Background: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococcus which are resistant to penicillin preparations. This makes MRSA infections hard to treat and a global threat to healthcare environments and society. Previous studies show that MRSA can lead to the patient feeling stigmatized. Numerous studies focus on the prevalence, treatment and management of MRSA but only a few studies focus on the patient’s experiences and how life is affected by being an MRSA carrier. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients’ experiences of living with MRSA. Method: The method of this study was a literature review based on analysis of qualitative and quantitative research. A total of 11 studies were analyzed and processed to identify themes. Results: The study resulted in two themes and a total of five subthemes. The theme Being cared for with MRSA includes the three subthemes Experiencing lack of knowledge, competence and information in healthcare professionals, Wanting to know more and Exposedto protective measures. The theme A changed life situation includes the two subthemes To be affected emotionally and Changing the way of life. Conclusion: A person who lives with MRSA is at risk of feeling violated in healthcare, private life and working life which could deteriorate the patient's health.

Background: It may be difficult for nurses to identify women who are victims of domestic violence, because the violence is hidden. When violence isn't addressed, it can lead to physical and mental illness and societal costs. It is the health care responsibility to pay attention to health needs and create a safe environment for patients. It requires knowledge and training to facilitate the identification of women who are subjected to violence. Aim: The purpose is to describe nurses' experiences when meeting women victims of domestic violence. Method: A literature based study with qualitative approach. Articles were read, reviewed and analyzed according to Fribergs analysis method. Results: This study presents two main themes and seven sub themes. The first theme is presented as Inability to help – related to lack of time, ignorance and how the woman handles the situation. The second theme is presented as Emotional impact – related to anger and frustration, sadness, fear and concern and joy, sympathy and meaningfulness. Conclusion: Nurses need increased training about domestic violence when screening, as well as the causes and consequences of violence. Education on violence can give more understanding of how the nurse should act in the meeting and what questions should be asked. Knowledge can also help the nurses to deal with the lack of time, as it enables the nurse to prioritize. Emotional support is needed so the nurse should not be negatively affected personally or professionally.

Begreppet organisatorisk tystnadskultur betyder att anställda inom offentlig och privat sektor inte vågar uttrycka sig kritiskt på arbetsplatsen på grund av exempelvis osäkra anställningsförhållanden, försämrade karriärmöjligheter samt rädsla för repressalier. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur före detta anställda och anställda uppfattar att en eventuell tystnadskultur manifesterar sig och vilka konsekvenser det kan medföra inom rättspsykiatrin. Åtta intervjuer genomfördes med personal inom den rättspsykiatriska vården. Materialet analyserades tematiskt där fem huvudteman identifierades: Tystnad kopplat till meningslöshet, tystnad relaterat till repressalier, tystnad relaterat till ett bristande förtroende, tystnadens emotionella påverkan samt tystnadens påverkan kopplat till säkerhet. Resultatet visade bland annat att den upplevda tystnaden inom organisationen främst orsakas av faktorer som en känsla av meningslöshet, rädsla för repressalier och ett bristande förtroende för arbetsledningen. Känslomässig påverkan samt tystnadens säkerhetspåverkan indikerar att det finns arbetsmiljöbrister knutna till den organisatoriska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön.

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The study explored spousal accuracy and positive marital behavior (PMB) and negative marital behavior (NMB) areas&rsquo / three different evaluations which were frequency, emotional impact and attributed importance in distressed and nondistressed couples. Participants of the study were 81 married couples. All 162 spouses filled out Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), Communication Skills Inventory and Information Form. Additionally one spouse in each couple filled out Spouse Observation Checklist (SOC) Form A whereas the other spouse filled out SOC Form B. Spousal accuracy were assessed by partial pairwise intraclass correlation. R-to-z transformation was used to find on which PMB and NMB areas&rsquo / accuracy distressed and nondistressed couples differ. Six Repeated Measures MANOVAs were conducted to explore differences in distressed and nondistressed couples / wives and husbands / self-report and spouse-report in three evaluations of PMB and NMB. In order to find most important PMB and NMB areas&rsquo / frequencies in terms of their relationship with marital adjustment, two Roy-Bargmann Stepdown Analysis were conducted by controlling for positive affect, negative affect and communication skills. Principal component analysis was employed to the self and spouse reports of marital behavior areas&rsquo / frequencies and then two stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to identify which factors of marital behavior play a significant role in predicting marital adjustment. Results revealed that nondistressed spouses were more accurate in predicting their partners&rsquo / reports of emotional impact and attributed importance / more frequently engaging in PMB, less frequently engaging in NMB, feel more positive about and attribute more importance to PMB compared to distressed spouses. Spouse report of marital behavior explained more variance than self report of marital behavior / NMB and affectional marital behavior explained more variance than PMB in marital adjustment.

