Este trabalho descreve os requisitos para definição, implantação, manutenção e melhoria de sistemas de gestão de energia no ambiente industrial com um enfoque sistemático no que se refere às rotinas de melhoria contínua para eficiência energética. Para tanto, propôs-se a estruturação de uma plataforma automatizada visando o monitoramento, verificação e gerenciamento de recursos energéticos compatível com um sistema de gestão de energia normatizado, incluindo os requisitos de uso e consumo de energia, além do monitoramento, documentação, comunicação, melhores práticas de projeto, aquisição de equipamentos, sistemas, processos e recursos humanos envolvidos no desempenho energético. A estratégia de análise do uso da energia proposta neste trabalho baseou-se na metodologia de monitoramento e gestão de índices que consiste em uma abordagem sistemática na utilização de recursos energéticos objetivando alcançar o melhor resultado econômico através da gestão permanente do consumo de energia. Além disso, propôs-se a inclusão dessa metodologia como um procedimento na fase de planejamento da norma ISO50001, a qual estabelece os conceitos para a implantação de sistemas de gestão de energia. Visando integrar as ferramentas associadas a este cenário, esta plataforma contempla o uso de um sistema de supervisão associado a um aplicativo (Soft-PLC) que executa a aplicação de controle do uso de energia em um ambiente industrial com automação distribuída compatível com a norma IEC61131. O projeto do aplicativo de controle do uso de energia foi conduzido adotando-se diferentes linguagens de programação definidas na IEC para executar todos os procedimentos de medição, monitoração e gestão exigidos pelo sistema, incluindo análise comparativa com as “melhores práticas”, uso de tecnologias inovadoras, abordagem de produto e serviço, auditoria energética e conformidade com marcos regulatórios. Os resultados decorrentes da adoção de uma plataforma baseada em automação para o gerenciamento energético incluem elevada flexibilidade, adaptabilidade e usabilidade do sistema. Além disso, um projeto de automação neste cenário de plataforma aberta tende a apresentar menores custos de desenvolvimento e implantação. / This work describes the requirements for the definition, implementation, maintenance and improvement of energy management systems in the industrial environment with a systematic approach concerning continuous improvement routines for energy efficiency. For this purpose, it was proposed the establishment of a framework based on automation to implement monitoring, verification and management of energy resources compatible with a standardized energy management system, including requirements for energy use and consumption, in addition to monitoring, documentation, communication, project best practices, equipment acquisition, systems, processes and human resources involved in energy performance. The strategy of energy use analysis proposed in this work is based on the methodology of monitoring and targeting that consists of a systematic approach in the use of energy resources in order to achieve the best economic result through the permanent management of energy consumption. Furthermore, this work includes that system as a procedure in the planning phase of ISO50001 standard which establishes the concepts for energy management systems implementation. In order to aggregate all tools associated to this scenario, this paper proposes the use of a supervisory tool integrated to a real-time software (Soft-PLC) that runs the control application and a factory floor distributed system automation hardware in an IEC61131 compatible environment. The project of the control application of energy use was conducted using different programming languages defined in IEC to perform all the procedures of measurement, monitoring and management required by the system, including comparative analysis with the "best practices", use of innovative technologies, product and service approach, energy audit and compliance with regulatory milestones. The expected results of adopting an automation-based platform for energetic management include system flexibility, adaptability and usability. Besides, a project of automation in this scenario of open platform tends to introduce lower development and deployment costs.

Researchers and industrial actors alike have identified employees as a potential resource ineffective energy management. Access to visualized progress of energy efficiency is said tobe required for this to be successful, yet few have identified if there are differences in therequirements based on the industrial roles. This survey-based study has aimed to begin thisconversation by comparing shop floor employees and managers in terms of perceivedimportance of energy efficiency and underlying motivation to behave energy efficiently.Additionally, a small randomized set of visualizations containing energy related informationwas presented in order to identify if some information had a higher impact on perceivedenergy use, associated costs, environmental impact and prioritization of energy efficiency.Although no statistically significant differences related to the type of information displayedwere found, the results indicate that both managers and shop floor employees place highimportance on energy efficiency in the workplace and have similar motivations to act energyefficiently. On average, both shop floor employees and managers believe a 26% increase inenergy efficiency is possible to achieve in their industry.

