<p>Även om forskning i miljöområdet och forskning i psykologi har kommit långt saknas det forskningsansatser som förenar de två. Ambitionen med uppsatsen är att förena miljöområdet och psykologi genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som är bidragande orsak till miljöengagemang. Deltagarna var 91 studenter som svarade på en enkät där miljöengagemang studerades. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan att tycka människor i världen var viktiga och ha ett miljöengagemang. Det fanns även ett positivt samband mellan om närstående var miljömedvetna och om deltagaren var det samt ett positivt samband mellan miljömedvetenhet i teorin och praktiken.</p>

Även om forskning i miljöområdet och forskning i psykologi har kommit långt saknas det forskningsansatser som förenar de två. Ambitionen med uppsatsen är att förena miljöområdet och psykologi genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som är bidragande orsak till miljöengagemang. Deltagarna var 91 studenter som svarade på en enkät där miljöengagemang studerades. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan att tycka människor i världen var viktiga och ha ett miljöengagemang. Det fanns även ett positivt samband mellan om närstående var miljömedvetna och om deltagaren var det samt ett positivt samband mellan miljömedvetenhet i teorin och praktiken.

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A trend of environmental consciousness is developing for some years in every market and sometimes gave birth to a sub-market such as the organic-cosmetic market. This market represents an important part of cosmetics in general and major companies can be identified. Marketers have noticed this trend and sometimes use it into their communication strategy but it still has to be studied properly in order to determine its impact on the purchasing behavior of consumers and their perception of the brand. Indeed, we think that this environmental consciousness can challenge the balance between Brand Image and Brand Awareness in this market.   This paper is aiming to explore the impact of this specific trend on the organic-cosmetic market and studies its influence over the Brand Knowledge management, more precisely the relationship between Brand Image and Brand Awareness. In that goal, we chose to make interviews in front of the shops of two companies interacting on this market: The Body Shop and L’Occitane en Provence. Combined with data collected from previous research into a deductive approach, it led us to some general conclusion concerning the level of Brand Image and Awareness of those companies, their relationship and the impact of environmental consciousness on this relationship.   We concluded from those results that the brand L’Occitane en Provence had a slightly lower Brand Awareness than its competitor but its customers had a more important environmental consciousness that led them to this company due to its values and specific type of product. We can then conclude that on such markets impacted with this type of external factor, if the company implements it in its communication strategy or its core values, then its need for Brand Awareness is lower. One can now wonder if this trend in particular or any other external factor can be used in other markets on the same way.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and spread knowledge about how preschool teachers use spontaneous discussion as a means of increasing the environmental consciousness of children. The methods used are semi-structured interviews, and continuous and structured observation. The results show that spontaneous conversations as a method for increasing children’s consciousness of the environment occurs in practice, to a varying degree. In particular, meals and outings are perceived as the best occasions to introduce such discussions. Moreover, conversations tend to take place when children help with waste separation, handling and consumption of materials, and during planning for other activities. Large groups of children, staff shortage, and administrative tasks are perceived as the most limiting factors for having conversations about the environment. The topic can also be perceived as too wide and complex. The teachers express lacking knowledge and ideas for keeping the children interested. However, in spite of the limited time and knowledge, and other subjects in the curriculum needing attention, the teachers feel that there is room for improvement; their own disposition about the subject is limiting the spontaneous conversations. Results show that the increasing interest from society in general is enabling more conscious work with environmental issues. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka och skapa kunskap om hur pedagoger i förskolan använder det spontana samtalet för att stimulera barns miljömedvetenhet. Metoderna som använts är semistrukturerade intervjuer samt löpande och strukturerad observation. Fyra förskolor, belägna i en kommun i Mellansverige, deltog i studien. Totalt deltar sex förskollärare och en barnskötare. Resultatet visar att spontana samtal som metod för att stimulera barns miljömedvetenhet förekommer i verksamheten, i större och mindre utsträckning. Måltidssituationer och naturupplevelser upplevs vara de tillfällen där samtal om miljö utnyttjas bäst. Det förekommer även samtal om miljön i samband med sopsortering, hantering och förbrukning av material samt spontana samtal som har sin grund i planerade aktiviteter. Stora barngrupper, personalbrist och administrativa uppgifter upplevs vara orsak till svårigheten att föra spontana samtal om miljön. Samtidigt upplevs samtal om miljön ibland som stort och komplext. Pedagogerna uttrycker behovet av kunskapsbaserad information och idéer, för att fånga barnens intresse för miljöfrågor. Trots tidsbrist, begränsad kunskap och andra läroplansmål upplever pedagogerna att det finns många möjligheter att ha spontana samtal kring miljöfrågor. Deras förhållningssätt påverkar användandet av spontana samtal. Resultatet visar att det ökande intresset för miljön i samhället har resulterat i att förskoleverksamheten arbetar medvetet med miljöfrågor.

