Thermally expandable microspheres are spherical particles around 5-­‐40 µm in size, consisting of a polymeric shell in which a blowing agent has been encapsulated. The microspheres are expanded upon heating, resulting in a particularly low density. Microspheres are therefore suitable to use as light weight filler or as foaming agent. AkzoNobel is world leading in the production of expandable microspheres, which are commercialised under the name Expancel. Sustainability is a great focus at AkzoNobel and two issues that AkzoNobel works with today is to develop products free from chlorine and Me1. The aim with this thesis has been to investigate whether it is possible to produce microspheres free from these chemicals and to see if they can be a more sustainable alternative to one of the existing Expancel grades. In this study, the microspheres have been produced through free radical suspension polymerisation and analysed by measuring mainly the particle size and expansion properties. The polymeric shell was composed of the monomers acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and methyl acrylate. The main focus has been to evaluate the silica-­‐based stabilisation system, which stabilise the monomer droplets during the suspension polymerisation. The stabilisation is possible due to the formation of silica flocs that is adsorbed on the surface of the droplets. It has been investigating how different parameters, e.g. amount of stabiliser or mixing procedure, affects the formation of silica flocs and the stabilisation of monomer droplets. For the silica-­‐based system, it was found that the mixing order, stirring rate, and amount of stabilisers affect the formation of flocs. It was also seen that the amount of stabiliser affect the stabilisation of droplets, and that some stabilisers is more significant than others. Microspheres without chlorine and Me1 have successfully been produced in laboratory scale (50 mL and 1 L). The expansion and size of the microspheres produced in this study was relatively similar to one of the existing Expancel grades. However, the reproducibility of polymerisations in 1 litre reactors has been poor. / Termiskt expanderbara mikrosfärer är sfäriska partiklar, ca 5-­‐40 µm i diameter, som består av ett polymerskal som innesluter en drivgas. Mikrosfärerna expanderar när de utsätts för värme och erhåller då en mycket låg densitet. De är därför lämpliga att använda som fyllmedel då låg vikt är önskvärt eller som skummedel. AkzoNobel är världsledande inom produktion av expanderbara mikrosfärer, som marknadsförs under namnet Expancel. Hållbar utveckling är en viktig fråga för AkzoNobel och två problem som de står inför idag är att utveckla produkter fria från klor och Me1. Målet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka om det är möjligt att framställa mikrosfärer fria från dessa kemikalier och om de framtagna mikrosfärerna skulle kunna vare ett hållbarare alternativ till en av de befintliga Expancel-­‐ produkterna. I den här studien har mikrosfärerna framställts genom suspensionspolymerisation som initierats av fria radikaler och de har analyserats främst genom att mäta partikelstorlek och expansionsegenskaper. Polymerskalet bestod av monomererna akrylnitril, metakrylnitril och metylakrylat. I det här arbetet har det viktigaste varit att utvärdera det silikabaserade stabiliseringssystemet som stabiliserar monomerdropparna vid polymerisationen. Stabiliseringen är möjlig eftersom silika bildar flockar som adsorberar på ytan av monomerdropparna. Olika parametrar, exempelvis mängd stabiliseringsmedel och satsningsförfarande, har därför varierats för att undersöka vilken effekt det får på flockningen av silika och stabiliseringen av monomerdroppar. Satsningsordning och omrörningshastiget för stabiliseringssystemet samt mängd stabiliseringsmedel är några av de faktorer som påverkar bildningen av flockar. Det konstaterades även att mängd stabiliseringsmedel påverkar stabiliseringen utav monomerdropparna. Fulländade mikrosfärer utan klor och Me1 har framställts i laboratorieskala (50 mL och 1 L) och partikelstorleken samt expansionsegenskaper är jämförbara med en av Expancels nuvarande produkter. Dock har reproducerbarheten i 1 litersskala varit otillfredsställande.

