This thesis investigates the energy efficiency of the Java collection HashMap withregard to insertions and lookups. Analyzing the default collision resolution technique which is a smart implementation of separate chaining, it also implementstwo other collision resolution techniques — double hashing and coalesced hashing — and compares the three in terms of their energy efficiency. The comparisons are done on their insertions and lookup algorithm both through an empirical study and of their time complexities. One of the findings of this thesis isthe preferred initial table size for energy efficiency which is between 2-5 times larger than the amount of insertions. The results show that during insertion thedefault implementation is more energy efficient especially at higher load factors. With lookups the coalesced hashing algorithm is more efficient but it is sucha small difference compared to the default implementation it is almost negligible. Overall the default implementation is the most energy efficient of the threeand it is not impacted much by load factor. These factors make the default implementation the preferable implementation for most applications, however incases where the load factor does not exceed 0.3, double hashing is the preferableoption as it consumes less energy than the other three.

O trabalho apresentado tem como objetivo principal pesquisar e demonstrar através de simulações as implicações da utilização de motores de alto rendimento com viés de Eficiência Energética. Além disso, pretende-se estabelecer uma ligação entre o uso eficiente da energia com a possibilidade dos leilões de eficiência energética virem a se tornar uma realidade no Brasil. É de fundamental importância que se tenha a preocupação com sistemas de conservação de energia e não somente com novas fontes de geração. A eficiência Energética vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço no setor elétrico, se tornando muito mais que um indicador, mas também uma forma de tornar o sistema mais robusto e capaz de suprir deficiências por problemas estruturais. Procurou-se demonstrar o cenário atual da matriz energética atual, conceituar leilões de eficiência energética e os certificados brancos que é um subproduto deste. Por fim, realizou-se várias simulações estudando a substituição dos motores de alto rendimento e os ganhos técnicos e financeiros atrelados aos leilões de eficiência energética. Além disso, foi demonstrado também o impacto da utilização dos motores de alto rendimento em leilões de eficiência energética por segmentos da indústria brasileira. / The present study has as main objective the analysis, through simulations, of the implications of the use of energy efficient motors with a bias of energy Efficiency. In addition, we intend to establish a link between the efficient use of energy with the possibility of auctions for energy efficiency become a reality in Brazil. It is also important to have concerns with energy conservation systems and not only with new sources of generation. Energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly common concern in the electricity sector, being much more than an indicator but also a way to make the system more robust and capable of mitigating deficiencies which occur by structural problems. In this work we tried to present the current energy scenario and define the energy efficiency auctions as well as its byproduct, the white certificates. Finally, we carried out several simulations studying the replacement of common electrical motors by high efficiency ones in order to analyse the technical and the financial gains linked to energy efficiency auctions. In addition, we also demonstrated the impact of the use of high efficiency motors by sectors of brazilian industry in the energy efficiency auctions.

O trabalho apresentado tem como objetivo principal pesquisar e demonstrar através de simulações as implicações da utilização de motores de alto rendimento com viés de Eficiência Energética. Além disso, pretende-se estabelecer uma ligação entre o uso eficiente da energia com a possibilidade dos leilões de eficiência energética virem a se tornar uma realidade no Brasil. É de fundamental importância que se tenha a preocupação com sistemas de conservação de energia e não somente com novas fontes de geração. A eficiência Energética vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço no setor elétrico, se tornando muito mais que um indicador, mas também uma forma de tornar o sistema mais robusto e capaz de suprir deficiências por problemas estruturais. Procurou-se demonstrar o cenário atual da matriz energética atual, conceituar leilões de eficiência energética e os certificados brancos que é um subproduto deste. Por fim, realizou-se várias simulações estudando a substituição dos motores de alto rendimento e os ganhos técnicos e financeiros atrelados aos leilões de eficiência energética. Além disso, foi demonstrado também o impacto da utilização dos motores de alto rendimento em leilões de eficiência energética por segmentos da indústria brasileira. / The present study has as main objective the analysis, through simulations, of the implications of the use of energy efficient motors with a bias of energy Efficiency. In addition, we intend to establish a link between the efficient use of energy with the possibility of auctions for energy efficiency become a reality in Brazil. It is also important to have concerns with energy conservation systems and not only with new sources of generation. Energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly common concern in the electricity sector, being much more than an indicator but also a way to make the system more robust and capable of mitigating deficiencies which occur by structural problems. In this work we tried to present the current energy scenario and define the energy efficiency auctions as well as its byproduct, the white certificates. Finally, we carried out several simulations studying the replacement of common electrical motors by high efficiency ones in order to analyse the technical and the financial gains linked to energy efficiency auctions. In addition, we also demonstrated the impact of the use of high efficiency motors by sectors of brazilian industry in the energy efficiency auctions.