Malawi rural households’ dependence on fuelwood as a form of energy and as a source of income is contributing to alarming rates of deforestation in the country with detrimental consequences for climate change. This study targeted two of the rural areas in the southern part of Malawi, worst affected by climate change in recent years. The study aimed to generate empirical evidence of households’ energy consumption as a consequence of their way of life, and to gather evidence of their practical- and discursive consciousness concerning sustainable consumption practices and climate change as pre-requisites to facilitate and promote behavioural change. This research was conducted in three sequential phases. Phase 1 entailed a quantitative survey that involved 231 non randomly selected households from two rural areas, namely Balaka and Phalombe, in the south of Malawi. Questionnaires were completed in interview format, facilitated by trained research assistants following a pre-test in a nearby village. Phase 2 entailed focus group discussions with selected members from phase 1, to allow opportunity for discussion of main topics. Phase 3 involved the contribution of government officials and important role players to share their views about environmental issues, the issue of indiscriminate deforestation and use of energy sources by communities. Results show that biomass, including fuelwood, is still the predominant source of energy that most rural households use for diverse activities because other sources of energy are either inaccessible, or too expensive. Negative consequences such as respiratory problems caused by smoke inhalation are therefore common among females and children who are constantly exposed to toxic substances that are present in the air in their homes and immediate surrounds. The wood that is used, is mostly collected by females who perform this tedious task almost daily, collecting from nearby woodlots and forests, further aggravating deforestation. Households’ practical consciousness of sustainable energy consumption practices seem fairly good and their discursive consciousness, specifically with regard to the effect of climate change on rainfall patterns, micro- and macro factors that are responsible for climate change, are fairly impressive. This may be attributed to first-hand experience of the environmental challenges that they have experienced in recent years. Unfortunately, lack of knowledge concerning the implications of their behaviour in terms of the economic growth of the country, as well as nearby countries’ well-being, confirm the complexity of the phenomenon that may be difficult for them to comprehend. Concerted effort is thus required by local- and Governmental bodies to educate and empower communities socially and economically, also to supply safer sources of energy to replace what they are obliged to use presently. Rural households are struggling financially and will not be able to adapt their behavioral practices without the premeditated support of government and relevant role players who have an interest in environmental issues and who have the well-being of Malawi citizens at heart. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / PhD / Unrestricted