In this thesis we report the results of investigations on the rheological response of emulsions to the application of the electric field. A front-tracking finite difference scheme is used in conjunction with Taylor-Melcher leaky dielectric theory to study the problem. The numerical results in different regions of the deformation-circulation map show that the structure formation in regions I and III can be hindered by the hydrodynamic effect. This is opposite to what is observed in the perfect dielectric cases and region II of the map. For perfect dielectric systems, where the electrohydrodynamics effects are absent, droplets form chain-like structures spanning the distance between the electrodes after the application of the electric field. Subsequently, the chains interact with each other to form columns comprising two or more chains. Point-dipole approximation is used to analyze the structure formation and it is shown that it is also applicable to region II where the hydrodynamic effect is weak and the behavior of the system is mainly governed by the dielectrophoretic forces. It is shown that the chain formation is not possible in regions I and III due to the competition between the dipolar force and torque on one side and hydrodynamic effect on the other side. In region I, the hydrodynamic torque prevents the chain formation by competing with the dipolar torque, which tends to align the drops with the electric field. On the other hand, in region III, the repulsive nature of the hydrodynamic effect opposes the attractive dipolar force and does not allow the particles to form stable chains.

No description available.

The objectives of this study were to carry out research to better understand of the formation, stability and properties of multilayer emulsions containing nano-laminated biopolymer coatings, and to utilize this information to develop food-grade delivery systems. The effect of various preparation parameters on the formation and stability of multilayer emulsions was investigated: droplet concentration; mean droplet diameter; droplet charge; biopolymer concentration. β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) stabilized emulsions (0.5 – 10 wt% oil) containing different pectin concentrations (0 to 0.5 wt%) were prepared at pH 7 (where lipid droplets and pectin molecules were both anionic) and pH 3.5 (where lipid droplets were cationic and pectin molecules anionic) and “stability maps” were constructed. At pH 3.5, pectin adsorbed to the droplet surfaces, and the emulsions were unstable to bridging flocculation at intermediate pectin concentrations and unstable to depletion flocculation at high pectin concentrations. At certain droplet and pectin concentrations stable multilayer emulsions could be formed consisting of protein-coated lipid droplets surrounded by a pectin layer. An in situ electro-acoustic (EA) technique was introduced to monitor the adsorption of charged polysaccharides onto oppositely charged protein-coated lipid droplets. The possibility of controlling interfacial and functional characteristics of multilayer emulsions by using mixed polysaccharides (pectin/carrageenan or pectin/gum arabic) was then examined. Emulsions containing different types of polysaccharides had different interfacial characteristics and aggregation stabilities: carrageenan had the highest charge density and affinity for the protein-coated lipid droplets, but gave the poorest emulsion stability. The possibility of assembling protein-rich coatings around lipid droplets was examined using the electrostatic deposition method, with the aim of producing emulsions with novel functionality. Protein-rich biopolymer coatings consisting of β-Lg and pectin were formed around lipid droplets using the electrostatic deposition method. The composite particles formed had relatively small diameters (d < 500 nm) and were stable to gravitational separation. They also remained stable after they were heated above the thermal denaturation temperature of the globular protein and had better stability to aggregation at high salt concentrations (50 – 200 mM NaCl) than conventional emulsions stabilized by only protein. The effect of a polysaccharide coating on the displacement of adsorbed globular proteins by non-ionic surfactants from lipid droplet surfaces was examined to simulate situations where competitive adsorption occurs. Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by β- Lg were prepared containing either no pectin (1º emulsions) or different amounts of pectin (2º emulsions). At pH 3.5, where pectin forms a coating around the β-Lg stabilized lipid droplets, the amount of desorbed protein was much less for the 2º emulsion (3%) than for the 1º emulsion (39%), which indicated that the pectin coating inhibited protein desorption by surface active agents. Knowledge gained from this research will provide guidelines for rationally designing emulsion-based delivery systems that are resistant to environmental stresses or with controlled release properties. These delivery systems could be used to encapsulate, protect and release functional components in various industrial products, such as foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products.

