Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma nova metodologia para o cálculo das perdas técnicas de energia e demanda por segmento do sistema de distribuição. As perdas técnicas foram divididas em oito segmentos: medidor de energia, ramal de ligação, rede secundária, transformador de distribuição, rede primária, subestação de distribuição, sistema de alta tensão e outros. Neste último segmento, foram incorporadas as parcelas referentes a equipamentos (capacitores, reguladores de tensão, etc), perdas em conexões, corrente de fuga em isoladores, etc. Desenvolveu-se um sistema computacional, para uso em microcomputador, que conta com dois módulos principais. O primeiro módulo destina-se ao cálculo das perdas técnicas em redes específicas. O cálculo é feito de forma hierárquica, por exemplo, selecionada uma subestação específica, são calculadas as perdas na subestação e em todos os componentes a jusante (redes primárias, transformadores de distribuição, redes secundárias, ramais de ligação e medidores de energia). As perdas técnicas, em termos de energia e demanda, são obtidas por meio de cálculo elétrico específico para os segmentos envolvidos, com a utilização dos dados cadastrais da rede, dados de faturamento e curvas de carga típicas por classe de consumidor e tipo de atividade desenvolvida. Com a aplicação deste módulo para todo o sistema da empresa, ou para uma parcela representativa, obtém-se um índice percentual de perda de energia para cada segmento. Estes índices são transferidos para o segundo módulo, que tem por objetivo efetuar o balanço de energia do sistema. A partir dos dados de energia nos pontos de suprimento, da energia total faturada mensalmente e dos índices de perdas por segmento, são obtidos os montantes de energia de perdas em cada segmento do sistema e uma avaliação das perdas não técnicas. O trabalho ainda apresenta um exemplo de aplicação, em sistema de distribuição real, mostrando os resultados obtidos, e termina apresentando as principais vantagens da metodologia. Os resultados obtidos com a nova metodologia são comparados com os resultados obtidos com outras metodologias. / This work focuses on the development of a new methodology for calculating technical losses within the different segments of the electric distribution system. In order to evaluate technical losses the electrical system was divided into eight segments: energy meter, customer connections, secondary feeder, distribution transformer, primary feeder, distribution substation, high voltage system and another segment that represents other technical losses. The latter comprises losses in equipment such as capacitors and voltage regulators as well as losses in electric connections, isolators, etc. A computational system was developed and it comprises two modules. The first one is intended to calculate technical losses in specific networks. The calculation is made in a hierarchical manner. If a distribution substation is selected for the calculation, the losses in that substation and the losses in all components downstream are calculated. The technical losses, in terms of energy and demand, are obtained by utilizing network topological data, consumed energy data and typical load curves per customer class and activity type. An energy losses index, calculated as a percentage of the supplied energy, is obtained for each segment by applying this module to the entire utility’s power system or in a representative part of it. These values are transferred to the second module, which has the objective of determining the overall energy balance. Technical and non-technical losses, in terms of energy, in each segment are obtained by utilizing the total amount of energy supplied to the system, energy consumed and energy losses indices per segment. This work shows the results obtained by applying the computational tool to a real distribution system. Such results are compared with the ones obtained by using other methodologies, and the main advan ages of this new methodology are outlined.

