This thesis extends the current scholarship of the social impact of the First World War by analysing the influence of the contribution of the Indian soldiers on the Western Front on civilian and military perceptions of Indian people and how this varied between those who encountered Indian soldiers in person and those who did not. The work sits on the historiographical boundary of the First World War, Empire and the social history of Britain in the post war years and makes use of newspapers, first person accounts and manuscript sources. The impact upon the civilian population is analysed by examining the manner in which Indian people were represented in the media in the years before the war and comparing this with later representations in the years during and after the war. The work of Porter and Mackenzie and the ongoing debate about the significance of the Empire to the British people is used to ground the argument. The thesis finds that, despite an increased awareness and interest in India and its people during the war, the public soon settled into a pre-war apathy towards its Empire. The military chapters briefly examine the history of the Indian Army and its time in France and the changes made by the British Army to facilitate the service of the Indian soldiers in Europe. It discusses the negative view of the Indian Corps which has been perpetuated by historians during the twentieth century and provides contradictory arguments against a number of these assertions. The thesis concludes that, while the Indian Corps' time in France positively impacted on British civilian and military opinion of Indian people, those who directly encountered them formed the most favourable views.

The Grand Khitan Empire (AD 907-1125) was created by expanding its territory through military conquest and diplomatic treaty across parts of Asia. By deliberate political strategies of cultural construction and the materialization of ethnic ideology, Khitan leaders maintained a multi-ethnic social fabric, consolidated their imperial power, made the ethnic Khitan distinct with the rise of their state, and ultimately proclaimed a hegemony in Northeast Asia. This thesis presents an analysis of 48 tombs categorized into four groups based on the social rank, ethnicity and source of power of the tomb occupants, who include the Khitan emperor, Khitan hereditary aristocracy, non-Khitan hereditary aristocracy and non-hereditary elites. The evolution and chronological patterns of each tomb category are examined and compared to identify the sources of power that underlie ethnic identity and supports the suggestion that imperial acts were manipulated for the consolidation of power. The thesis thus questions the validity of traditional assumptions about ethnic markers - specifically that there was no one-to-one straightforward relation between material culture and ethnicity. The material cultural boundary can be seen as the consequence of social interaction. In addition, it is also clear that the alteration of imperial titles was a political act. Imperial titles of 'Khitan', 'Grand Khitan', 'Khitan State' and 'Qara Khitan' accentuate the governing body of ethnic Khitan. In contrast, the titles 'Liao' or 'Great Liao' were used to symbolize a nation of all the people with the intent of creating a more unified community in the understatement of ethnic differentiation. Overall, archaeological data indicates that an ethno-political strategy highlighted the ruling body (ethnic Khitan) and the largest proportion of the ruled (ethnic Chinese). However, as it privileged ethnic Chinese, it simultaneously marginalized the remaining ethnic minorities, which subsequently lead to a revolt by ethnic Jurchen and the downfall of the Khitan Empire.

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Mystical Compositions of the Self: Women, Modernism, and Empire explores women's early 20th-century literary inscriptions of mysticism's entanglement with empire and the figure of the female at the center of each. Through an examination of selected texts by Evelyn Underhill, Eva Gore-Booth, May Sinclair, Sylvia Townsend Warner, Mary Butts, and Virginia Woolf, Mystical Compositions argues that the discourse of mysticism underwrites modernist aesthetic strategies and ethical questions, particularly the pressing concerns of the self's relation to gendered, religious, colonial, and socioeconomic others within the strictures of British imperialism. Employing a combination of postcolonial, feminist, and religious studies methodologies, this dissertation begins by briefly tracing the discursive history of "mysticism" from ancient mystery religions to its late 19th- and early 20th-century "revival" in British culture, paying particular attention to the prominent use of Woman as a figure of mystical unity in modernist literature and imperial scholarship and propaganda. The project then argues that selected women writers lace their characters' lives with mystical discourses in ways that suggest the skepticism and hopeful longing of living within an imperial system of inequalities and interactions: mysticism can engender connection with others and can offer counter-cultural resistance to the oppressive powers of state, empire, and patriarchal family. It also comes with the potential for minimizing the consumption of the other and for losing the self during a historical moment when women are organizing to actualize their political selfhood through suffrage campaigns, World War I efforts, and non-conscription movements. Instead of providing a taxonomy of mysticism or a singular categorical definition, the project's chapter studies present a prismatic array of the various mysticisms, the diverse "mystical compositions of the self" that proliferate through the dynamic of modernism's ambivalent relation to empire. The dissertation then proposes that these compositions operate, to varying degrees, within a "mystical economy of the impossible," in which the willing offering of the self to others paradoxically brings about self-abundance. Ultimately, Mystical Compositions highlights the mutually-shaping nature of early 20th-century British mystical, modernist, and imperial discourses and considers the gifts and costs of collaborations between politics, art, corporate religion, and personal spirituality.

