In large controller-datapath systems, the switching activity of datapath is administered by controller. The unnecessary switching activity will cause more power consumption, and therefore the design of controllers (i.e. Finite State Machines, FSMs) will influence the whole power consumption of the systems. The state assignment and output encoding are the two major factors influencing the power of system under the hardware implementation of controllers. In this paper, we present an integer linear programming (ILP) method to solve the state assignment and output encoding problems. The purpose is to reduce switching activity such that the goal of power optimization can be achieved. It has not to reschedule the operations of datapath under timing and resource constraints and has no extra area overhead. In order to verify the effectiveness of our proposed ILP approach, we use this approach to implement several controller-datapath systems. Experimental results show that our proposed approach achieves an average of 30.513% power savings compared to the traditional area optimal synthesis tool, SIS, where power is not considered. Our proposed approach does not cause extra area overhead while achieving a significant power saving of systems.

I den här uppsatsen har vi studerat hur en film aktiverar människors sociala och kulturella positioner. Vi visade filmen Crash för åtta komvuxelever, vilket följdes av en kvalitativ intervju med dem. Eleverna fick svara på frågor om sin egen bakgrund, filmens budskap och rollfigurer, hur de uppfattade filmen och den föreslagna verkligheten i filmen, samt frågor kring sin egen framtid. Informanternas svar har hjälpt oss att synliggöra hur det görs över- och underordningar i filmen. Med hjälp av vår bakgrund och analytiska verktyg har vi interagerat med våra informanter och de har bidragit med perspektiv som vi aldrig hade kunnat se med tillämpning av enbart teorier. Något som blev framträdande var att de applicerade problematiken som den amerikansktillverkade filmen tar upp, på ett svenskt samhälle. Vi kom fram till att filmen som populärkulturellt medel hjälper till att reproducera gamla maktordningar och fördomar. Trots att detta inte var filmskaparens intention, blir det här till fördomar och stereotypa föreställningar om att det finns rasskillnader. Med den här studien har vi synliggjort att filmen medverkar till att reproducera maktordningar. Film och dess folkliga inflytande, skulle kunna bli ett redskap för nytänkande runt klass, kön och etnicitet med mera.

We consider transmission over a binary erasure wiretap channel using the code construction method introduced by Rathi et al. based on two edge type Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes and the coset encoding scheme. By generalizing the method of computing conditional entropy for standard LDPC ensembles introduced by Méasson, Montanari, and Urbanke to two edge type LDPC ensembles, we show how the equivocation for the wiretapper can be computed. We find that relatively simple constructions give very good secrecy performance and are close to the secrecy capacity. / <p>Copyright 2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works. QC 20120110</p>

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Because maximizing the learning of new material is a relevant concern for most individuals, understanding the specific processes involved could be beneficial for people of all ages. Both encoding and monitoring occur during the learning acquisition phase, yet monitoring accuracy and subsequent neural activation have been relatively ignored in the literature. The current research adapts a common metacognitive paradigm using Judgments of Learning (JOLs) to explore the neural differences in monitoring between younger (18-25) and older (65+) adults. Participants were asked to remember natural scenes and predict encoding success by providing a JOL response for each item. Participants were told to respond “will remember” if they believed they would remember that item on a later recognition memory test or “will forget” if they thought they would forget that item on a later recognition memory test. Actual memory performance was compared to predicted memory performance to provide a measure of monitoring accuracy. Individuals reported a JOL response for 150 intact (Easy) and 150 scrambled (Difficult) scenes while in a 3.0T fMRI scanner. Despite minimal differences in behavioral performance, there were several age-related neuroimaging findings of note. When compared to younger adults, older adults had decreases in medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation, as well as contralateral recruitment of the anterior cingulate. Most importantly, the present study also disambiguated structures related to encoding success (the right parahippocampus) and monitoring accuracy (the anterior cingulate). A novel account of neural structures that mediate monitoring is provided both across items varying in difficulty (Easy and Difficult) and across different age groups (Young and Old). Encoding and monitoring are important for learning acquisition and the present research provides the first account that successfully disambiguates the two processes. Results are discussed in reference to their educational implications on resource allocation during the learning of new material.