The aim of this study was to identify difficulties experienced by caregivers of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The aim was achieved through the following objectives: investigate the family background of caregivers of AIDS orphans; investigate the general emotional impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the health impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the extent of financial impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the impact of caring for AIDS orphans on the social life of caregivers; to make recommendations so as to assist in helping caregivers. A literature review and the qualitative empirical research method were used to achieve the aim and thus, the objectives stated above. The literature review revealed the following difficulties experienced by caregivers of AIDS orphans: lack of knowledge regarding the formal adoption of orphans; lengthy process administered by an increasingly overstretched system; bad behaviour by orphans; stress resulting to poor physical and mental health, strained personal relationships and lowering of standards of care; poverty; "role strain" and "identity"; interpersonal and family conflicts; isolation and fear for the future; excessive workload of having to care for children; and stigma and discrimination relating to HIV/AIDS. However, this study highlighted the following difficulties: poverty; stress and depression; family fights; adoption; bad influence on orphans by neighbours; education; lack of training; lack of social services support; lack of community support structures; and lack of prior planning by orphans' parents. The conclusions drawn from this study are that there were similar problems revealed in this study to those identified in the literature. For example, both literature and this study revealed poverty, stress and interpersonal and family conflicts as major problems experienced by caregivers. Grandparents and other family members who were caregivers in this study did not see "role strain" and "identity" as major stumbling blocks. Stigma and isolation were also some of the problems not directly experienced by most caregivers. However, it was evident that lack of involvement of some of these caregivers with the community, has led to their not experiencing stigmatisation and isolation. The following recommendations were made: caregivers should be given adequate training on how to use the grants given to orphans; researchers should use their research findings to influence government policy regarding termination of grants for orphans, that is, as long as orphans are still attending school or university, grants should not be terminated; universities and government should set aside special bursaries or study loans for orphans at universities, and these loans must only be paid when the orphans are in the position to do so; government should make extra funds available to give to caregivers as incentives; Social Welfare Department should be strengthen so that free counselling could be given to caregivers whenever is necessary; School-Based Support Teams (SBST) committees in schools should be capacitated and empowered; capacitate and empower non -governmental organisations (NGOs); and there should be a strong interaction between schools, NGOs, social workers, nurses and police. Limitations of the current study were also identified. This study could not show with absolute certainty whether the problems identified are related to orphanhood in general, rather than orphanhood by HIV/AIDS. Thus it was deemed necessary in future to have a comparison group of caregivers of orphans due to reasons other than HIV/AIDS. Other limitations included reliance on one population race. The study cannot ascertain whether these findings can be applicable to caregivers from other race groups such as white or coloured races. South Africa is a multicultural society with different norms and values. Thus, the way we react to certain stimuli might be influenced to a large extent by our customs and values. Further limitations included reliance on one specific type of caregiving. The study did not explore other type such as orphanages, but concentrated on what is regarded as the traditional safety net. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The aim of this study was to identify difficulties experienced by caregivers of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The aim was achieved through the following objectives: investigate the family background of caregivers of AIDS orphans; investigate the general emotional impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the health impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the extent of financial impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the impact of caring for AIDS orphans on the social life of caregivers; to make recommendations so as to assist in helping caregivers. A literature review and the qualitative empirical research method were used to achieve the aim and thus, the objectives stated above. The literature review revealed the following difficulties experienced by caregivers of AIDS orphans: lack of knowledge regarding the formal adoption of orphans; lengthy process administered by an increasingly overstretched system; bad behaviour by orphans; stress resulting to poor physical and mental health, strained personal relationships and lowering of standards of care; poverty; "role strain" and "identity"; interpersonal and family conflicts; isolation and fear for the future; excessive workload of having to care for children; and stigma and discrimination relating to HIV/AIDS. However, this study highlighted the following difficulties: poverty; stress and depression; family fights; adoption; bad influence on orphans by neighbours; education; lack of training; lack of social services support; lack of community support structures; and lack of prior planning by orphans' parents. The conclusions drawn from this study are that there were similar problems revealed in this study to those identified in the literature. For example, both literature and this study revealed poverty, stress and interpersonal and family conflicts as major problems experienced by caregivers. Grandparents and other family members who were caregivers in this study did not see "role strain" and "identity" as major stumbling blocks. Stigma and isolation were also some of the problems not directly experienced by most caregivers. However, it was evident that lack of involvement of some of these caregivers with the community, has led to their not experiencing stigmatisation and isolation. The following recommendations were made: caregivers should be given adequate training on how to use the grants given to orphans; researchers should use their research findings to influence government policy regarding termination of grants for orphans, that is, as long as orphans are still attending school or university, grants should not be terminated; universities and government should set aside special bursaries or study loans for orphans at universities, and these loans must only be paid when the orphans are in the position to do so; government should make extra funds available to give to caregivers as incentives; Social Welfare Department should be strengthen so that free counselling could be given to caregivers whenever is necessary; School-Based Support Teams (SBST) committees in schools should be capacitated and empowered; capacitate and empower non -governmental organisations (NGOs); and there should be a strong interaction between schools, NGOs, social workers, nurses and police. Limitations of the current study were also identified. This study could not show with absolute certainty whether the problems identified are related to orphanhood in general, rather than orphanhood by HIV/AIDS. Thus it was deemed necessary in future to have a comparison group of caregivers of orphans due to reasons other than HIV/AIDS. Other limitations included reliance on one population race. The study cannot ascertain whether these findings can be applicable to caregivers from other race groups such as white or coloured races. South Africa is a multicultural society with different norms and values. Thus, the way we react to certain stimuli might be influenced to a large extent by our customs and values. Further limitations included reliance on one specific type of caregiving. The study did not explore other type such as orphanages, but concentrated on what is regarded as the traditional safety net. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Background: During 2014 a total of 89062 people died in Sweden. Nurses' will meet patients who are in the end of their life. The work with dying patients can be emotionally draining but also very rewarding for the nurses. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore nurses' experiences of meeting the dying patients and their close ones. Method: The method used is a litterature based study with focus on qualitative studies. The articles were processed using the Friberg method of analysis. Results: There were ten articles which were analysed and compiled to a result. There are three themes and ten subthemes. The first theme is about seeing the work as a privilege - it's about happiness, gratefulness and benevolence. The second theme is about feeling frustration - it's about not being ready to meet the patient and their close ones, being uncertain and being alone during work. The third and last theme is to experience stress - it's about feeling pressure, feel sadness and to feel stress and anxiety. Conclusion: Both positive and negative experiences are shown in the result. The palliative care isn't just about caring for the patient, but also about supporting their next of kin in their mourning process. The nurses experiences can sometimes reflect in their work towards the patient and their kin, which puts the nurses in a difficult situation. / livets slutskede, möte, sjuksköterskors erfarenhet, palliativ vård

