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This study explores the effect of two NGO empowerment programs on the lives of women in urban slum communities of Ghana and India. In particular, the research aims to understand whether and to what extent economic empowerment through microfinance and skills training addresses women’s basic need and gender inequality in contexts of urban poverty. Considering the centrality of “empowerment” to collective feminist politics as well as development policy and practice, the purpose of this study is to contemplate what “empowerment” actually means from the perspective of those actively engaged in the process. Based on the survey and interview responses of program clients, this project explores the depth and scope of NGO empowerment interventions and considers steps that can be taken to further women’s empowerment. / text

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This research investigated the manner in which a group of African male students perceive and construct gender equality in the work place. A sample of 19 African male students within the University of Witwatersrand student population was used. The participants were aged between 19 and 30 years. This specific age range was chosen on the grounds that most students in this age range would have already formed specific views regarding gender equality. Individual and focus group interviews were the main methods of data collection; both types of interviews were conducted with this varied sample of African male students. The study was qualitative in nature and it employed thematic content analysis as a method of data analysis. Key themes were identified and discussed.The results indicated the contradictory nature of how men understand and accept equality. This was evident in how men tried to curb and undermine the empowerment of women in a manner that helped to advance the agenda of men. The participants used a varied number of strategies to try and argue for male power and control. These strategies were utilised as deemed contextually relevant by the men. This was especially relevant in how men were seen to negotiate their roles within the workplace in a manner that would align or help them be seen to be in favour of equal opportunities in the workplace yet in private and within their homes they were seemingly against the whole notion altogether.

The development policy and plans of the Thai government have emphasized economic growth aimed at 'modernising' the country, enacted through agricultural modernisation and industrialisation under the name 'rural development'. Women In Development (WID) approaches based on the modernisation model have been added to 'development' plans more recently. Examination of the effects of these WID programmes upon rural women demonstrates that poor women are disempowered by the 'top-down' rural development programmes. This study is an attempt to test collaborative action research (CAR) as a methodology to empower rural women to become the decision makers in the rural development process. CAR was carried out in Sandee Village, northern Thailand. This suggests that rural women can be empowered through continuous cycles of the collaborative learning process of planning, acting, observing and critical reflection with the researcher acting as a facilitator. Through this learning process, rural women have increased their capacity to make choices, to deal with existing constraints and to create changes. In this respect 'development' can be initiated from within. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This study has discussed women&rsquo / s empowerment through development projects. For this aim, development thought and practices are questioned by establishing their relationship with modernization theory and (neo)liberal politics / the theories, which include women and development, are issued historically. From these theories, Women in Development (WID) Approach, Gender and Development (GAD) Approach, and Empowerment Approach are critically discussed. In the study three points are emphasized. Firstly, the theoretical approaches have developed by articulating to each other. Secondly, the approaches have lost their transformative and political characteristics in the usage of mainstream development theoricians and institutions. It is pointed that the inclusion of women into development by the mainstream is instrumentalized for the other development goals. Thirdly, although the language of GAD and Empowerment Approaches are adopted by the mainstream, at the discursive and practical level, the dominancy of WID continues. The development projects implemented in Turkey, in the period between 1960 and 1980 and post 1980 that are significant periods of the economic and political history of Turkey, are evaluated from gender perspective and their parallel characteristics to the discourse and practices in the world are indicated. It is seen that whereas the GAD and Empowerment Approach exist in the language of the development projects implemented in Turkey, they do not reflect to the practices. Within the light of these discussions, to be able to comprehend whether the development projects provide contribution to women&rsquo / s empowerment or not, two development projects that are implemented in Turkey are analyzed. The projects are assessed from the Empowerment Approach, as a current feminist approach in the development field, within the framework of power relations.

The aim of this thesis is to study personal empowerment processes and theinfluence religion have in such processes. The theory of Naila Kabeer,Srilatha Baltiwala and Sara Mosedale has mainly been used as thetheoretical framework in this thesis. In order to study the influence ofreligion i.e. conversion to Christianity in personal empowerment processesfive Santali women in India have been interviewed. The interviews weredone through WhatsApp with the help of a translator. The results of thisthesis have shown that religion influence women’s personalempowerment. In the sense that religion contribute to important changesin lifestyle, self-esteem and self-confidence.

Esta investigación analizará el uso de los arquetipos que perciben las mujeres en los mensajes publicitarios que construyen la identidad de marca y empoderamiento de la mujer. La publicidad representaba una imagen sesgada de la mujer la cual fomentaba prejuicios y estereotipos. Sin embargo, este pensamiento cambió con los años llegando presentar a una mujer que puede ser ama de casa, profesional y hermosa sin maquillaje como se representa en las campañas de Dove. Este cambio es por el uso de los arquetipos que representan los pensamientos del inconsciente colectivo que construyen la identidad de marca para darles un valor único y fomenten el empoderamiento de la mujer. El objetivo general es analizar la relación de la percepción de los arquetipos en la publicidad de Dove con el empoderamiento de mujer y la identidad de marca. La metodología es cualitativa, la investigación es exploratoria y las técnicas usadas son focus group y entrevistas personales. Por último, el público objetivo son mujeres de 20 a 25 años de NSE A y B que viven en Lima Metropolitana. Palabras clave: Arquetipo, identidad de marca, empoderamiento de la mujer, imagen femenina en la publicidad, Dove. / This research will analyze the use of the archetypes that women perceive in the advertising messages that build the brand identity and empowerment of women. The publicity represented a biased image of women which fostered prejudices and stereotypes. However, this thought changed with the years coming to present a woman who can be housewife, professional and beautiful without makeup as represented in Dove campaigns. This change is due to the use of the archetypes that represent the thoughts of the collective unconscious that build the brand identity to give them a unique value and promote the empowerment of women. The general objective is to analyze the relationship of the perception of the archetypes in Dove advertising with the empowerment of women and brand identity. The methodology is qualitative, the research is exploratory and the techniques used are focus group and personal interviews. Finally, the target audience is women from 20 to 25 years of NSE A y B who live in Metropolitan Lima. / Trabajo de investigación

This Dissertation analyzes the conditions, problems and potential of rural women&rsquo / s empowerment through a sample of rural women&rsquo / s organizations (two women&rsquo / s cooperative, seven rural development cooperative and one village women associaton) with interpreting DAWN iniative and GAD approach with a socialist feminist perspective. In this study, it is stated that the agricultural sector policies and rural development policy were constructed in relation with the conditions of underdevelopment and thus, in relation with the agreements with IMF, WTO and IPARD Programme of EU which enforced the decreasing of agricultural sector subsidies. It is notable that these policies are formulated with an aim of increasing the influence and significance of capitalist relations in agricultural sector and rural areas without taking precautions for the survival of small sized farming households in rural areas. Despite these general influences of underdevelopment to Turkish Agricultural Sector and patriarchal gender assumptions, these women&rsquo / s organizations could be successful to some extent empowering their members with the recognized dimensions of empowerment such as / psychological, economical, social, organizational and political. All these dimensions are interrelated with each other. In this study, it was observed that while economic empowerment and psychological empowerment is the base of all other dimensions of empowerment, social empowerment and organizational empowerment are the most dynamic processes of empowerment and political empowerment is hardest dimension or outcome to achieve.

The project was about empowering young women in Dharavi. The building is a school of Home science.