China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of household appliances, lighting and commercial equipment. China first adopted Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) in 1989. By 2013, China has developed and implemented 52 Energy Efficiency Standards (EES) and 28 mandatory energy labels for a wide range of domestic, commercial, and selected industrial equipment. However, despite of the large number of standards issued, big challenges remain with how to ensure the standards keep up with the dynamic evolvement of technologies and appliance market after they enter effect. The current policy analysis methods adopted by the policy makers primarily focuses on standards making process and very limited attentions were paid on impact assessment and ex-post evaluation of standards and labeling systems, hence the effectiveness of active Energy Efficiency Standards has not been assessed timely and comprehensively. One major barrier of this is the lacking of assessment methods and market data. This thesis intends to tackle the above issues by developing a new policy analysis approach that can be used to assess the impact of energy efficiency standards and labeling with market data. This approach adopts a comprehensive analysis method that comprises three components: (1) Analysis of market data; (2) Quantification of energy savings potential; and (3) Benchmarking China’s EE standards to those of peer economies around the world. This integrated approach leads to three independent but complementary studies that provide evidence-based findings and policy recommendations for the improvement of China’s appliance standards.

This project investigates the relationship between energy efficiency measures in the Swedish building stock and different price schemes based on energy prices. Data from different categories was gathered and used in a regression model. They were based on what type of pricing and fees that are behind the energy prices for electricity and district heating. These predictors were used to get an equation of the temperature corrected energy use which can be linked to how much energy efficiency measures have been implemented over the investigated time period. The result for the main equation, that includes all the studied building types, indicated that it is possible to predict energy efficiency measures with different price schemes,and therefore it is possible to increase the rate at which measures are implemented. It showed that there is a negative relationship between energy consumption and theprice of energy from district heating. If the price of district heating increases the temperature corrected energy use decreases. The other relationships between predictors and the dependent variable were positive. It also described the geographical location as a statistically significant variable, regarding all climate zones in Sweden.

”Nu är goda råd dyra”, heter det sedan gammalt i en svensk krissituation. I denna licentiatavhandling, vars rubrik kopplar till talesättet, behandlas svensk energirådgivnings utveckling och framtid. Forskning visar att i ett alltmer digitaliserat samhälle behöver energirådgivningen utvecklas för att bättre nå målgrupperna - hushåll, småföretag och organisationer. Digitala tjänster ger många möjligheter, men den viktiga personliga kontakten med energirådgivaren går inte att ersätta fullt ut. Med hjälp av fokusgrupper, intervjuer och samtal med energirådgivare, villaägare och enskilda experter har kunnat konstateras att den personligt genomförda rådgivningstjänsten är efterfrågad, angelägen och framgångsrik när byte av värmesystem, större ombyggnationer eller nybyggnationer är aktuellt. Att pröva idéer och lösningar, helst i hemmamiljön inför en ombyggnad, är uppskattad rådgivning. I samtalet, där inte enbart tekniska detaljer och lönsamhet diskuteras, kan alla i hushållet engageras. Energirådgivningen kan bli mer framgångsrik, men då krävs ett större kommunalt engagemang och en tydligare samverkan med andra statliga styrmedel. Hållbara råd kan alla få i Sverige idag och de goda råden är gratis! Med hjälp av dessa kan kanske kriser undvikas… / Att använda energin effektivare än vad som görs idag inom både industri, transporter och byggnader är en väg till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Den rika delen av världen har här ett speciellt ansvar. I Sverige har den kommunala energirådgivningen under närmare fyrtio år varit ett av statens styrmedel för att på olika sätt bistå lokala beslutsfattare att effektivisera energianvändningen, men också öka andelen förnybar energi i systemet. Denna licentiatavhandling har studerat energirådgivningen under tidsperioden, men också dokumenterat och analyserat rådgivningen ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Forskning visar att i ett alltmer digitaliserat samhälle behöver energirådgivningen utvecklas för att bättre nå målgrupperna - hushåll, småföretag och organisationer. Internet är idag den vanligaste sökvägen för de som önskar information kring energirelaterade frågor. Digitala tjänster ger många möjligheter, men den viktiga personliga kontakten med energirådgivare går inte att ersätta fullt ut. I studien har fokusgrupper, intervjuer och samtal med energirådgivare, villaägare och enskilda experter genomförts och analyserats. Resultat visar att den personligt genomförda rådgivningstjänsten är efterfrågad, angelägen och framgångsrik när byte av värmesystem, större ombyggnationer eller nybyggnationer är aktuellt. Studien visar också att personliga samtal med energirådgivare är värdefullt för att pröva idéer och lösningar som är hämtade från internet samt att hemmet är den lämpligaste platsen för framgångsrik rådgivning. I denna situation är rådgivarens sociala kompetens central. Kvinnors synpunkter och erfarenheter har ofta gått förlorade. Vidare har ett för stort fokus lagts på tekniska detaljer och lönsamhet, medan många beslut tas av miljöskäl eller sociala orsaker som upplevd ökad komfort. Energirådgivningen kan bli mer framgångsrik, men då krävs ett större kommunalt engagemang och en tydligare samverkan med andra statliga styrmedel. / Improving the efficiency of energy use across all the sectors – industrial, transport and households – is one of the many necessary approaches to be adopted to ensure sustainable development. The countries of the developing world have to play a key role in such a transition. In Sweden, for close to half a century now, the municipal energy-advising function has been a governmental instrument to support decision-makers in bringing about systemic changes to improve energy efficiency on the one hand and the share of renewable energy in the mix, on the other.  This licentiate thesis has its focus on this function over the said time-period. It has also documented and analysed the energy-advising function from a social perspective. The research shows that in an increasingly-digitalised society, energy-advising must be developed further to be able to reach and impact different categories of energy users – households, small and medium scale enterprises and organisations – more effectively. The Internet happens to be the first resort of most people seeking information on energy-related issues, these days. Digital services do offer a range of possibilities but cannot substitute for the much-needed personal contact, which is provided by the energy-advising function. In this thesis, focus groups, interviews and conversations with energy advisers, homeowners and experts have been availed of, and subsequently analysed. The results also show that personal energy advice is actually popular, indispensable and effective, where replacement of interior heating systems, refurbishment or new building constructions are concerned. This research also shows that interactions with energy advisers are useful to test and verify the suitability of ideas and solutions obtained from the Internet. Besides, the home in which these solutions may eventually be tried out, is the perfect place for having such conversations. In this context, the social skills of the energy adviser assume paramount importance. It has been noticed that the viewpoints and experiences of women in households have often been ignored.  Further, the focus on finding solutions has sometimes been narrowed down to the technical and economic aspects, while at other times, decisions have been based on environmental or social factors like maintenance of comfort levels. In order to make the energy advising function more effective and avail of what it has to offer for the journey towards greater sustainability, it needs to be given the importance it deserves by the municipalities and there is also a need of stronger interplay among the other governmental instruments. / Bo och leva energieffektivt. Kommunal energirådgivning som medspelare i människors vardag

Building sector in Sweden constitutes a major part of the overall energy consumption, making up for around 40% of the total energy use. During the 60s and 70s, there was a big surge in housing in Sweden with over a million dwellings, both single family houses and multi-family apartments, constructed over a period of ten years. These buildings constructed according to the pre-oil crisis standards, suffer from poor energy performance and are in dire need for large scale renovations. This makes it a very interesting area to focus on to meet the Swedish government targets of 50% energy reduction by 2050. This study tries to assess the prevailing situation in multifamily housing sector and focuses on various obstacles and hinders in the path towards achieving long term energy saving goals. A model has been developed using bottom-up approach to study different scenarios for energy use in 2050 based on various renovation possibilities in the building stock.