[pt] As perdas de energia elétrica, particularmente as comerciais, constituem problema importante e complexo para as empresas distribuidoras. O problema só se apresenta de forma aguda nos países em desenvolvimento, onde o percentual de perdas por furto é elevado e adquire importantes conotações sociais, políticas e culturais. Isso explica o fato de empresas brasileiras de distribuição de energia elétrica investirem recursos apreciáveis para mitigar esse problema e ressalta a importância de um tema ainda pouco explorado na literatura técnico-científica. Esta dissertação, de caráter exploratório, tem como objetivo estudar o problema de perda de energia por desvio e a eficácia de soluções tecnológicas investigando o caso de uma empresa e os resultados obtidos em projeto recente. Ao tempo do estudo, a empresa implantava uma tecnologia cujo objetivo principal era identificar os clientes que desviam energia elétrica e, posteriormente, tornar o processo de faturamento automatizado. O estudo partiu de algumas questões julgadas mais relevantes, incluindo: Quanto a empresa ganhou com a instalação desta tecnologia? Como se comporta o consumo dos clientes antes e depois da instalação da tecnologia? Há correlação entre o ganho da empresa e o poder aquisitivo da população da área? Há efeito demonstração de uma área sobre suas vizinhas? A partir destas questões foram analisadas séries de dados referentes ao consumo medido antes e após a instalação da nova tecnologia. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da tecnologia como eficaz paliativo de curto-prazo para o problema cuja solução definitiva envolve tratamento concomitante dos aspectos sociais, políticos e culturais. / [en] Electrical energy losses, chiefly, commercial losses, constitute an important and complex problem for energy distribution companies worldwide. However, only in developing countries the problem becomes acute because theft losses are large, and coupled with social, legal, political and cultural issues. This explains why Brazilian energy distribution companies dedicate sizable investments for mitigating the problem, and stresses the importance of a theme still largely unexplored in the technical-scientific literature. This thesis, of exploratory nature, addresses the problem and assesses the effectiveness of technological solutions by investigating the case of a recent project developed in a Brazilian company. At the time of the research, the company was implementing a new and original technology, whose main objective was to identify pilfering clients, and later on, to make the billing process more automated. The study started with some questions judged more relevant, including: How large was the gain yielded by the new technology? How does the energy consumption behave after the technological change? Is there a correlation between the gain obtained and the areas of lesser purchasing power? Is there a demonstration effect upon neighboring areas? Starting from these questions, series of historical data on measured consumption before and after the new technology were analyzed. The results indicate the feasibility of the technology as an effective shortterm palliative for the problem whose ultimate solution involves the concurrent treatment of the social, legal, political e cultural aspects.

The recent application of semiconductor materials, such as GaN, to power electronics has led to the development of a new generation of devices, which promise lower losses, higher operating frequencies and reductions in equipment size. The aim of this research is to study the capabilities of emerging GaN power devices, to understand their advantages, drawbacks, the challenges of their implementation and their potential impact on the performance of power converters. The thesis starts by presenting the development of a simple model for the switching transients of a GaN cascode device under inductive load conditions. The model enables accurate predictions to be made of the switching losses and provides an understanding of the switching process and associated energy flows within the device. The model predictions are validated through experimental measurements. The model reveals the suitability of the cascode device to soft-switching converter topologies. Two GaN cascode transistors are characterised through experimental measurement of their switching parameters (switching speed and switching loss). The study confirms the limited effect of the driver voltage and gate resistance on the turn-off switching process of a cascode device. The performance of the GaN cascode devices is compared against state-of-the-art super junction Si transistors. The results confirm the feasibility of applying the GaN cascode devices in half and full-bridge circuits. Finally, GaN cascode transistors are used to implement a 270V - 28V, 1.5kW, 1 MHz phase-shifted full-bridge isolated converter demonstrating the use of the devices in soft-switching converters. Compared with a 100 kHz silicon counterpart, the magnetic component weight is reduced by 69% whilst achieving a similar efficiency of 91%.