Emulsions constitute a wide range of natural as well as processed products. Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions include oral administration, parenteral delivery, ophthalmic medicine, topical and transdermal creams, and fluorocarbon-in-water emulsions for blood oxygenation. In the foods area many of the products like mayonnaise, margarine, ice-creams are emulsions by nature and some products can also be used for delivery of active ingredients (e.g. nutraceuticals) with potential health benefits. Emulsions are also encountered at many stages of petroleum recovery, transportation, and processing. Typically, emulsions are manufactured in a two-step process. First a coarse emulsion called a premix is made which is passed through a high-pressure homogenizer. Intense energy supplied in the high pressure homogenizer causes breakage of the coarse emulsion to a fine one with a tighter distribution. Population balance equation (PBE) models are useful for emulsions since they allow prediction of the evolution of the drop size distribution on specification of the two rate processes i.e., breakage of drops due to the flow field and coalescence of colliding drops. In our work, we developed a PBE model to describe emulsion breakage in a high pressure homogenizer. The focus of the work was breakage and conditions to keep coalescence to minimum were implemented. Two breakage rates representing two mechanisms i.e., turbulent inertial and turbulent viscous breakage were necessary for reproducing the bimodal nature of the distributions. We used mechanistic functions in the PBE model to develop a predictive model which could be extended to changes in formulation variables as well as process variables. Starting with the assumption of binary breakage, the model was refined to include multiple drop breakage. The developed model was found to be extensible to reasonable changes in oil concentration, surfactant concentration, continuous phase viscosity and constant ratio of oil to surfactant. Anomalies in pressure prediction encountered earlier were also corrected for by including some additional features like heating, maximum stable diameter, and number of daughter drops. A preliminary attempt was also made to use the developed model for designing experiments for making target emulsions with pre-specified properties.

Three hydrocolloid-lipid emulsion coatings were developed using Humkote brand partially hydrogenated cottonseed and vegetable oil, and one of three combined hydrocolloid bases: xanthan gum and propylene glycol alginate (xanthan coating), locust bean gum and xanthan gum (locust bean gum coating), and maltodextrin. Sensory testing using a ranking preference test indicated that these coatings had acceptable appearance and palatability. Quality characteristics of green bell peppers (Capsicum annum L. cv. King Arthur) measured during the 5-week storage period included: respiration rates, chlorophyll content, surface color, puncture force, pectin (uronic acid) content, ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) content, and cumulative weight loss. No significant differences between coated and uncoated peppers were noted in tests for respiration, puncture force, hue angle, chlorophyll content, and AA content. Uncoated peppers had significantly inferior moisture retention (p<0.05), which caused them to be unsaleable after 8 days, while coated groups were saleable for an additional 6 to 8 days. Uncoated fruits also had greater uronic acid breakdown (p<0.05) and higher DHA content (p<0.06) than coated peppers. Significant weekly changes (all treatment groups combined) included linear increases in respiration rates (p<0.01) and moisture loss (p<0.01), increasing linear and quadratic trends in uronic acid content (p<0.01 for both trends), increasing quadratic trends for both chlorophyll and AA content (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively), and decreasing linear and quadratic (p<0.05 for both trends) in DHA content. The only significant difference between coated groups was in chroma value, with maltodextrin coated peppers appearing less vivid than locust bean coated peppers. Overall, all three coatings performed equally well during the storage study. However, coatings with higher lipid content, which included xanthan gum and locust bean gum groups, withstood humidity changes better than the maltodextrin coated peppers. Coating application provided the greatest benefits in terms of texture maintenance through water retention and prevention of pectin breakdown, despite the lack of differences observed in puncture force. Coatings may also have prevented AA oxidation as demonstrated by the higher DHA content in uncoated groups, however AA patterns do not confirm this concept. Future research should be directed toward further minimizing textural changes and maximizing coating durability. / Ph. D.

In this dissertation we prove the superconvergence of the minimal-dissipation local discontinuous Galerkin method for elliptic problems and construct optimal immersed finite element approximations and discontinuous immersed finite element methods for the Stokes interface problem. In the first part we present an error analysis for the minimal dissipation local discontinuous Galerkin method applied to a model elliptic problem on Cartesian meshes when polynomials of degree at most <i>k</i> and an appropriate approximation of the boundary condition are used. This special approximation allows us to achieve <i>k</i> + 1 order of convergence for both the potential and its gradient in the L² norm. Here we improve on existing estimates for the solution gradient by a factor &#8730;h. In the second part we present discontinuous immersed finite element (IFE) methods for the Stokes interface problem on Cartesian meshes that does not require the mesh to be aligned with the interface. As such, we allow unfitted meshes that are cut by the interface. Thus, elements may contain more than one fluid. On these unfitted meshes we construct an immersed Q₁/Q₀ finite element approximation that depends on the location of the interface. We discuss the basic features of the proposed Q₁/Q₀ IFE basis functions such as the unisolvent property. We present several numerical examples to demonstrate that the proposed IFE approximations applied to solve interface Stokes problems maintain the optimal approximation capability of their standard counterpart applied to solve the homogeneous Stokes problem. Similarly, we also show that discontinuous Galerkin IFE solutions of the Stokes interface problem maintain the optimal convergence rates in both L² and broken H¹ norms. Furthermore, we extend our method to solve the axisymmetric Stokes interface problem with a moving interface and test the proposed method by solving several benchmark problems from the literature. / Ph. D.