The technology in cellular phones, portable computing systems, intelligent- andconnected- devices are evolving in a high pace and in many cases these devices arerequired to operate in a low-power environment. The problem that continues toemerge, is the power consumption in microcontrollers and DSP devices. This issue hasover time become important to solve in order to maximize battery life. To ease thechoice of power efficient microcontrollers, controlled experiments were thereforeperformed with the Cortex-M4, this microcontroller was chosen because of theupgraded hardware, which has led to an appreciable change in both power- and speedefficiency compared to its predecessors.The conclusion presents important points, along with advantages and difficulties toconsider when implementing a DSP application. By comparing different optimizationswith the Floating Point Unit(FPU), Fixed-point and software Floating-point, the resultsshow that there are major differences in power consumption between these threeoptions. Depending on which option and optimization used then the powerconsumption can exceed over 70% more compared to the other options available.

<p dir="ltr">As the urbanization trend prevails worldwide, more people are moving to major metropolitan areas, causing housing resources to be in urgent demand. Tiny homes, designed to offer a minimalist lifestyle while also addressing growing housing needs, have become increasingly popular among home seekers. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, individuals primarily spend their time indoors, and with more people adopting work-from-home lifestyles, ensuring a high-quality, sterile, and comfortable indoor environment becomes crucial for indoor occupants. Many studies have highlighted that the activities of occupants significantly influence indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy consumption in buildings and applying disinfectants will generate increasing amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which occupants could inhale, causing adverse health effects. Within this thesis, two studies are introduced and discussed. The first study, namely “zEDGE Living Experiments,” conducts a comprehensive evaluation of IEQ satisfaction and energy usage in the Purdue zEDGE Tiny House through real-time measurement and survey analysis. Twenty full-scale experiments were conducted during the winter season. The study first evaluates participants’ perception of IEQ factors, with thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) emerging as top priorities. It then examined energy adaptive behavior to understand maintenance of comfortable indoor conditions, noting primary adaptive strategies including heating, ventilation, and artificial lighting. The study then measured IEQ and energy consumption, evaluating occupants’ IEQ satisfaction levels. The average energy use was recorded at 10.3 kWh, with occupants generally satisfied with IEQ in the zEDGE Tiny House. Analysis indicated that heating and cooking were significant energy consumers, potentially exposing occupants to high indoor air pollutant levels in such compact living spaces. The second campaign, namely “Performance Evaluation of PID and PTR-TOF-MS,” compares the VOC detection abilities of photoionization detectors (PID) and a state-of-the-art proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). 54 controlled emission experiments were carried out among 18 different disinfectant products with main ingredients based on alcohol, lactic acid, peracetic acid/acetic acid, and botanical products. The results from time-series and correlation analyses indicate that the PID and PTR-TOF-MS were able to detect VOC signals from emission experiments. While the performances of the PID and PTR-TOF-MS were similar under experiments with alcohol-based products, the PID performed less well with products based on lactic acid and botanical products, and unsatisfactory for peracetic acid/acetic acid-based products.</p>

