Hoarding is characterized by (a) the persistent difficulty discarding personal items; (b) clutter that interferes with living areas; and (c) significant distress or functional impairment. Hoarding symptoms often emerge in childhood and adolescence, yet very few studies on hoarding in this age group exist. Current models of hoarding emphasize impairments in decision-making, yet the literature on decision-making processes in hoarding presents inconsistent findings. Preliminary cognitive studies in adults suggest that hoarding may be associated with deficits in value attribution (the tendency to assign value to personal items). Thus, we propose that the Endowment Effect (EE), in which ownership of an item increases its perceived value, may be informative for the study of hoarding symptoms. This study investigated the EE in youth (children and adolescents) with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and hoarding symptoms. Given that hoarding involves significant difficulty discarding personal items, we hypothesized that hoarding in youth is associated with a higher EE. Thirty youth participants with a confirmed DSM-5 diagnosis of OCD completed the Endowment Task, a game script of the EE; the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a test of cognitive flexibility; and the Balloon-Analogue Risk Task (BART), a test of risky decision-making. The Children’s Saving Inventory-Parent Version (CSI) was used to measure severity of hoarding symptoms. We divided our sample into thirds based on CSI scores to create a ‘High Hoarding’ group (HH; n=12; mean CSI (S.D.)=30.83 (5.47446)) and a ‘Low Hoarding’ group (LH; n=10; mean CSI (S.D.)=5.00 (3.16228)). The HH group demonstrated a higher average EE than the LH group (average EE, 3.22 and 1.59, respectively). In contrast, no significant between-group differences were found on the WCST and the BART (t=0.901, p=0.378 and t=0.338, p=0.739, respectively). The results of this thesis suggest that psychological ownership plays an important role in the manifestation of hoarding symptoms. Thus, we propose that hoarding might be associated with a specific decision-making deficit related to personal possessions. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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Submitted by Erika Spalding (es@bslaw.com.br) on 2016-05-24T14:28:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_erika_spalding_vfinal1.pdf: 1594026 bytes, checksum: 31f46ac9137883ac2026d33004b3e1e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2016-05-25T18:18:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_erika_spalding_vfinal1.pdf: 1594026 bytes, checksum: 31f46ac9137883ac2026d33004b3e1e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T18:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_erika_spalding_vfinal1.pdf: 1594026 bytes, checksum: 31f46ac9137883ac2026d33004b3e1e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / The present study aims to provide a wide panorama of the endowment funds in Brazil, addressing not only the concept of this kind of fund and its role in the development context of the Brazilian third sector, but also the current legal barriers that hinder the full consolidation of the endowment as an important tool for the sustainable management of nonprofit organizations’ assets. The methodology adopted for this purpose relies on a course that goes from a more abstract approach – the gathering and analysis of the (actual and expected) legislation concerning the endowment funds – and ends with a more concrete one – the study of the demands and challenges faced by a few endowments funds based in the state of São Paulo that were interviewed by the author. / O presente trabalho pretende fornecer um panorama amplo sobre os fundos patrimoniais de endowment no Brasil, tratando não apenas da conceituação dessa espécie de fundo e da sua contextualização na evolução do Terceiro Setor brasileiro, mas também dos entraves legais que atualmente dificultam a sua plena consolidação como ferramenta de gestão sustentável de patrimônios de entidades sem fins lucrativos. A metodologia adotada para isso consiste num percurso que parte da abordagem mais abstrata – reunião e análise pura da legislação brasileira (atual e projetos de lei) atinente ao endowment – e termina com uma mais concreta – estudo das demandas e desafios enfrentados por alguns fundos patrimoniais existentes no Estado de São Paulo que foram entrevistados para esta pesquisa.

The impact of domestic policy regulations and standards on trade has been at the forefront of global policy during the past decade. Every country develops their own policies and standards that differ from country to country. These differences create problems for manufacturing industries, especially in major exporting countries. This study overviews the policy context driving standards in the manufacturing industries. The study consists of three different articles that attempt to examine the role of technical regulations and standards and their relationship with trade using different econometric models In the first article, the standard factor endowment approach is employed to explain the effects of environmental regulatory policy on net exports in different manufacturing industries. The study hypothesizes that a countrys comparative advantage depends on its factor abundance. The regulatory policy increases production costs and, thus, reduces the output level of an industry. The results indicate that each industry is unique in the factors determining net exports and in many instances environmental regulations are important. In the second article, we investigate the impact of competition policy on a countrys production and export competitiveness. Since the impact of competition regulation depends upon the particular circumstances of the industry to which the policy is applied, we examine how competition policy impacts production and exports of a specific sector, in particular the agri-food processing sector. The results suggest that competition policy enhances competition by reducing entry barriers, and causes firms to produce more output with lower prices. Exports for both total and food manufacturing in the post-competition policy period are higher than exports in the pre-competition period. In the third article, we estimate regressions based on an extended gravity model to determine the possible influence of food safety standards on export flows of six Asia-Pacific countries to ten importing countries. We examine the relationship between bilateral exports and importers imposition of food safety standards. The results show that the value of exports in food and food products is negatively affected by food safety standards: the greater the aflatoxin standards, the lower its restrictiveness, and higher the bilateral export flows.

