La réforme économique en Chine a été largement appréhendée comme un processus dans lequel le paternaliste danwei a été remplacé par le contrat de travail, un concept plutôt libéral. A cet égard, le déclin de bien-être à caractère socialiste et la montée d’assurance sociale sont considérés comme un phénomène de marche, les récents législations sociales sont discutés dans le cadre polanyien de double-mouvement qui invoque la dichotomie entre état et marche. Cette étude vise à offrir une perspective alternative en repensant l’évolution de la transformation moderne du travail en Chine d’une manière institutionnelle. Nous montrons que la structure de l'emploi héritée de danwei était au cœur des lois du travail de la Chine en temps de réforme. La protection de l’emploi reste pertinente tandis que l’afflux de main-d’œuvre informelle en provenance des zones rurales a explosé dans les secteurs privés urbains. Eux, ils sont devenus de plus en plus des outsiders du marché du travail qui sont vulnérables quant à leur condition précaire. Cette configuration institutionnelle correspond à une structure hiérarchique dans laquelle le ‘insider’ se distingue clairement du ‘outsider’ en termes de stabilité de l'emploi et de bien-être social. Malgré les récentes législations qui visent à rendre l'assurance sociale plus inclusive, notre étude de terrain sur la résolution des conflits du travail dans l'arbitrage et le tribunal a montré que la capacité de mobiliser la loi peut différer en termes de préoccupation personnelle sur le marché du travail. L'approche de capabilité et la sociologie du droit nous permettent de développer un cadre analytique nuancé permettant d'identifier la raison sous-jacente pour laquelle les individus adoptent différentes stratégies tout en contestant la loi abstraite dans une situation concrète. Notre étude conclut que la législation du travail ne sont pas nécessairement des réactions intentionnelles à la dynamique du marché mais plutôt, en tant que forme essentielle de convention sociale, a initié le cadre dans lequel les parties coordonnent leurs activités économiques. / Market reform in China has been widely understood as a process in which paternalistic socialist danwei was replaced by labour contract that is liberal-oriented. In this regard, decline of all-encompassing welfare arrangements and the rise of social insurance is seen by mainstream as a market phenomenon, recent legislations on social rights are discussed within Polanyian double-movement framework which invokes the dichotomy between state intervention and market.This study provides an alternative perspective by rethinking the evolution of China’s modern labour transformation in an institutional way. We show that inherited employment structure rooted in danwei lied at the core of China’s labour laws in reform time. Employment protection remained relevant while influx of informal labour from rural area boomed in urban private sectors. The later, increasingly became labour market outsiders who are vulnerable as to their precarious condition. This institutional configuration amounted to a hierarchical structure in which core workforce is clearly distinguished from precarious one in terms of job stability and welfare benefit. Despite the recent legislations which aim at making social insurance more inclusive, through our field study on labour dispute resolution practice in the labour arbitration and court, we found that the extent to which people can benefit favourable legal terms is contingent as the ability to mobilize law can differ in terms of people’s own preoccupation in the labour market. The Capability approach and Sociology of Law allow us to develop a nuanced analytical framework whereby we could identify the underlying reason why people take various strategies while contesting ‘abstract law’ in concrete situation. Our study concludes that labour legislations are not necessarily intentional reactions to market momentum but rather, as essential form of social convention, initiated the framework in which parties coordinate their economic activities.

On oppose traditionnellement les emplois industriels et les emplois de services. L’interpénétration croissante de l’industrie et des services rend cependant cette distinction de plus en plus inopérante. À l’heure de la globalisation, il apparaît en revanche pertinent de distinguer les emplois exposés à la concurrence internationale de ceux qui en sont abrités, que l’on trouve à la fois dans l’industrie et dans les services. Cette thèse analyse dans un premier temps les évolutions et les caractéristiques des emplois exposés et abrités en France. Quels sont les emplois exposés et abrités ? Se distinguent-ils en termes de qualifications, salaires, évolutions de la productivité ? Comment sont-ils répartis sur le territoire ? Elle étudie ensuite les interdépendances entre ces deux catégories d’emplois, en évaluant empiriquement l’effet d’entraînement de l’emploi exposé sur l’emploi abrité au niveau des zones d’emploi de France métropolitaine. L’étude s’intéresse enfin à un échantillon de salariés licenciés suite à la fermeture d’un site de production. Elle tente de déterminer si le risque de licenciement, et les coûts qui lui sont associés, sont plus élevés dans le secteur exposé que dans le secteur abrité. / The distinction between manufacturing and service jobs has lost some of its relevance due to the growing interpenetration between industrial and service activities. On the other hand, globalization has made it increasingly necessary to distinguish between jobs exposed to international competition (tradable jobs) and those not exposed to it (non-tradable jobs), found in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. This thesis begins by analyzing the developments and characteristics of tradable and non-tradable employment in France. Which jobs are tradable and which are non-tradable? Are they different in terms of skills, wages, and productivity? How are they distributed around the country? It then studies the interdependencies between these two categories of employment, making an empirical evaluation of the local multiplier effect of tradable jobs on non-tradable jobs in French local labor markets. Lastly, the thesis focuses on workers laid off due to firm closure. It sets out to determine whether the risk of job displacement, and the associated costs, are higher in the tradable sector than in the non-tradable sector.