Significant advances have been made in the research and development of electric vehicles (EV’s). Along with the major challenge of energy storage, being also addressed is the efficient design of system energy transfer and consumption. This has had the effect of fundamentally changing perspectives across the mobility and transportation sector. Applied predominantly to road-going vehicles, the industrial context of non-road Electric Vehicles (nrEV’s) and specifically the use of manned electric forklift trucks integrated within the production related materials handling system has, to-date, received far less attention. The overarching aim of this research is to examine the impact and potential for the use of contactless occasional recharging of nrEV’s integrated within a manufacturing line, recognising the need to balance the (sometimes competing) demands of delivering sustainable production while exercising environmental responsibility. Meeting the objectives of this research resulted in the development of a location allocation model for electric charging station determination based on a fundamental understanding of the nature and quality of process inherent key performance indicators (KPI’s) as well as comprehensive process and energy monitoring while considering both Lean and Green Management perspectives. The integration of the generated knowledge and information into a generally valid simulation tool for occasional charging system implementation allows to more thoroughly investigate the impact from occasional charging to overall efficiency and sustainability to be realised. An investigation into relevant literature identified the need for specifically generated energy consumption data and confirmed the need for an energy optimisation model specific to the area of production related materials handling. Empirical data collected from repeated standardised materials handling operations within a selected production related materials handling environment resulted in the development of the Standard Energy Consumption Activity tool (SECA). Further work within this pilot study confirmed the tool as capable of generating reliable and valid data and confirmed the SECA tool as a generally applicable benchmark for energy consumption determination in material handling based on fractional process functions. Integrating this approach into a comprehensive process analysis and charging infrastructure optimisation resulted in the development of an Excel-based simulation model. The (Occasional Charging Station Location Model) OCSLM is based upon Maximal Covering Location Modelling and an endogenous covering distance definition in order to simulate process related potentials and optimal charging system implementation allocations, the target being to increase vehicles usable battery energy. A comprehensive case study based upon six individual and one combined data set confirmed the general and wider applicability of the OCSLM model while the application of the model provides a set of novel results. The application demonstrated a theoretical increase in usable battery energy of between 40% and 60% and within the same case study the impact of technology implementation identified that a reduction in battery and system cost of between 5% and 45% can be realised. However, the use of contactless power transfer resulted in an increase in CO2 emissions of up to 6.89% revealing a negative impact to overall ecology from the use of this energy transfer system. Depending on the availability of fast connecting, contact based energy transmission systems, the approach and results of OCSLM have shown to be directly applicable to contact based systems with resulting CO2 emissions decreasing by 0.94% at an energy transfer efficiency of 96%. Further novelty, of benefit to both academic and industry practice, was realised through the framework and information of the research with the provision of SECA as a process function-based and generally applicable energy consumption standard, OCSLM as a Maximal Covering Location Modell with a focus on occasional charging based on an endogenous covering distance and integrating detailed energy and process monitoring into electric charging station allocation, and the methodology for the application of this approach for fast connecting contactless and contact charging models and cases.

Complete overview of energy use in a residential building is depends on many different factors. When analyzing proper and effective ways for energy reducing/conserving systems, often times only technological solutions for households appliances are considered. Human behavior has been shown to be an important factor affecting the overall energy use in the household. Many aspects of energy use are directly connected to user behavior and are affected by how the user utilizes available systems. This paper focuses on describing the mean influencing causes of human environmental psychology based on study on a Swedish suburb community, called Fårdala. User behaviors and actions affecting residential energy use are analyzed and presented in form of eleven (11) abstract triggers to households energy use. Finally an energy monitoring system based on the findings are purposed. What is found from study on human psychology, shows that human behavior is mainly controlled by three (3) key categories of behavior. Conscious/voluntary behavior, Socio-environmental/cultural based behavior and Systemic/learned behavior. Out of the three, while the last one poses as most influential on behavior related energy use, it is also the hardest to affect and change. To effectively counteract the negative effects of user behavior on residential energy use, energy saving devices should react more accordingly to the users and offer engagement. Such a system is an energy monitoring device, which allows for a “double-sided” communication with the user. The user is presented with relevant information about real-time energy use of all of the systems and is able to make changes on the fly. The system should also be able to learn and apply energy saving actions based on user behavior.

Abstract A dashboard can be described as a compact first impression of a digital product or service. In any organization, a well-designed and user-centered dashboard can be a powerful tool to engage users in the organization’s processes and goals. In this study, a dashboard of an energy monitoring platform has been examined. This dashboard is used by a wide array of people working in different facility management organizations. The defined problem is the dashboard’s shortness of engagement with the users. The study’s purpose is to examine how to increase engagement with the users in the dashboard view. This has been done by applying practices and methods of User Experience (UX) and User-centered design. With the Double Diamond Design Process (DDDP) as an outset, user needs and goals in relation to the dashboard has been explored. Data collection has been done with a mixed method design, consisting of a pre-study, user interviews and a survey. An inductive data analysis has led to three key themes being identified: Deviations, Context and Customization. These themes represent the three main sources of potential for a more engaging dashboard on a user level. What was concluded by this was that the dashboard must resonate with the individual user on a level more closely related to the user’s organizational role and goals, needs. By adapting to the user context, making deviations prominent in the visual field, and allowing for customization of features, an engaging dashboard can be developed in any organizational context.