This Q study revealed Fort Wayne, Indiana donors' typical attitudes and perceptions toward philanthropy. Participants completed a 55-statement Q sort about 1) perceptions of nonprofit organizations, 2) various fundraising methods, and 3) types of organizations donors prefer funding.The researcher then entered the data into the PQMethod software and determined three factors of donors: Skeptical Givers, Generous Givers, and Untapped Givers.The Skeptical Givers did not trust nonprofit organizations and only donated a limited portion of their money to charities. Skeptical Givers also felt it was more important for them to save their money and support their family than it was for them to donate money to people in need.The Generous Givers held church as one of their top priorities. They were also taught that it was their social responsibility to help those in need. Therefore, the Generous Givers donated their time and over 11 percent of their annual income to nonprofit organizations.The Untapped Givers were business-minded individuals who were also committed to their communities and nonprofit organizations. They trusted nonprofits and considered helping the less fortunate to be a high priority. Although the Untapped Givers gave money to nonprofit organizations, they preferred to donate their time through volunteering and serving on boards of directors. The Untapped Givers were committed to giving financially to charities; however, they only gave a limited portion of their savings to charities.These three factors illustrated that nonprofit development officers should recognize that different strategies might be employed to entice separate segments of donors to give money. / Department of Journalism

Survival over generations is critical for family-owned businesses (FOBs). Only 3% of family firms survive the 3rd generation, and a succession strategy is the most challenging decision for family business leaders to make. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore nonfinancial succession planning strategies that 3rd-generation FOB leaders in Flanders, Belgium, apply for the transition of ownership and leadership to the 4th generation. The conceptual framework for this study was the socioemotional wealth paradigm. Data were collected using semistructured interviews, archival document reviews, company internal and public documents, and press releases. Yin's 5-step data analysis was applied to identify themes and patterns. Analysis of the data revealed that, among these 3rd-generation FOBs, the socioemotional aspect of generational succession planning required strategies that simultaneously focused on successor suitability and well-being, consensus of the family, mode of transition, leadership and governance, and survival of the family firm. These findings may provide other, similar FOB leaders with insights into the dynamics of a successful transition of the 3rd-generation family firm to the next generation. Findings may be used to increase FOB survival rates, provide new job opportunities, contribute to community growth, and enhance the well-being of stakeholders. Successful family firms may engage in philanthropic activities as a way of transmitting legacies between generations.

The endowment effect occurs when owners assign more value to the products they own than do non-owners to the same products. Research on the endowment effect has identified factors that enhance or mitigate the effect, such as the duration of ownership, as well as information processing differences between sellers and buyers. However, these studies have primarily involved immediate transactions between sellers and buyers. An interesting question emerges as to whether the endowment effect will be observed for temporally distant transactions. The main purpose of the first two studies is to examine how the temporal distance from transactions influences customers' evaluations of products by comparing buyers' willingness to pay and sellers' willingness to accept in the present and future. Despite the fact that consumers often collect information today about product or services that will be consumed in the future, such as window shopping or looking at houses or cars for a future purchase, a limited number of endowment studies have considered the temporal effect on willingness to pay and willingness to accept. More specifically, studies 1, 2, and 3 find that the endowment effect disappears as temporal distance from the transaction increases. Study 2 and 3 demonstrates that when the transaction is expected to occur in the near future, sellers focus on their products, while buyers focus on their money. These different cognitive perspectives affect price gaps between sellers and buyers. Specifically study 2 demonstrates that when events are in the distant future, sellers' and buyers' cognitive perspectives change, and the endowment effect is eliminated. In study 3, the effects of role and time on memory trace and information structure were investigate to investigate the salience differences in transaction. Finally, the underlying psychological and temporal mechanism driving the salience differences investigated in study 4-a and 4-b.

In this thesis, the role and the significance of the Kantian theory of art and concept of genius in Kant&rsquo / s system is examined. In this examination, it is aimed to answer the question of the meaning of being human in Kant&rsquo / s system through art and artist. To this end, Kant&rsquo / s consideration of art from the spectator&rsquo / s standpoint and ignorance of artist&rsquo / s perspective are criticized. In conformity with this criticism, throughout the thesis, depending on Kant&rsquo / s conceptualization of the genius, the artist&rsquo / s perspective and artistic experience are tried to be exhibited. In order to understand and interpret the artist&rsquo / s perspective, the meaning of the concepts of nature and freedom that arise along with the concept of genius is clarified. By considering the effects of the freedom and the natural necessity on genius, it is asserted that since the necessity of the naturally endowed talent of genius and the freedom of the productive act of genius cause to the one and the same act, the creative activity of genius refers to the unity of all the dualities in the Kantian system and hence to the completeness of the system. As a result of this claim, art, which arises from the dual nature of human, becomes the way to unite this duality.

In order to mitigate the burden of government expenditure and improve the management of university, national universities in Taiwan have implemented the system of University Endowment Fund. The establishment of University Endowment Fund System has enacted for 16 years since 1996. The maintenance of National University mostly depends on government support in the past. And the college maintenance fund turned into half government support and half self-raised fund after the University Endowment Fund System has been enact. The investment gain is the most undeveloped item in five self-raised items. Most of National universities take bank deposit as its only investment. As a result, this paper aims to study about university investment. Investigate the latest law and regulation of national university and find the characteristic of college investment. Take National Sun Yat-sen University for example and establish the investment policy for national university. Select appropriate invest stock for National Sun Yat-sen University, and the select mechanism depends on the investment policy. Take the cash dividend to improve the financial income. The University Endowment Fund can improve its asset allocation gradually in the future.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 484-407). Also available on the Internet.