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-08T10:33:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tiagofayerdejesus.pdf: 1430604 bytes, checksum: 44c933cea80c72bd24709a956ba5c9cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-22T18:34:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tiagofayerdejesus.pdf: 1430604 bytes, checksum: 44c933cea80c72bd24709a956ba5c9cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-22T18:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tiagofayerdejesus.pdf: 1430604 bytes, checksum: 44c933cea80c72bd24709a956ba5c9cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia para resolução de problemas de planejamento de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica considerando incertezas na demanda. A metodologia é baseada na técnica meta-heurística Sistema Imunológico Artificial. No processo de solução, a matemática intervalar é usada no fluxo de potência, e nele estão modeladas as incertezas da carga. As variáveis intervalares de entrada são as cargas ativas e reativas nas barras do sistema. O resultado esperado é apresentado de maneira intervalar e consiste na minimização dos custos de instalação de cabos, de construção/reforço de subestações mais os custos associados às perdas de energia e operação considerando um horizonte de planejamento. Para isso, restrições como radialidade, conectividade, balanço de potência e capacidades físicas de equipamentos foram utilizadas. Para determinar a melhor topologia de rede, outra metodologia foi adotada para se fazer a comparação dos intervalos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar o impacto de se considerar as incertezas da demanda no planejamento de redes de distribuição comparadas com modelos determinísticos tradicionais. O algoritmo proposto é testado em sistemas conhecidos na literatura. / This work proposes a methodology to solve distribution networks planning problems considering demand uncertainties. The methodology is based on the Artificial Immune System metaheuristics. In the solution process, the interval mathematics is implemented within the power flow and inside it, load uncertainties are modeled. The input interval variables are the active and reactive loads in the system buses. The expected result is presented in an interval and consists of minimizing the cable costs installation, construction or reinforcement of substations plus the costs associated with energy losses and operation considering a planning horizon. For this, restrictions such as radiality, connectivity, power balance and physical equipment capacities were used. To determine the best network topology, another methodology was adopted to compare the intervals. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of considering the uncertainties of demand in the planning of distribution networks compared with traditional deterministic models. The proposed algorithm is tested in systems well-known in the literature.

Le développement de turbomachines à faible vitesse spécifique suscite actuellement une forte demande dans de nombreux domaines industriels. De nos jours, les ventilateurs centrifuges constituées d'une roue, d'un diffuseur et d'un canal de retour sont largement utilisés dans de nombreuses applications telles que l'automobile, l'aéronautique, appareils domestiques, etc. En raison de leur grande adaptabilité, ils peuvent fonctionner sur une large plage de débit en particulier avec une vitesse de rotation importante. Cependant, leur utilisation nécessite une meilleure compréhension de leur fonctionnement et notamment de l'interaction rotor-stator pour mieux les concevoir. L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser et de quantifier l'influence de la solidité des aubes du diffuseur (ou serrage des profils) sur les performances aérauliques du ventilateur centrifuge. Une étude numérique et expérimentale a été menée pour analyser les performances d'un ventilateur centrifuge avec différents niveaux d'interaction rotor-stator. Différentes géométries de diffuseur ont été proposées dans le but de réduire les dissipations énergétiques liées aux phénomènes de recirculation et aux forces de viscosité. L'étude approfondie de la norme ISO 5801 et ISO 5167 a permis de dimensionner et réaliser le banc d'essai et les organes de mesures. Ces normes proposent des calculs et des spécifications qui nous ont permis de fixer des critères quant au choix des éléments du banc d’essai AERO2VACCUM. / Nowadays, centrifugal fans are widely used in many industrial applications such as automotive, aeronautic, vacuum cleaner, etc. Due to their high adaptability, they can operate over a wide flow range especially with high speed rotation. In order to reduce the impact on environment, centrifugal fan as other energy conversion system has to display a high efficiency. However, a better understanding of their working and of the rotor-stator interaction is required to enhance their design and to make them widely integrated in current applications. The purpose of this study is to analyze and to quantify the influence of the solidity vaned diffusers on the performance of a centrifugal fan. A computational study has been conducted to analyze the performance of a centrifugal fan under various levels of impeller-diffuser interactions. The objective was to understand the pressure recovery phenomena in each diffuser. Different geometries were proposed to reduce both separation flow phenomenon and viscous losses. The geometries are all composed with the same impeller and return channel, only the vaned diffusers differ; the trailing edges are maintained at the same position while the leading edges have different radial positions. The characterization of the fan has been realized by an experimental setup designed and built in agreement to the standards ISO 5801 and 516

This thesis deals with ways to suppress turbulent flow in pipelines. In the first part various methods of laminarization are presented, when the turbulent flow is transformed into laminar flow, including the results of experiments published by the authors. The next part presents the results from CFD. The calculations were performed for one of the methods mentioned in the first part and the results were compared with each other. In addition, several options have been suggested to improve the original method.