Examensarbetet utförs under sista årets energiingenjörsstudier vid Mälardalens högskola. Med hjälp av Ramböll Västerås utfördes en energiuppföljning av energiförbrukningen vid Hälleborgs äldreboende beläget på Bäckby i Västerås åt Västerås stad. Hälleborgs äldreboende stod klart och var fullt inflyttat våren 2015. Boendet byggdes för att möta det ökade behovet av vårdplatser i Västerås kommun. Vid byggnationen ställde kommunen ett byggkrav på 60 kWh/(m2,år) köpt energi vilket var hårdare än de gällande byggkraven som gällde i Sverige vid dåvarande tidpunkt. Under projekteringen av byggnaden ändrades kravet till 70 kWh/(m2,år) viktad energi där fjärrvärmen viktas med 1 och elen med 2.  Ändringen uppkom efter att behovet av kyla kunde lösas med ett borrhålslager vilket ger möjlighet att ta tillvara på värmen som kyls bort via värmepumpar. Byggnadens värmebehov tillgodoses av både värmepumpar och fjärrvärme vilket innebär olika energikrav enligt BBR, viktningen görs för att få ett mellanting mellan kraven för byggnad med el uppvärmning och byggnad utan eluppvärmning. Examensarbetet går ut på att utreda om byggnadens energianvändning går att följa upp efter ett år i drift. Genom att försöka beräkna förbrukningen och på den vägen upptäcka problem som behöver åtgärdas till 2 årsuppföljning 2017. Det har under arbetets gång visat sig att anläggningens mätsystem inte fungerar som tänkt vad det gäller överföring mellan fastighetens mätssystem och Västerås stads mätdata hanteringssystem Momentum. Men även när mätdatainformationen skulle hämtas manuellt visades sig att det endast fanns för ett fåtal datum vilket gjorde det omöjligt att ställa upp en årsenergi. För att kontrollera att mätningen fungerade som det skulle ställdes en sammanställning upp för perioden 2015-02-22 och 2016-03-24 vilket visade att all elproduktion inte registreras i de interna mätarna. Fjärrvärmen var enda energienhet som kunde verifieras då den förbrukningen hämtades från fjärrvärmeleverantören Mälarenergi AB. Fjärrvärmeförbrukningen uppgick till 29 kWh/ kWh/(m2,år) mot projekterade 11.7 kWh/ kWh/(m2,år). För att kunna utföra en korrekt energiuppföljning och visa tappvarmvatten förbrukningen behöver fastigheten uppdateras med fler mätare. Dels behövs en mätare som mäter levererad fjärrvärmeenergi till tappvarmvattnet och det rekommenderas även att registrera en flödesmätare på tappvarmvattnet till verksamheten. Det bör även undersökas vilka elförbrukningar som inte omfattas av internmätning för att kunna skilja verksamhets- och fastighetsenergi åt. Elenergin för undermätarna var 555 406 kWh för perioden 2015-02-22 och 2016-03-24 och motsvarnade 924 025 kWh för nätägaren Mälarenergi i perioden 2015-05-01 till 2016-04-30. För att kunna utföra en balans ska undermätarna uppgå till samma förbrukning som huvudmätaren för samma mät period. Byggnaden uppfyller idag inte förutsättningar för att kunna göra en korrekt energiuppföljning. / In order to reach the 20/20 goals (meaning 20% lower energy consumption until 2020) the energy requirements on buildings must get tougher and tougher. The city of Västerås has from year 2011 set its own energy requirements on all sold estates to 60 kWh/(m2,year). When the city needed to build the new Hälleborgs elderly care center, their aim was to reach this limited energy consumption. Soon, during the planning stage, they changed this requirement to 70 kWh/(m2,year) weighted energy. The reason for this was because they were using two heating systems, one was a electric heat pump and the second was district heating. Because of higher average age in the society, the need for more elderly care centers arise even in Västerås. In the spring 2015 Hälleborgs elderly care center was completed and occupied. 2 year after the building was complete, the contractor has to do an energy monitoring and see if the goal 70 kWh/m2 is reached. In this bachelor thesis all information will be tested and the aim is to try to make a energy monitoring and figure out what needs to be done to be able to performe the energy monitoring 2017. During the work the biggest problem has been to get the right information. The system that should keep all the measured data (Momentum) was found not to have the connection to the building. When we try to pick the data by hand from the building it was not complete. So the conclusion is that the building is not ready to energy monitoring jet. This is because the building needs more time to be stable and adjust the technical systems. It also needs more points of energy measurments and flowmeters in order to get the heating water consumption. In the electric system first the net owners energy meter is installed, then the building has own meters at each electric central to separate customers consumption from building consumption. When groups of energy is summarized, it is just half of the net owners consumption. This is because some of the energy in the building is not registered. One of the electric energy’s that not is registered is the commercial kitchen, but the difference is to big that it need to be evaluated what’s missed.