Bakgrund Ambulanspersonalen riskerar vid varje arbetspass att bli utkallade på ambulansuppdrag som kan vara svåra händelser. Svåra händelser beskrivs som händelser som påverkar ambulanspersonalen emotionellt. Att inte hantera och bearbeta svåra upplevelser de möter i arbetet kan leda till fysisk, men även psykisk ohälsa. Fysiskt påverkas ambulanspersonalen genom att drabbas av sömnsvårigheter. Den psykiska ohälsan kan innebära att ambulanspersonalen även drabbas av utbrändhet, compassion fatigue samt posttraumatisk stress. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva hur ambulanspersonal hanterar svåra upplevelser i arbetet. Metod En litteraturstudie med en systematisk metod utfördes med ett resultat från 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. Databassökningen genomfördes i databaserna PubMed samt CINAHL. De funna artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och bedömdes enligt Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsmall. Resultat Resultatet baseras på̊ kvalitativa intervjustudier samt på kvantitativa enkätstudier.Två huvudteman framkom under analysarbetets gång; Självhantering; och Gemensamhantering. Följande underkategorier ingår i huvudtemat självhantering: stänga av, hjälpmedel till egenhantering, timeout och galghumor. Inom huvudkategorin gemensamhantering ingår: kollegialt stöd, mentorskap, stöd från nära anhöriga och vänner, samt arbetsgivarens support. Tillvägagångssättet som ambulanspersonalen hanterar sina svåra upplevelser på varierar. Slutsats Resultatet pekar på att arbetsgivare inom ambulanssjukvården i varierande grad erbjuder ambulanspersonalen stöd efter svåra händelser i arbetet. Mer kunskap behövs över hur ambulanspersonalen hanterar svåra händelser i arbetet. Därutöver finns behov av mer forskning kring mer optimala stöd. / Background At each work shift, the ambulance staff risks being called out on ambulance assignments which can be severe traumatic events. Traumatic events are described as events that affect the ambulance staff emotionally. Not dealing with and processing traumatic experiences they encounter at work can lead to physical, but also mental illness. Physically, ambulance personnel are affected by suffering from sleep difficulties. The mental illness can mean that the ambulance staff also suffer from burnout, compassion fatigue and post-traumatic stress. Objective The purpose was to describe how ambulance personnel manage difficult experiences at work. Method A non-systematic literature study was performed with a result from 16 scientific articles. The database search was performed in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The articles found were quality reviewed and assessed according to Sophiahemmet University's assessment template. Results The results are based on qualitative interview studies and on quantitative questionnaire studies. Two main themes emerged during the analysis; Self-handling; and Joint Management. The following subcategories are included in the main theme of self-handling: switch-off, aids for self-handling, timeout and gallows humor. The main category of joint management includes peer support, mentorship, support from close relatives and friends, and employer support. The approach that the ambulance staff handles their experiences varies. Conclusion The results indicate that employers in ambulance care to varying degrees offer ambulance staff support after severe traumatic events at work. More knowledge is needed about how ambulance personnel handle difficult incidents at work. In addition, there is a need for more research on more optimal support.

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