Att tillhandahålla termisk komfort är ett av de främsta kraven som ställs på byggnader i dagens samhälle. Stora delar av energianvändningen går därför åt till att styra inomhusklimatet för att upprätthålla en behaglig nivå. Det påstås att omkring 40 % av denna energi tillkommer på grund av energiförluster via öppningar och läckage genom byggnaders klimatskal. Med tanke på världens och Sveriges alltmer striktare energikrav där man bland annat vill bygga nära-nollenergibyggnader är detta någonting som bör förbättras. Det är därför viktigt att förstå hur men även varför denna luftinfiltration uppstår och vilka faktorer som har en påverkande effekt. Detta arbete innefattas av tre olika simuleringsstudier av en hög byggnad där inomhusluftens rörelsemönster samt yttre vindförhållanden har legat i fokus. En studie utfördes med hjälp av simuleringsverktyget IDA ICE där luftens infiltration undersöktes. De andra två utfördes med hjälp av CFD-programmet COMSOL Multiphysics v5.4. Den ena CFD-studien studerade termiska stigkrafter inuti byggnaden och den andra studerade vindens flödesmönster utanför byggnaden och varför infiltrationen beter sig som den gör. Resultatet av simuleringarna i IDA ICE visar att det är möjligt att minska infiltrationsmängden luft in i byggnaden från 1384 l/s till 804 l/s genom att ta hänsyn till ytterdörrens placering relativt den inkommande vinden riktning. De visar även att infiltrationens inflöde är som högst på bottenvåningen för att sedan minska och därefter övergå till ett utflöde på de högre våningsplanen.Resultatet från den första CFD-studien beskriver hur den varmare inomhusluftens rörelsemönster förändras då kallare luft tar sig in på byggnadens bottenvåning. Detta förändrade rörelsemönster resulterar i att den varmare luften stiger och därmed letar sig ut genom byggnadens högre våningsplan. Den andra CFD-studiens resultat beskriver hur den yttre vindens flödesmönster förändras då dess infallsvinkel mot byggnaden varierar. Flödesmönstrets förändring ger i sin tur upphov till en varierande tryckskillnader på utsidan samt inuti byggnaden. Detta är därför en av förklaringarna till varför infiltrationen är som högst då vinden blåser rakt mot byggnadens öppna dörr jämfört med när den kommer med en annan infallsvinkel. Slutsatsen är att ytterdörrens placering relativt den yttre vinden rörelsemönster bör tas i beaktning vid nybyggnation av höga byggnader eller renovering av redan befintliga byggnader. Detta för att minimera infiltrationen och därmed reducera den problematik som infiltrationen kan medföra. / One of the main requirements a building have is to provide thermal comfort inside it. Therefore, large parts of the energy consumptions is used to control the indoor climate in order to maintain a comfortable level in the building. It’s alleged that around 40 % of this energy is added due to energy losses through opening and leakages in the buildings enclosure. Considering the world’s increasing energy requirements, where among other things one future requirement is to build nearly-zero energy buildings, is this something that needs to be improved. It’s therefore important to understand how, and also why this air infiltration occurs and what’s affecting it. This master thesis contains of three different types of simulation studies where the air inside a high-rise building, and also the wind flow around it was analyzed. One of these three studies was performed with the simulation program IDA ICE, where the air infiltration was examined. The other two studies were performed with the CFD-software, COMSOL Multiphysics v5.4. One of these CFD-studies examined the thermal flow that occurs inside the building. The other one examined the wind’s flow pattern outside the building and why the air infiltration behavior is like it is. The results from the IDA ICE simulations shows that it’s possible to decrease the infiltration rate of air into the building from 1384 l/s to 804 l/s by taking the exterior door’s position relative the incoming wind’s direction into account. They also show that the infiltration inflow is highest on the ground floor before it starts to decrease and then change and becomes an outflow on the the higher floors. The results from the first CFD-study describes how the movements of the warmer air inside the building changes when colder air flows in on the ground floor. This changed air movement pattern makes the warmer air rise, and thus flow out through the enclosure on the higher parts of the building. The other CFD-study describes how the flow pattern of the outside wind changes around the building when the winds angle of incidence varies. The changed flow pattern causes varying pressure differences, both on the outside and the inside of the building. This is therefore the explanation to why the infiltration rate is greatest when the wind blows straight towards the opened door on the building instead of with other angles of incidence. The conclusion is that the placement of exterior doors on high-rise buildings relative to the outside wind should be taken into account when new buildings are built or when a renovation of an existing building should be made. This to minimize air infiltration through buildings and thereby reduce problems infiltration can cause.