The increasing price of oil and the destabilisation of the world’s climate are urging governments, businesses and individuals to constantly investigate energy-efficient technologies and methodologies and pursue the adoption of energy efficiency programmes in a global effort to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and ultimately energy costs. In New Zealand, one of the biggest industrial energy efficiency projects was started in 2002 by a multinational dairy company, the Fonterra Co-operative Group, in partnership with the energy service company Demand Response Ltd; the project currently aims at reducing by 15% the energy costs at all Fonterra’s major production sites throughout the country. This thesis, undertaken as part of the above project, examines the development and implementation of a structured and integrated energy monitoring and targeting methodology (M&T) for the most efficient operation of all Fonterra’s chilled water systems, with an initial focus on the ones installed at Clandeboye, one of the Fonterra’s sites involved in the energy saving project. A data collection system (Insite) was already in place at Clandeboye to enable storage and analysis of some of the site’s utility metering data. After identification of key chilled water system components and definition of data requirements for M&T purposes, an analysis of past energy consumption trends (based on multiple regression calculations) was carried out to develop an historical benchmark of the energy used, compare it with current energy performance and thus identify opportunities for future improvements. The creation of an M&T reporting system for presenting findings to operators and management was the last essential part of the thesis development. The study has highlighted that the robustness of the proposed regression model was badly affected by the unreliability of the existing data collection system and the uncertainty associated with poorly documented changes to operating conditions/plant configuration that had occurred over time. The conclusion is that, while the developed M&T methodology is theoretically valid and readily applicable, further developments are necessary (and recommended) to make it suitable for other similar systems.

Energimätning och övervakning kan bidra till minskad energiförbrukning genom att hjälpa en användare att ta beslut över energianvändandet. Valet av examensarbete gjordes p.g.a. behovet att ge användarna möjlighet att påverka sin energiförbrukning och övervaka sina elprodukter. Ett koncept togs fram där toppvärden på spänning och ström, effektfaktor, spänning-ens vågform, aktiv, reaktiv och skenbar effekt mättes. Samtliga värden skickades till en server som lagrade informationen och innehöll en hem-sida för presentation. Användaren kunde därefter ta beslut om att stänga av eller på produkterna via hemsidan. Systemet kompletterades även med möjligheten att öka övervakningen med hjälp av externa sensorer. Ett re-sultat av arbetet blev en prototyp som demonstrerar konceptet, ett annat resultat var flertalet möjliga förbättringar som kan göras för vidareutveckl-ing av konceptet. / Energy monitoring can lead to lowering energy consumption. This infor-mation would help the user to make decisions in regards to the power us-age. The measurements can also give the user the possibility to study the power quality to find bad loads and minimize the effects on the power grid. The choice of thesis was done to give the users the possibility to affect and monitor their environmental effect in a way that is otherwise not possible. A concept was developed that measure the voltage and current peak, the voltage and current RMS, power factor and the voltage waveform. The measurements are then sent to a server that is also containing a website. With the website the user can monitor their power usage and turn on or off the power consumers on the website. Added to the system is also the pos-sibility to add external sensors to increase the monitoring. The result of the project is a functioning concept to demonstrate. Another big result is the amount of improvements discovered to make it a really good base to con-tinue developing on.