Scream If You Can is an episodic memoir that captures the driving lifestyle of southern California while focusing on significant life events of a twenty-something young woman. The memoir explores themes of family, trauma, and perseverance. Biculturalism and disability are explored alongside the use of education to make a better life for oneself.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser les trois versions (italienne, ottomane et russe) du traité de Küçük Kaynarca signé en 1774 entre l’Empire ottoman et l’Empire de Russie. Après avoir étudié, l’institution drogmanale, l’histoire de la diplomatie ottomane ainsi que la structure et les langues de ce traité, nous procédons à l’analyse terminologique et étymologique des termes choisis et les réunissons sous huit domaines thématiques (« État » - « Diplomatie », « Droit » - « Religion », « Armée » - « Économie », « Administration territoriale » - « Géographie »). Nous menons cette analyse en nous basant sur les procédés de traduction décrits dans cette thèse. Notre but est de montrer les difficultés rencontrées par les drogmans pendant le processus de traduction et de voir comment ils ont réussi à les surmonter. Ces difficultés sont intimement liées à la traduction et à l’adaptation des notions venues des pays occidentaux. En analysant les termes choisis, nous examinons les stratégies traductionnelles mises en place par les drogmans pour « faire passer » les concepts nouveaux pour la société ottomane. / The topic of this thesis is to analyze the three versions (Italian, Ottoman and Russian) of the Küçük Kaynarca Treaty signed in 1774 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire. After studying the institution of dragomans, the history of Ottoman diplomacy and the structure and languages of this treaty, we proceed to the terminological and etymological analysis of the chosen terms and put them into eight thematic fields: "Diplomacy", "Law" - "Religion", "Army" - "Economy", "Territorial administration" - "Geography"). We carry out this analysis on the basis of the translation processes described in this thesis. Our goal is to show the difficulties encountered by dragomans during the translation process and to see how they managed to overcome them. These difficulties are intimately linked to the translation and adaptation of notions from Western countries. In analyzing the chosen terms, we examine the translational strategies used by the dragomans to "convey" the new concepts for Ottoman society.

During the nineteenth century, defence was a major issue in Victoria and Australia, as indeed it was in other British colonies and the United Kingdom. Considerable pressure was brought to bear by London on the self-governing colonies to help provide for their own defence against internal unrest and also possible invasions or incursions by nations such as France, Russia and the United States. / From 1851 until defence was handed over to the new Australian Commonwealth at Federation in 1901, the Victorian colonial government spent considerable energy and money fortifying parts of Port Phillip Bay and the western coastline as well as developing the first colonial navy within the British Empire. Citizens were invited to form volunteer corps in their local areas as a second tier of defence behind the Imperial troops stationed in Victoria. When the garrison of Imperial troops was withdrawn in 1870, these units of amateur citizen soldiers formed the basis of the colony’s defence force. Following years of indecision, ineptitude and ad hoc defence planning that had left the colony virtually defenceless, in 1883 Victoria finally adopted a professional approach to defending the colony. The new scheme of defence allowed for a complete re-organisation of not only the colony’s existing naval and military forces, but also the command structure and supporting services. For the first time an integrated defence scheme was established that co-ordinated the fixed defences (forts, batteries minefields) with the land and naval forces. Other original and unique aspects of the scheme included the appointment of the first Minister of Defence in the Australian colonies and the first colonial Council of Defence to oversee the joint defence program. All of this was achieved under the guidance of Imperial advisors who sought to integrate the colony’s defences into the wider Imperial context. / This thesis seeks to analyse Victoria’s colonial defence scheme on a number of levels – firstly, the nature of the final defence scheme that was finally adopted in 1883 after years of vacillation, secondly, the effectiveness of the scheme in defending Victoria, thirdly, how the scheme linked to the greater Australasian and Imperial defence, and finally the political, economic, social and technological factors that shaped defence in Victoria during the second half of the nineteenth century.