SAMMANFATTNING Denna studie är en analys av Krisberedskapsmyndighetens forskningsrapporter ifråga om deras perspektiv på mottagarna vid kriskommunikation. Studien har två syften, dels att undersöka vilken roll forskarna ger mottagarna i de nuvarande studierna, dels att reflektera hur forskningen skulle kunna kompletteras i framtiden. Krisberedskapsmyndigheten är den myndighet som ansvarar för att vara samordnande myndighet i en krissituation, planera inför kommande kriser och att samla in kunskap om kriser. Denna studie använder sig av mottagarperspektivet encoding/decoding för att undersöka Krisberedskapsmyndighetens forskningsrapporter. Encoding/decoding perspektivet ser på mottagarna som aktiva och komplexa i tolkningen av meddelanden. Perspektivet menar att olika mottagare kan tolka information på olika sätt beroende på vilken bakgrund mottagaren har. Jag har även tagit upp grundbegreppen för kriskommunikation, vad samhällsvetenskaplig forskning innebär och kriterier för Krisberedskapsmyndighetens forskningsfinansiering för att få en ökad förståelse för rapporterna. För att komma fram till studiens resultat har jag använt mig av metoden sekundäranalys och har valt ut sju rapporter från Krisberedskapsmyndigheten och Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar. Studiens resultat visar att flera av forskningsrapporterna förenklar mottagarnas roll då kriskommunikation undersöks. Detta får konsekvensen att flera av rapporterna är sändarinriktade. Jag har reflekterat i hur Krisberedskapsmyndigheten kan utveckla forskningen kring kriskommunikation och mottagarna, och det handlar främst om att göra fler mottagarstudier och att ge mottagarna en mer komplex roll. Min studie visar på att det finns fyra forskningsområden som kan undersökas ytterligare; mottagarnas tolkning av sändarens kommunikation, mottagarnas kommunikation med varandra, mottagarnas kommunikation med myndigheter och medier och medierna som något mer än en informationskanal. Genom denna studie har jag visat på att det finns outforskade områden som är relevanta för kriskommunikationen. Jag ifrågasätter främst Krisberedskapsmyndigheten för frånvaron av dessa outforskade områden. Uppdraget hos myndigheten är mycket sändarinriktad och jag reflekterar omkring att det kan vara en orsak till att de flesta av forskningsrapporterna har inriktning på sändarna. Jag antyder att Krisberedskapsmyndighetens rapporter har drag av processkolan som ser på kommunikation som en styrd överföring av budskap från sändare till mottagare. Fokus i rapporterna ligger nämligen någon annanstans än på mottagarna och deras komplexitet vilket jag ser som ett problem.

Off-chip buses consume a huge fraction (20%-40%) of the system power. Hence, techniques such as increasing bus widths, transition encoding etc. have been used for power reduction on off-chip data buses. Since capacitances at the I/O pads and interwire capacitances contribute significantly to increase in power, encoding/decoding schemes have been developed to reduce switching activity of the off-chip bus lines, thus reducing power. Frequent-Value Encoding(FVE) [1], Frequent Value Encoding with Xor (FVExor) [1] and VALVE [2] are some of the better known encoding schemes but they still have scope for improvement. This thesis addresses the problem of power reduction in off-chip data buses by encoding variable number (1 to 4) of fixed-size (32-bit) data values (variable length patterns) which exhibit temporal locality. This characteristic enables us to cache these patterns using 64-entry CAM at the encoder and 64-entry SRAM at the decoder. Whenever a pattern match occurs a 2-bit code indicating the index of the match is sent. If a variable length pattern match occurs then the code and unmatched portion of data is sent. We implemented our scheme, Variable Length Pattern Coding (VLPC) for various integer and floating point benchmarks and have seen 6% to 49% encodable patterns in these benchmarks. Based on the experiments on simplescalar and our analysis in MATLAB, we obtained 4.88% to 40.11% reduction in transition activity for SPEC2000 benchmarks such as crafty, swim, mcf, applu, ammp etc. over unencoded data. This is 0.3% to 38.9% higher than that obtained using FVE, FVExor [1] and VALVE [2] encoding schemes. Finally, we have designed a low-power custom CAM and SRAM using 45nm BSIM4 technology models which has been used to verify lower latency of data matching and storing.

The state assignment is one of the most important problems in hardware implementation of controllers (finite state machines, FSMs). Traditional heuristics include simulated annealing (SA), greedy approach, and recursive Min-Cut partitioning. Since these methods can¡¦t reduce both area and power, thus we propose a new approach which using integer linear programming (ILP) to solve the state assignment. The proposed of ILP approach can set the weight and reach best solution between less area and low power. The approach can find out the best state assignment for both low-area and low power consumption. In addition, we also use ILP to solve the output encoding of controller in order to reduce the power consumption of datapath. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach, we do some experiments on several MCNC FSM benchmarks and controller-datapath systems. The experimental results show that a significant power and area savings can be achieved.

Even zooplankton can not be utilized directly by human being; it is an important food source for numerous economical fishes. Zooplankton¡¦s predator-prey interactions can affect not only global carbon fixation, but also fisheries yields directly. Copepods and ciliates are the targets of the current study, which act as critical links between classical diatom-copepod-fish webs and microbial food webs. Analyzing their predator-prey interactions can help us understand more about marine food production. The objective of this study is to investigate the differences in swimming behavior of copepods and ciliates under two environments, which are disturbances and no disturbances of predator-prey. We use five locomotive indicators (NGDR, turning rate, diffusion coefficient, kinetic energy and fractal dimension) to quantify swimming patterns. The trajectories of copepods in the undisturbed situation show circuitous, larger turning angle, and more diffusive behavior, which associate with a lower kinetic energy. The patterns of copepod movement with the presence of prey (ciliates) are contrary to the previous situation. The patterns of ciliates in the undisturbed situation are similar to those of copepods in undisturbed situation, except smaller turning angles. The trajectories of ciliates in terms of the turning and diffusive movement when predators (copepods) show up are different from those of copepods when preys (ciliates) are present. In addition to indicators, this study develops a new encoding scheme for accommodating the spatial-temporal information embedded in the original data. By analyzing the encoded data through some data mining techniques, the predator-prey interactive behaviors in the spatial scale can be easily perceived.