Liksom många andra transportslag står kollektivtrafiken till sjöss inför utmaningar när det gäller ökade bränslepriser och strängare energi- och utsläppsmål. Trafikförvaltningen, den organisation som ansvarar för kollektivtrafiken i Stockholm, har flera mål för reduktion av utsläpp och energiförbrukning, både generellt för hela kollektivtrafiken samt mer specifikt för sjötrafiken. Dessa inkluderar en 100 % förnybar kollektivtrafik till 2030 och nettonollutsläpp från sjötrafiken till 2045. Utsläppen från kollektivtrafiken till sjöss har minskat de senaste åren genom att öka andelen biodiesel, men det har också resulterat i ökade kostnaderna för Trafikförvaltningen eftersom priset på drivmedel har ökat, både för fossila bränslen och biobränslen. Med hänsyn till de ökade kostnaderna och för att nå de uppsatta målen är det avgörande att minska bränsleförbrukningen och använda den mer effektivt. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att identifiera potentiella energieffektivitetsåtgärder och uppskatta deras möjliga bränslebesparing och motsvarande kostnadsbesparing och utsläppsminskning. Studien inkluderade fem fartyg och två rutter och driftsdata från fartygen samlades in från programvaran Blueflow. Data analyserades för att hitta förbättringsområden och för att uppskatta de potentiella bränslebesparingarna från energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna. Åtgärder identifierades genom en litteraturstudie, dataanalysen och intervjuer med olika intressenter. Åtgärderna som ingick i studien var hastighetsoptimering, eco-driving, nattförtöjning, design av bryggor, effektiv på- och avstigning samt ruttoptimering. Resultaten visade att de två åtgärderna som resulterade i den högsta bränslebesparingen, bränslekostnadsbesparingen och minskade CO2-utsläpp var hastighetsoptimering och nattförtöjning. Genomförbarheten av åtgärderna var dock diskutabel på grund av avvägningar relaterade till utökad rutt-tid samt höga investeringskostnader. Till följd av utformningen av kontraktet mellan operatören som sköter trafiken och Trafikförvaltningen kunde det även uppstå splittrade incitament vilket kan resultera i försvårat energieffektiviseringsarbete. / Like many other modes of transport, the public transport on sea faces challenges regarding increasing fuel prices and more stringent energy and emission targets. Trafikförvaltningen, the organization responsible for the public transport in the Stockholm region, has several targets regarding the reduction of emissions and energy consumption for the public transport overall as well as more specifically for the sea traffic. These include 100% renewable public transport by 2030 and net-zero emissions from the sea traffic by 2045. The emission rate has been reduced over the past years by increasing the share of biodiesel, but it has also increased the costs for Trafikförvaltningen as the fuel price has increased, both for fossil fuels and biofuels. With the increased costs and aim to meet the set targets, reducing the fuel consumption and using it more efficiently is critical. This thesis aimed to identify potential energy efficiency measures and estimate their possible fuel savings and the corresponding cost-saving and emission reduction. The study included five ships and two routes and operational data from the ships were collected from the software Blueflow. The data was analyzed to find areas of improvement and to estimate the potential fuel savings of the identified energy efficiency measures. The measures were identified through a literature study, the data analysis, and interviews with different stakeholders. Measures included in the thesis were speed optimization, eco-driving, nighttime mooring, design of bridges, effective boarding and alighting, and route optimization. The results showed that the two measures resulting in the highest fuel savings, fuel cost savings, and reduced CO2 emissions were speed optimization and nighttime mooring. The feasibility of the measures was however debatable due to the trade-offs related toincreased route time and high investment costs. Due to the design of the contract between the operator and Trafikförvaltningen, a split incentive could occur creating a barrier to increased energy efficiency.