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma nova metodologia para o cálculo das perdas por segmento do sistema de distribuição. As perdas técnicas são agrupadas nos seguintes segmentos: rede secundária, transformador de distribuição, rede primária e subestação de distribuição. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia destinada ao cálculo das perdas de forma hierárquica: por exemplo, selecionada uma subestação específica, são calculadas as perdas na subestação e em seus componentes a jusante (redes primárias, transformadores de distribuição, redes secundárias). As perdas, inicialmente, são obtidas por meio de cálculo elétrico para os segmentos envolvidos, com a utilização dos parâmetros da rede, com os dados de faturamento e as curvas de carga típicas por classe de consumidor e seus tipos de atividade. Com os resultados desses cálculos, treinam-se redes neurais que irão calcular as perdas em sistemas genéricos utilizando os parâmetros e topologia do segmento e as curvas típicas de cargas dos consumidores e a energia mensal consumida. O trabalho apresenta um exemplo de aplicação, em sistema de distribuição existente, mostrando os resultados obtidos, e termina apresentando as principais vantagens da metodologia. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos com a nova metodologia são comparados com os resultados obtidos por métodos analíticos de cálculo intensivo. / In this work, a new methodology for the calculation of the energy technical losses in a distribution system, is presented. The proposed approach regards the segmentation of the distribution system, thus, the losses will be obtained for segments such as: the secondary network, distribution transformer, primary network and distribution substation. It was developed a computational system aimed to the calculation of the technical losses within specific distribution networks and usable in a microcomputer. Such a calculation is done in a hierarchical way. For instance, once selected a specific substation it is calculated the losses within the substation and in all the above cited components existing downstream the substation. The energy technical losses are calculated for each segment involved in the distribution system. This is done by using the network\'s recorded data, the energy consumption data and the typical load curves by class of consumer and type of activity developed. The outcome of these calculations are then used to train the neural networks, which in turn will calculate the losses in generic distribution systems where characteristics such as the circuit parameters and topology, the consumer\'s load curves and the monthly energy consumed, are known. By using the energy data available in the supplying points, the total energy billed per month as well as the loss indexes per segment, it will be obtained the total amount of the energy losses in each segment of the system. Likewise, this procedure will enable an evaluation of the non technical losses. The results of a case study related to an existing distribution system and the main advantages of the proposed methodology, are also presented herein. Finally, the results obtained with the new methodology are compared with those obtained through analytical methods.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns modelos para cálculo de perdas técnicas e não técnicas em sistemas de distribuição, considerando diversas alternativas em função da disponibilidade de dados. A discussão é de fundamental importância, na medida que o setor elétrico passa a enfrentar novos desafios, tais como o cálculo de redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto e o cálculo de perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas. Para o cálculo das perdas em redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto, duas situações são consideradas. Na primeira, a rede é conhecida, porém não se conhece a localização de seus consumidores. Na segunda situação, também a rede é desconhecida. Neste último caso, para superar o problema de ausência de informações, são utilizadas técnicas de classificação para definir um conjunto de padrões de redes típicas e posterior associação de cada rede a um padrão previamente estabelecido. Também são utilizados alguns modelos de distribuição da carga e a consideração de incertezas é contemplada a partir de números difusos. Para calcular as perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas, propõe-se um método para corrigir a energia faturada dos