagnetic interference. The main phenomena of this nature are the reflected wave overvoltage, associated with differential mode noise, and the common mode current. In general, the common mode current has greater potential of contribution to the emission of radiated interference than the differential mode current and is the main source of electromagnetic interference in drive systems. The common mode current is not just the result of the fast transitions of IGBTs, but also of the system configuration, which produces common mode voltages. This work aims to study alternatives that minimize, naturally, those voltages through its configuration, reducing the need for additional components, such as passive filters or active circuits. It is pointed, that the first step consisted in the understanding of the problem of the common mode voltage generation. In order to address this objective, an inverter composed of two bridges, switching in opposition, called double-three-phase was designed. Its potential for noise mitigation, as well, its implementation, with two identical inverters was evaluated by simulations. The prototype was tested against a third module of the same type, under the same conditions. The comparison of the results indicated that the proposed configuration can be efficient in the common mode noise control, with 86% reduction. The behavior observed through the prototype allows a better understanding of the phenomena involving common mode current. Thus, in the light of the research, we note that, conceptually, the proposed solution stands out for its practicality and simplicity, from the others presented in the literature.
8

Análise da eficiência energética em navios mercantes e estudo de caso do consumo de combustível em navio aliviador do tipo Suezmax. / Analysis of merchant ships energy efficiency and case study of Suezmax shutle tanker fuel comsumption.

Rodrigo Achilles Schiller 28 November 2016 (has links)
A necessidade de redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis, devido ao cenário atual de tentar frear os efeitos do aquecimento global e de reduzir a poluição atmosférica, vem ditando uma série de transformações no setor de transporte naval. Este trabalho apresenta, inicialmente, as mudanças no âmbito normativo na questão do controle de emissões de poluentes e de eficiência de consumo de combustíveis em navios mercantes. Em seguida, com foco nas embarcações existentes, são apresentadas as principais técnicas operacionais com grande potencial de redução de consumo de combustível, destacando o método da redução da velocidade de navegação que, corretamente aplicado, tem impacto positivo tanto na redução dos custos operacionais, quanto no aumento expressivo de eficiência energética. Foi realizada uma análise numérica da variação do consumo de combustível em função da velocidade de um navio petroleiro Suezmax, adaptado para operações de alívio em plataformas do tipo FPSO em águas brasileiras. Com isso, estimou-se o potencial de aumento da eficiência energética da embarcação a partir de pequenas reduções de velocidade, e discutiu-se as possíveis aplicações desta melhoria, a partir do perfil operacional característico do navio tipo, de modo a não causar impacto econômico na operação. O estudo, ainda, avaliou a aplicação de duas metodologias numéricas diferentes, uma baseada apenas em equações de regressão, semi-empírica, e outra utilizando simulações de CFD para a estimativa de parâmetros sensíveis a forma do casco e de grande relevância para a determinação dos consumos característicos, analisando imprecisões e impactos no resultado final. / The need to reduce fossil fuels consumption due to the current scenario of trying to restrain global warming effects and reduce air pollution is dictating a series of transformations in shipping. This study introduces, at first, the changes of the regulatory framework concerning gas emissions control and fuel consumption efficiency on merchant ships. Secondly, the main operational procedures with high potential reduction of fuel consumption are discussed, with focus on existing vessels, using ship speed reduction procedure. This procedure shows the positive impacts on both operating costs reduction and also on energy efficiency increase if correctly applied. Finally, a numerical analysis of the fuel consumption variation with the speed was carried out for a Suezmax class oil tanker, which has been adapted to oil offloading operations for FPSOs in Brazilian offshore oil production systems. In this analysis, the discussions about the variations of vessel energy efficiency from small speed rate reductions and the possible applications of this improvement, taking into account the typical operating profile of the vessel in such a way to have significant economic impacts on the operation. This analysis also evaluated the application of two different numerical methods: one based only on regression equations produced by existing data, semi empirical method, and another using a CFD simulations for estimating the hull shape parameters that are most relevant for determining fuel consumption, analyzing inaccuracies and impact on the final results.
9

Diagnosis of Evaporative Emissions Control System Using Physics-based and Machine Learning Methods

Yang, Ruochen 24 September 2020 (has links)
No description available.
10

Reduction of NOx Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using SNCR with In-Cylinder Injection of Aqueous Urea

Timpanaro, Anthony 01 January 2019 (has links)
The subject of this study is the effect of in-cylinder selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of NOx emissions in diesel exhaust gas by means of direct injection of aqueous urea ((NH2)2CO) into the combustion chamber. A single cylinder diesel test engine was modified to accept an electronically controlled secondary common rail injection system to deliver the aqueous urea directly into the cylinder during engine operation. Direct in-cylinder injection was chosen in order to ensure precise delivery of the reducing agent without the risk of any premature reactions taking place. Unlike direct in-cylinder injection of neat water, aqueous urea also works as a reducing agent by breaking down into ammonia (NH3) and Cyanuric Acid ((HOCN)3). These compounds serve as the primary reducing agents in the NOx reduction mechanism explored here. The main reducing agent, aqueous urea, was admixed with glycerol (C3H8O3) in an 80-20 ratio, by weight, to function as a lubricant for the secondary injector. The aqueous urea injection timing and duration is critical to the reduction of NOx emissions due to the dependence of SNCR NOx reduction on critical factors such as temperature, pressure, reducing agent to NOx ratio, Oxygen and radical content, residence time and NH3 slip. From scoping engine tests at loads of 40 percent and 80 percent at 1500 rpm, an aqueous urea injection strategy was developed. The final injection strategy chosen was four molar ratios, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 with five varying injection timings of 60, 20, 10, 0, and -30 degrees after top dead center (ATDC). In addition to the base line and aqueous urea tests, water injection and an 80-20 water-glycerol solution reduction agent tests were also conducted to compare the effects of said additives as well. The comparison of baseline and SNCR operation was expected to show that the urea acted as a reducing agent, lowering NOx emissions up to 100% (based on exhaust stream studies) in the diesel exhaust gas without the aid of a catalyst. The data collected from the engine tests showed that the aqueous urea-glycerol solution secondary had no effect on the reduction of NOx and even resulted in an increase of up to 5% in some tests. This was due to the low average in-cylinder temperature as well as a short residence time, prohibiting the reduction reaction from taking place. The neat water and water-glycerol solution secondary injection was found to have a reduction effect of up to 59% on NOx production in the emissions due to the evaporative cooling effect and increased heat capacity of the water.

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