During the nineteenth century, defence was a major issue in Victoria and Australia, as indeed it was in other British colonies and the United Kingdom. Considerable pressure was brought to bear by London on the self-governing colonies to help provide for their own defence against internal unrest and also possible invasions or incursions by nations such as France, Russia and the United States. / From 1851 until defence was handed over to the new Australian Commonwealth at Federation in 1901, the Victorian colonial government spent considerable energy and money fortifying parts of Port Phillip Bay and the western coastline as well as developing the first colonial navy within the British Empire. Citizens were invited to form volunteer corps in their local areas as a second tier of defence behind the Imperial troops stationed in Victoria. When the garrison of Imperial troops was withdrawn in 1870, these units of amateur citizen soldiers formed the basis of the colony’s defence force. Following years of indecision, ineptitude and ad hoc defence planning that had left the colony virtually defenceless, in 1883 Victoria finally adopted a professional approach to defending the colony. The new scheme of defence allowed for a complete re-organisation of not only the colony’s existing naval and military forces, but also the command structure and supporting services. For the first time an integrated defence scheme was established that co-ordinated the fixed defences (forts, batteries minefields) with the land and naval forces. Other original and unique aspects of the scheme included the appointment of the first Minister of Defence in the Australian colonies and the first colonial Council of Defence to oversee the joint defence program. All of this was achieved under the guidance of Imperial advisors who sought to integrate the colony’s defences into the wider Imperial context. / This thesis seeks to analyse Victoria’s colonial defence scheme on a number of levels – firstly, the nature of the final defence scheme that was finally adopted in 1883 after years of vacillation, secondly, the effectiveness of the scheme in defending Victoria, thirdly, how the scheme linked to the greater Australasian and Imperial defence, and finally the political, economic, social and technological factors that shaped defence in Victoria during the second half of the nineteenth century.

The common image that is associated with the religious atmosphere of the Middle Ages is paradoxical. On the one hand there is an aura of fervent religious piety, which also fueled religious animosity, most notably in the bloodshed and brutality of the Crusades. This overwhelming conflict makes it hard for anyone to imagine the Middle Ages as an ear in which there could have been cordial or harmonious religious coexistence of any kind. This must be considered. In the Balkans during the Late Medieval/ Early Ottoman Period, there existed a form of religious coexistence unlike anything else in Europe. Amicable religious coexistence, that is the sharing of saints and shrines between different faith groups, existed in the Balkans during this time, and continued well into the Modern period. This paper is a discussion of this occurrence and describes the significant factors, which allowed for amicable religious coexistence to take place. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts / History / MA / Thesis

In this thesis I argue that the management of Muslim pilgrims and the Haj traffic in Bombay was the result of the localization of an international regime of regulation aimed at controlling Hajis as mobile threats to public health and imperial security. International scientists, doctors, and politicians problematized Hajis as diseased, dangerous and disorderly through discourse produced in print material and at international conferences taking place across the globe. Local, elite concerns over their own power, Bombay’s urban spatial order, and the city’s international trade shaped the way these larger global and imperial projects were implemented in Bombay. These findings point to the importance of local, place-based social, political and economic structures in the day-to-day governance of empire.