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<p>Environmental consciousness among the Swedish population has considerably increased over the last decade. However, to be concerned with environmental questions does not automatically lead to greater ecological awareness and behaviour in everyday life. It is, according to previous research findings, important to consider aspects of socialisation and the structural aspect of social life in order to understand the different individual expressions of ecological behaviour. De-emphasised importance of individual social backgrounds regarding an individual’s choices towards a more environmentally friendly lifestyle is therefore, according to several previous research findings, surprising. However, considering the major increased environmental consciousness among the Swedish population that has been shown, the objective of my master thesis was to analyse whether environment has become an area that engages all kinds of individuals, despite social backgrounds. Within the study, the two social factors that have been considered in most depth were generation and occupation. In order to get a deeper understanding of how people in Sweden view the individual responsibilities within the work towards a healthier environment, a literature study as well as an interview study was conducted. In the interview study, which was performed in Umeå, Sweden, interviews with scientists and day nurses born in the fifties and seventies were made. When considering the possible influences that generation and choice of occupation have on the individual’s choices towards a more environmentally friendly lifestyle, the result of my interview study did not indicate a direct relation between generation and occupation in one instance and rate of ecological behaviour in another. Instead individual differences among the scientists and day nurses from both considered generations were visible.</p> / <p>Miljömedvetenheten hos den svenska befolkningen har vuxit betydligt under det senaste årtiondet. Men att vara miljömedveten leder inte automatiskt till ett ekologiskt beteende i individers vardag. Enligt tidigare forskning är det viktigt att undersöka strukturella aspekter av socialisering, samt aspekter av det sociala livet för att närmare förstå olika individuella uttryck av ekologiskt beteende. Att den individuella sociala bakgrunden har mindre betydelse för en individs val av en mer miljövänlig livsstil ter sig därför överraskande enligt ett flertal tidigare forskningsresultat. Men, med tanke på den allt mer växande miljömedvetenheten hos den svenska befolkningen var syftet med min examensuppsats att undersöka om miljö har blivit ett område som engagerar alla individer bortsett från sociala bakgrunder. De två sociala faktorerna som undersöktes mer ingående i studien var generationstillhörighet och yrke. För att få en närmare förståelse av hur människor i Sverige ser på individens ansvar inom miljöarbetet utfördes en intervjustudie samt en litteraturstudie. I intervjustudien som utfördes i Umeå, Sverige, intervjuades forskare och förskollärare som var födda på femtiotalet och sjuttiotalet. Min intervjustudie visade inte en direkt relation mellan generationstillhörighet och yrke å ena sidan och grad av ekologiskt beteende å andra sidan. Istället, var individuella skillnader hos forskarna och förskollärarna födda på femtiotalet och sjuttiotalet synliga.</p>

Environmental consciousness among the Swedish population has considerably increased over the last decade. However, to be concerned with environmental questions does not automatically lead to greater ecological awareness and behaviour in everyday life. It is, according to previous research findings, important to consider aspects of socialisation and the structural aspect of social life in order to understand the different individual expressions of ecological behaviour. De-emphasised importance of individual social backgrounds regarding an individual’s choices towards a more environmentally friendly lifestyle is therefore, according to several previous research findings, surprising. However, considering the major increased environmental consciousness among the Swedish population that has been shown, the objective of my master thesis was to analyse whether environment has become an area that engages all kinds of individuals, despite social backgrounds. Within the study, the two social factors that have been considered in most depth were generation and occupation. In order to get a deeper understanding of how people in Sweden view the individual responsibilities within the work towards a healthier environment, a literature study as well as an interview study was conducted. In the interview study, which was performed in Umeå, Sweden, interviews with scientists and day nurses born in the fifties and seventies were made. When considering the possible influences that generation and choice of occupation have on the individual’s choices towards a more environmentally friendly lifestyle, the result of my interview study did not indicate a direct relation between generation and occupation in one instance and rate of ecological behaviour in another. Instead individual differences among the scientists and day nurses from both considered generations were visible. / Miljömedvetenheten hos den svenska befolkningen har vuxit betydligt under det senaste årtiondet. Men att vara miljömedveten leder inte automatiskt till ett ekologiskt beteende i individers vardag. Enligt tidigare forskning är det viktigt att undersöka strukturella aspekter av socialisering, samt aspekter av det sociala livet för att närmare förstå olika individuella uttryck av ekologiskt beteende. Att den individuella sociala bakgrunden har mindre betydelse för en individs val av en mer miljövänlig livsstil ter sig därför överraskande enligt ett flertal tidigare forskningsresultat. Men, med tanke på den allt mer växande miljömedvetenheten hos den svenska befolkningen var syftet med min examensuppsats att undersöka om miljö har blivit ett område som engagerar alla individer bortsett från sociala bakgrunder. De två sociala faktorerna som undersöktes mer ingående i studien var generationstillhörighet och yrke. För att få en närmare förståelse av hur människor i Sverige ser på individens ansvar inom miljöarbetet utfördes en intervjustudie samt en litteraturstudie. I intervjustudien som utfördes i Umeå, Sverige, intervjuades forskare och förskollärare som var födda på femtiotalet och sjuttiotalet. Min intervjustudie visade inte en direkt relation mellan generationstillhörighet och yrke å ena sidan och grad av ekologiskt beteende å andra sidan. Istället, var individuella skillnader hos forskarna och förskollärarna födda på femtiotalet och sjuttiotalet synliga.