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the last century the earth has experienced an increase in the global mean temperature, with the main contributing factor being the increase in greenhouse gasses. Evidence indicates that the burning of fossil fuels, critical in the supply of energy, contributed towards three quarters of the carbon dioxide (CO2) increase. In 2008 South Africa reached electricity capacity constraints. A subsequent economic downturn experienced in the country, brought about by the worldwide economic recession, has relieved some of the strain on the electricity supply system. However, consumption levels are returning to those experienced during 2008 and no new base load power stations have been added. Short-term capacity constraints can be managed by shifting the peak demand, but the electricity shortage can only be avoided by adding additional capacity or reducing the overall electricity consumption. Supply-side solutions are both overdue and too expensive. The only solutions that can provide lasting results are demand-side solutions. During the past few years the Energy Efficiency and Demand-side Management (EEDSM) programme implemented by South Africa’s electricity supply utility, Eskom, has gained prominence. This programme relies heavily on calculating the savings incurred through any demand-side intervention. Energy audits enable the calculation of various consumption scenarios and can provide valuable insight into load operation and user behaviour. Energy audits involve a two-part procedure consisting of load surveying and an analysis. This thesis describes the development of both these procedures, combined into a single application. The application has been tested and provides an accurate and effective tool for simulating consumption and quantifying savings for various load adjustments. The results gained from the auditing application surpassed the expectations and provides the user with a sufficient base-line consumption estimate. The results do not reflect day-to-day variations, but the simulations are sufficient to quantify savings and determine whether demand-side interventions are financially viable. The application also presents a benchmark for the type of applications required to successfully implement an EEDSM programme. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die afgelope eeu het die aarde se gemiddelde temperatuur toegeneem, met die toename in kweekhuisgasse as die grootste bydraende faktor. Dit wil ook voorkom asof die verbranding van fossielbrandstowwe, wat noodsaaklik is vir die verskaffing van energie, verantwoordelik is vir driekwart van die toename in koolstofdioksied (CO2). Gedurende 2008 het Suid-Afrika elektrisiteitsbeperkings bereik. Die daaropvolgende ekonomiese afswaai wat in die land ervaar is weensdie wêreldwye ekonomiese resessie, het van die druk op die elekriese netwerk verlig. Verbruikersvlakke is egter besig om terug te keer na waar dit in 2008 was, maar geen nuwe basislas-kragstasies is gebou nie. Op die kort termyn kan die kapasiteitsbeperkings bestuur word deur die aanvraag te verskuif, maar die elektrisiteitstekort kan op die lang duur slegs vermy word deur bykomende kapasiteit by te voeg of die totale aanvraag te verminder. Toevoerkant-oplossings is beide agterstallig en te duur. Die enigste oplossings wat blywende resultate kan lewer, is dus aan die verbruikerkant. In die afgelope paar jaar het die effektiewe bestuur van energieverbruik baie aansien geniet. Die nasionale energievoorsiener, Eskom, het ook 'n program geloods om te help met die implimentering van energiebesparingmaatreëls. Die implementering van energie-oudits om met die kwantifisering van besparings te help, is van integrale belang vir die sukses van die program. Energie-oudits stel die eindverbruiker in staat om verskeie verbruiksmoontlikhede te beproef en sodoende waardevolle inligitng te verkry rakende die verbruikspatrone van die fasiliteit. Energie-oudits behels 'n tweeledige proses, bestaande uit 'n lasopname en 'n verbruiksanalise. Hierdie proefskrif beskryf die ontwikkeling van 'n stelsel wat beide die prosesse kombineer in 'n enkele applikasie. Die applikasie is getoets en bied 'n akkurate en doeltreffende instrument om verbruik te simuleer en besparings te kwantifiseer vir verskeie verbruiksmoontlikhede. v Die resultate van die oudit het die aanvanklike verwagtinge oortref en voorsien verbruikers van 'n goeie skatting van die basisverbruik van 'n fasiliteit. Die resultate weerspieël nie dagtot- dag variasies nie, maar die simulasies is voldoende om besparings te kwantifiseer en help om die finansiële lewensvatbaarheid van verbruikerskant-intervensies te bepaal. Die program bied ook 'n verwysingspunt vir applikasies wat besparingstudies wil implementeer.

Energy efficiency has developed into an important objective for industrial enterprises. However, there is still a need for systematic approaches to reduce energy consumption in factories. Existing methods focus on the optimization of manufacturing processes and lack upon considering the entire factory system. Additionally, they are based on a detailed quantitative analysis of processes and thus, they need a high effort during the phase of data acquisition. Therefore, an approach for reducing energy consumption by providing energy efficiency measures to factory planning participants was developed in order to overcome these barriers. The general approach is described in this paper and supported with a use case that demonstrates the required information and possible outcomes in terms of energy efficiency information. Main advantages of this approach are reducing the effort to acquire energy data and the possibility to consider the factory system holistically.