Zhang, Xinran. / Thesis submitted in: December 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-87). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / TITLE PAGE --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / 中文摘要 --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xv / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Rationale of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Current technologies for formulating long-acting parenteral protein deliver system --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Chemical Modification --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Sustained-release formulation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2.1. --- Phase separation method --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2.2. --- Solvent evaporation/extraction method --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2.3. --- Spray drying method --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.4. --- Causes for protein instability --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.1. --- Water/organic solvent interface --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.2. --- Lyophilization --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.3. --- Polymer --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.4.4. --- Stabilizing additive --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3. --- Aqueous-aqueous emulsion technology --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Background --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Basic Principle --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Phase diagram --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.4. --- Formation of aqueous-aqueous emulsion --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.1. --- Introduction of a water-soluble charged polymer as stabilizer --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.2. --- Freezing-induced phase separation --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.5. --- General Protocol --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.5.1. --- Introduction of a water-soluble charged polymeric stabilizer --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.5.2. --- Freezing-induced phase separation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.6. --- Merits and limitations of the aqueous-aqueous emulsion technology --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.7. --- Protein selection for the sustained release formulation --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4. --- Aims and scope of study --- p.26 / Chapter "CHAPTER 2," --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1. --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Proteins --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Polymers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Media for TF-1 Cell Culture --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Chemicals and Solvents for Cell Proliferation Assay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.5. --- Other Chemicals and Solvents --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.6. --- Materials for Cell Culture --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.7. --- Materials for Reagent Kits --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2. --- Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Determination of the Partition Coefficients of Proteins Between PEG and Dextran --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Preparation of Glassy Particles --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.1. --- Standard Stable Aqueous-aqueous Emulsion Method --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.2. --- Freezing-induced Phase Separation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Preparation of Protein-loaded and Blank Microspheres Using S-o-w Solvent Extraction Technique --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- Determination of Protein Loading --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5.1. --- Within Dextran Particles --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5.2. --- Within PLGA microspheres --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.6. --- Evaluation of Protein Structural Integrity and Bioactivity in Dextran Particles and PGLA Microspheres --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.7. --- In vitro Release Study --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.8. --- RhIFN Stability Determination under Simulated In Vitro Release Conditions --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.8.1. --- In the Absence of PLGA --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.8.2. --- In the Presence of PLGA --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.9. --- MicroBCÁёØ Protein Assay --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.10. --- Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) - High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.11. --- ELISA --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.12. --- Bioactivity Assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.12.1. --- RhIFN --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.12.2. --- RhGM-CSF --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- Results and Discussions / Chapter 3.1. --- Sustained-release RhIFN Formulation --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Partition Coefficient of RhIFN --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Formulation Based on the Standard Aqueous-aqueous Emulsion (SA-AE) Method With Sodium Alginate as Stabilizer --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2.1. --- Surface Morphology --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2.2. --- Formulation Characterization --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.2.3. --- In Vitro Release of RhIFN from PLGA Microsheres --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Formulation Based on the Freezing-induced Phase Separation (FIPS) Technique without Sodium Alginate --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.3.1. --- Formulation Characterization --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.3.2. --- In Vitro Release of RhIFN from PGLA Microsphees --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2. --- RhIFN Stability Assessment under Simulated In Vitro Release Conditions --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- In the Absence of PLGA --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- In the Presence of PLGA --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3. --- Sustained-release RhGM-CSF Formulation --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Partition Coefficient Determination of RhGM-CSF Between PEG and Dextran --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Formulation Based on Freezing-induced Phase Separation --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- Validation of MTT Assay Conditions --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Formulation Characterization --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.2.3. --- In Vitro Release of RhGM-CSF from PLGA Microspheres --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- Conclusion and Future Studies / Chapter 4.1. --- Conclusion --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2. --- Future Studies --- p.79 / References --- p.80