Abstract This thesis explores early modern industrial dynamics and especially the long-term performance of iron production and its localisation in Central Sweden during the period 1368-1910. Iron production, iron export and localisation in a national perspective as well as the regional industrial development in Central Sweden during the period 1805-1910 are studied. The production and localisation changes of the industry in the early modern period were investigated by processing easily available but scattered data. The study of the iron industry in the period 1805-1910 was based census data on employment structure in the Central Swedish parishes in four benchmark years, 1805, 1855, 1890 and 1910 and was carried out with the help of statistical cluster analysis. The first important result is that the Swedish iron export increased rapidly in the 16th the 17th centuries. This had to do with the breakthrough of bar iron which soon replaced the old form of iron called osmund iron. The export continued to increase up to the 1740s. From the 1740s there was stagnation till the 1820s when an expansion commenced and in the rest of the period under study the export grew fourfold. The distribution of iron production showed variations as to geographical patterns over time and there were rather distinct chronological phases as well. An expansion of established ironworks and tilthammers commenced in the end of the 16th century and reached its highest annual average in the 1630s. The localisation of new establishments in the 16th and early 17th centuries was mainly concentrated to the interior of Central Sweden. The localisation became more and more scattered over the country in the early modern period. Thus, the tendency towards diffusion outside the administrative Bergslagen became more and more obvious in the 18th century with new ironworks and tilthammers in Northern and Southern Sweden. In the late 19th century the number of industrial parishes had increased and so had the share of employed in manufacturing industry. Furthermore, the industrial parishes were concentrated to a large cluster which covered the inner parts of Central Sweden. However, the analysis of industrial branches also showed a diversification where the wood, paper and pulp industries and above all the metal industries were fast growers. The metal industries also proved a geographical closeness to the traditional iron and steel industry The second main outcome of the investigation has to do with the continuity concerning the localisation of the iron industry. The historical continuity and the confinement to a certain area are evident from the analyses of various localisation factors in which a number of logit-models were employed. The status of a parish as industrial at one time point was to a great extent decisive for its status as industrial at a later date. The existence of iron ore mining in the parish and if the parish was situated inside the institutional region of Bergslagen also enhanced the probability for it to be defined as an industrial community also long after the institutional regulation had been abolished in the 1850s. In a long-term perspective, the analysis revealed that there was a marked continuity between the early modern patterns of localisation of the iron industry and the localisation of the engineering industrial firms in the 20th century. However, the early modern localisation did not show a significant connection with the industrial parishes’ localisation in 1855, 1890 and 1910, which means that the results are not unambiguous. The third main result of the study is that geographical vicinity of communities to others with industrial activities contributes to industrial growth. In this way industrial communities tend to concentrate geographically and thereby to form clusters. For 1855 this was not significant but for 1890 it was evident. For 1910 it was shown that if a parish had more than one neighbouring industrial community, the probability of its being industrial was great. In a long-term perspective it seems that agglomerations of industrial activities form an environment which can cope with episodes of increasing transformation pressure in a better way than isolated units. Geographical concentrations which, historically seen, are characterised by “industry in the air” have a high propensity to adapt to changes in the industrial environment.

The Czech economic transition started in the beginning of nineties, coming with a number of changes to tore down the dogma of socialist methods not only in the labour force allocation. The most important contribution of this thesis is to reflect these changes by using the empirical testing of selected models and commonly available statistical indicators. The thesis investigates the development of the labour market in the Czech Republic at a critical period of reform in the last decade of the twentieth century. In addition to the main objective the work focuses also on the identification of causal relationships between indicators and critically assesses them. In conclusion of the thesis are summarized the most important changes that created the Czech labour market during the reporting period, the success of the Czech economic transformation is valorised in the context of other countries in the region with similar experiences. The work is primarily based on academic economic literature and analyses of officially published statistical indicators.

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