consumidores a partir do conhecimento da energia medida e das perdas técnicas calculadas. Uma extensão desse método ainda permite calcular as perdas de forma rápida e sem grandes esforços computacionais (método expedito), partindo do resultados de um cálculo realizado com um método convencional. Todos os modelos propostos são aplicados a redes de distribuição reais. Os resultados obtidos são analisados e comparados a valores de referência e é discutida a aplicabilidade dos modelos, bem como suas respectivas faixas de validade. / This work aims at presenting and discussing some models for calculating technical and non-technical losses in distribution systems. The proposed methods comprise several possibilities depending on the available data. This discussion is very important since the electric sector faces new challenges, such as technical loss estimation in low voltage networks with incomplete data. The evaluation of non-technical losses is also herein discussed. Regarding loss estimation with incomplete data, two conditions are considered. In the first one, the network data is known, but the customers location are unavailable. In the second one, the network data is not completely known as well. In this latter condition, in order to overcome the lack of sufficient data, classification techniques are used to establish a set of typical network patterns and to associate each network to a previously established pattern. Some load distribution models are also used and the uncertainties are considered by the use of fuzzy sets. In order to estimate the non-technical losses and their related technical losses, a method to adjust the billed energy in all customers is proposed. This is accomplished by using the computed technical losses and the measured energy at the substation site. This method also makes possible the assessment of technical losses in a quick way with a low computational effort (fast method). Such method is accomplished by using the results of a calculation previously performed using the conventional method. All the proposed methods are applied to real distribution networks. The obtained results are discussed and compared to the results obtained with the conventional method. The applicability of each model is also discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Altamira Queiroz2.pdf: 2299194 bytes, checksum: 07ecb127ebc11ad21a0cb551e23c2f1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / One of the main problems currently faced by electric utilities is the occurrence of energy losses in the distribution network caused by fraud and electricity theft. Because of the financial losses and risks to public safety, the development of solutions to detect and combat fraud in the distribution networks is of the utmost importance. This work presents an analysis of computational intelligence algorithms to extract knowledge in databases with information from monthly energy consumption to identify consumption patterns with anomalies which could represent fraud. The algorithms Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines were tested to see which one perform better on the identification consumption patterns with abnormalities. Tests have shown that the algorithms used are able to detect patterns in electricity consumption curves, including special situations of fraud that manual techniques did not detect. / Um dos principais problemas que enfrentam atualmente as empresas concessionárias de energia elétrica é a ocorrência de perdas de energia na rede de distribuição, causadas por fraudes e furtos de energia elétrica. Sendo que tais problemas provocam prejuízos financeiros e também colocam em risco a segurança pública, é de grande interesse das concessionárias encontrar soluções para detectar e combater fraudes nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Neste conceito, o presente trabalho apresenta uma análise dos algoritmos de Inteligência Computacional para extrair conhecimento de bases de dados de informações de consumo mensal de energia elétricas de usuários de uma determinada concessionária, a fim de identificar padrões de consumo com anomalias que representem possíveis fraudes nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Para detectar padrões nas curvas de consumo, foram utilizados algoritmos de Redes Neurais Artificiais e Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte. Após a criação dos modelos, estes foram testados para verificar qual seria o melhor algoritmo para a detecção de padrões de consumo com anomalias, e os resultados obtidos, foram então, comparados com uma base de dados fornecida pela concessionária com a verificação manual dos usuários. Os testes demonstraram que os algoritmos utilizados são capazes de detectar padrões nas curvas de consumo de energia elétrica, inclusive detectando situações especiais de fraudes que técnicas manuais não detectaram.