The goal of this research is to improve an extractive metallurgy process based<p>on solvent extraction. This process should fit the exploitation of small local<p>copper-rich deposits. In these conditions, the plant has to be as compact as<p>possible in order to be easily transported from one location to a subsequent<p>one. Improved extraction kinetics could ensure a high throughput of the<p>plant despite its compactness. In addition, the extraction reagent should<p>not be damaging for the environnement. On this basis, we propose to use<p>ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. The main idea is to increase the<p>extraction kinetics by forming an emulsion in place of a dispersion thanks to<p>the intense cavitation produced by ultrasound. The benefit of this method<p>is to improve the copper extraction kinetics by increasing the interfacial<p>surface area and decreasing the width of the diffusion layer. We studied the<p>implementation of an highly branched decanoic acid (known as Versatic-<p>10®acid) as a copper extraction reagent dispersed in kerosene.<p>Emulsification is monitored through the Sauter diameter of the organic<p>phase droplets in aqueous phase. This diameter is measured during pulsed<p>and continuous ultrasound irradiation via a static light scattering technique.<p>The phenomenon of emulsification of our system by ultrasound is effective,<p>and the emulsification process carried out in the pulsed ultrasound mode is<p>at least as efficient as the emulsification obtained under continuous mode.<p>No improvement of emulsification is observed beyond a threshold time of<p>the ultrasound impulse. This may be attributed to a competition between<p>disruption and coalescence. The use of mechanical stirring combined with<p>pulsed ultrasound allows to control the droplet size distribution.<p>In presence of ultrasound, the extraction kinetics of Versatic-10 acid is<p>multiplied by a factor ten, and therefore reached a value similar to the kinetics<p>observed without ultrasound with an industrial extractant such as<p>LIX-860I®(Cognis). Extraction kinetics measurements are carried out by<p>monitoring the copper ion concentration in the aqueous phase with an electrochemical<p>cell.<p>We conclude that ultrasound-assisted emulsification can be implemented<p>under certain conditions. Emulsification is a first step, and the following<p>destabilization step has to be studied. The device using ultrasound-assisted<p>emulsification should be followed by an efficient settling-coalescing device. A<p>possible solution would be to promote emulsion destabilization by increasing<p>the ionic strength with an addition of MgSO4, a salt that is not extracted<p>by the extraction reagent in the considered range of pH. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ISS/FSL/FASES dont l’objectif est de comprendre les mécanismes de vieillissement des émulsions en microgravité. Ce manuscrit est dédié à l’étude au sol des émulsions de ce projet et notamment de celles stabilisées par des mélanges tensioactifs/nanoparticules. Ces émulsions sont diluées et constituées d’une phase continue d’huile de paraffine et d’une phase dispersée aqueuse contenant un tensioactif et des nanoparticules. Leur étude et leur caractérisation est réalisée par microscopie tomographique optique et cryo-microscopie électronique à balayage. Une étude préalable de la phase dispersée permet de démontrer que les proportions respectives en tensioactif et nanoparticules modifient les propriétés rhéologiques et microscopiques de ces mélanges. Ces modifications permettent de caractériser le couplage entre les molécules tensioactives et les nanoparticules. Lorsque cette phase dispersée est émulsifiée dans l’huile de paraffine, une transition dans la morphologie des gouttes peut être mise en évidence. Les gouttes de phase dispersée présentent une topologie dépendante du ratio des concentrations en tensioactif et nanoparticules : de sphérique (pour les grandes valeurs de ce ratio) elles deviennent polymorphes (pour les petites valeurs). L’observation de ces émulsions en cryo-microscopie électronique à balayage permet de visualiser des microstructures de nanoparticules et d’expliquer l’origine de la déformation des gouttes. / This thesis is part of the ISS/FSL/FASES project which aims at understanding emulsion ageing mechanisms in microgravity. This manuscript is dedicated to the ground study of these emulsions, and particularly to those stabilized by surfactant/nanoparticles mixtures. These emulsions are diluted and composed of a paraffin oil continuous phase and an aqueous dispersed phase composed of the surfactant/particle mixtures. Emulsion characterization is performed with optical tomographic microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. A preliminary investigation of the dispersed phase shows that the proportion of surfactant and nanoparticles changes the rheological and microscopic properties of these mixtures. These changes allow the characterization of the coupling between surfactant molecules and nanoparticles. When these mixtures are emulsified in paraffin oil, a transition in the droplets morphology is evidenced. Indeed, dispersed phase droplets exhibit different shapes depending on the ratio of surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations: from spherical (for high ratios) they become polymorphous (for small ratios). Observations of these emulsions with cryo-scanning electron microscopy show the existence of nanoparticles microstructures that helps the understanding of the origin of droplets deformation.