The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the possibility of the effective use of waste and phytomass specifically grown for energy purposes in the protected area of National Park Podyjí. The task was to characterize the source of phytomass in this environmentally sensitive area. The data were collected by studying documents, visits to enterprises and institutions, and personal consultations with business and other stakeholders. The result of this work is a brief assessment of the production potential and the factors influencing its development. Due to the nature of the territory, to suggest measures for efficient use of land for the production of energy phytomass with regard to the attitudes of farmers and the authority of nature and landscape.

This thesis deals with the partial evaluation of the life cycle of three kinds of power plants, particularly flint corn ( Zea mays L.) , reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) , Szarvazi I ( Agropyron elongatum L.) and their environmental impact during their cultivation. As an evaluation framework was used seedbed preparation time from the first year to the last harvest after ten years growing cycle. To calculate the emissions of greenhouse gases has been used software tool SimaPro . The aim was to find out how much greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2eq per 1 kg of dry matter ) is created in the cultivation of selected power plants and compare that plant is from an environmental point of view the most environmentally friendly. The total emission load produced during the life cycle of corn is sown CO2eqv 0.199210 kg per 1 kg of dry matter , with reed rákosovité CO2eqv 0.182075 kg per 1 kg of dry matter. I Szarvasi is from an environmental point of view the most friendly CO2eqv produces 0.110232 kg per 1 kg of dry matter.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-23T12:58:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Octavio_Viana2017.pdf: 2424375 bytes, checksum: 2d37eeb71d83d65c01d826cbe5b13631 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T12:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Octavio_Viana2017.pdf: 2424375 bytes, checksum: 2d37eeb71d83d65c01d826cbe5b13631 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Crambe is an annual crop with high oil content in the seeds. Cultivated in winter, it presents a short cycle and low implantation cost. The extracted oil is used in the production of industrial lubricants, biofuels and electrical insulating fluids. In Brazil, several researches have been carried out mainly choosing experiments that evaluate grain yield in different regions. However, data related to the spectral-temporal behavior of the crambe during the developmental phases are non-existent. The knowledge of these data enables the monitoring of the crop by remote sensing techniques, which subsidize official organisms in the estimation of grain crops of the country. In this context, the present study aims to (i) characterize the spectral-temporal pattern of crambe obtained by terrestrial sensors in the city of Cascavel, state of Paraná; and (ii) to evaluate the relationship between spectral bands and vegetation indices obtained in different stages phenological measurements by terrestrial spectral sensors, with the grain yield of the crambe crop. The experiment was carried out in Cascavel, PR in the winter crops of 2014 and 2015. During these two years hyperspectral information was collected with the FieldSpec® 4 Hi-Res (FS4) terrestrial sensor through the phenological phases of crambe development, generating spectral-temporal and temporal profile of vegetation indexes by normalized difference (NDVI) and adjusted to soil (SAVI). The daily averages of the temporal profiles were submitted to the exploratory analysis of the data. In 2015, spectral information was collected with active and passive ground sensors (FS4 and Greenseeker® 505 Handheld) during all phenological phases of the plant. Separated in spectral bands of red, near and medium infrared and generated indices NDVI, SAVI, and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI). At the maturation stage, plants were collected to determine grain yield. Linear regression models between spectral data and crop yield were elaborated and evaluated. During the seedling and vegetative growth phases the spectral band of red showed higher reflectances, due to the soil present in the sensed area. In the vegetative growth and early flowering phases, the highest reflectance in the near infrared (NIR) occurred, related to the green biomass of the canopy. Phases of granulation and maturation were characterized by the reduction in reflectance in the IVP and medium infrared (SWIR), due to leaf senescence and loss of cellular water content. The temporal profiles of NDVI and SAVI demonstrate linear growth up to the vegetative peak of the crambe, characterized between the end of the phenological phase of the vegetative growth and the beginning of the flowering. The model generated by NDMI in 66 days after sowing (DAS), at the beginning of flowering, showed a negative correlation with grain yield (R2adj: 0,49; RMSE: 134,80 kg ha-1). The spectral range of red (648 to 672 nm) in 66 DAS presented positive linear correlation with grain yield (R2adj: 0.36; RMSE: 151.38 kg ha-1). The flowers present in the canopy of the plant, in the flowering phase, contributed to the increase of reflectance in the spectral range of red and infrared. The data of terrestrial sensors enabled the spectral-temporal characterization of the crambe crop, generating subsidy for the delimitation of the cultivated areas with the culture by orbital sensors. Excessive precipitation and wind during the flowering, granulation, and maturation phases during the 2015 harvest contributed to variability in grain yield, reducing the explanatory capacity of production with the models. / O crambe é uma cultura anual, com alto teor de óleo nas sementes. Cultivada no inverno, apresenta ciclo curto e baixo custo de implantação. O óleo extraído é empregado na produção de lubrificantes industriais, biocombustíveis e fluidos isolantes elétricos. No Brasil, diversas pesquisas vem sendo realizadas visando principalmente experimentos que avaliam o rendimento de grãos em diversas regiões. Contudo, dados relacionados ao comportamento espectro-temporal do crambe durante as fases de desenvolvimento são inexistentes. O conhecimento destes dados possibilita o monitoramento da cultura por técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, que subsidiam órgãos oficiais na estimativa de safras de grãos do país. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem por objetivos (i) caracterizar o padrão espectro-temporal do crambe obtido por sensores terrestres, no município de Cascavel, Paraná; e (ii) avaliar a relação entre faixas espectrais e índices de vegetação, obtidos em diferentes estágios fenológicos por sensores espectrais terrestres, com o rendimento de grãos da cultura do crambe. O experimento foi implantado em Cascavel, PR nas safras de inverno de 2014 e 2015. Nos dois anos foram coletadas informações hiperespectrais com o sensor terrestre FieldSpec® 4 Hi-Res (FS4) durante as fases fenológicas de desenvolvimento do crambe, gerados padrão espectro-temporal e perfil temporal dos índices de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI) e ajustado ao solo (SAVI). As médias diárias dos perfis temporais foram submetidas à análise exploratória dos dados. Em 2015, foram coletadas informações espectrais com sensores terrestres ativo e passivo (FS4 e Greenseeker® 505 Handheld) durante todas as fases fenológicas da planta. Separadas nas faixas espectrais do vermelho, infravermelho próximo e médio e gerados os índices NDVI, SAVI e o índice de umidade de diferença normalizada (NDMI). Na fase de maturação foram coletadas plantas para determinar o rendimento de grãos. Foram elaborados e avaliados modelos de regressões lineares entre dados espectrais e rendimento da cultura. Durante as fases de plântula e início do crescimento vegetativo, a banda espectral do vermelho apresentou maiores reflectâncias devido ao solo presente na área sensoriada. Nas fases de crescimento vegetativo e início da floração ocorreram as maiores reflectâncias no infravermelho próximo (IVP), comportamento relacionado à biomassa verde do dossel. Fases de granação e maturação foram caracterizadas pela redução na reflectância no IVP e infravermelho médio (IVM), devido a senescência de folhas e perda de conteúdo de água celular. Os perfis temporais de NDVI e SAVI demonstram crescimento linear até o pico vegetativo do crambe, caracterizado entre o fim da fase fenológica do crescimento vegetativo e o início da floração. O modelo gerado em 2015 pelo NDMI em 66 dias após a semeadura (DAS), no início da floração, apresentou correlação negativa com rendimento de grãos (R2adj: 0,49; RMSE: 134,80 kg ha-1). A faixa espectral do vermelho (648 a 672 nm) em 66 DAS apresentou correlação linear positiva com rendimento de grãos (R2adj: 0,36; RMSE: 151,38 kg ha-1). As flores presentes no dossel da planta, na fase de floração, contribuíram para o aumento da reflectância na faixa espectral do vermelho e infravermelho. Os dados de sensores terrestres possibilitaram a caracterização espectro-temporal da cultura do crambe, gerando subsídio para delimitação das áreas cultivadas com a cultura por sensores orbitais. Excesso de precipitação e ventos nas fases de floração, granação e maturação durante a safra de 2015 contribuíram para a variabilidade no rendimento de grãos, reduzindo a capacidade explicativa da produção com os modelos.

<p>Ovaj rad je imao za cilj , razvoj postupka sinteze polimernih prekursora mreža na bazi<br />obnovljivih sirovina. Razvijen je postupak sinteze poli laktida u rastvoru dihlor metana. Vreme trajanja postupka sinteze je 6 h, a uspe&scaron;nost samog procesa je potvrđena metodama identifikacije i karakterizacije dobijenih polimera PLLA. U ovom radu, za ispitivanja dobijenih polimernih materijala, uzimajući u obzir ideju o krajnjoj nameni, kori&scaron;ćene su sledeće metode: GPC ( Gel Permeation Chromarography) za određivanje raspodele molekulske mase; IR spektrofotometrija, prikazuje vibraciju atomskih, molekulskih ili funkcionaknih grupa; i termička analiza TGA i DSC, za praćenje promena pri kontrolisanom zagrevanju i hlađenju.<br />Jedan od ciljeva rada je bio i da se da pregled postojećih teorija ojačanja elastomera punilima sa nano česticama, i ispita pona&scaron;anje nano-kompozitnih materiajala pod dejstvom visoko energetskog zračenja ( gama zračenja). U eksperimentalnom delu ispitivani su elastomerni materijale na bazi butadienakrilonitrilnog kaučuka (NBR) i hlorsulfonovanog polietilenskog kaučuka (CSM) . Me&scaron;anjem CSM i NBR formiraju se umreženi sistemi, koji se koriste kao prekursori mreža za dobijanje nano-kompozitnih materijala ojačanaih česticama aktivnih punilačađi i silicijum (IV) oksida. Kod tako dobijenih materijala ispitivane su karakteristike pre i posle ozračivanja &gamma; zracima. Dinamičko-mehaničkom analizom potvrđen je ojačavajući efekat punila.</p> / <p> This work was aimed at the development procedure for the synthesis of polymer precursors<br /> network based on renewable raw materials. Developed a procedure for synthesis of poly<br /> lactide in solution, dichloro methane. The duration of the synthesis procedure was 6 h, and<br /> the success of the process was confirmed by the methods of identification and<br /> characterization of the obtained polymer PLLA. In this paper, the investigation obtained<br /> polymer materials, taking into account the idea of final destination, following methods were<br /> used: GPC (gel permeation Chromarography) to determine the distribution of molecular<br /> weight, IR spectrophotometry, showing the vibration of atomic, molecular or funkcionaknih<br /> group, and thermal analysis TGA and DSC, to track changes in a controlled heating and<br /> cooling.<br /> One of the aims of this study was to be given to review of existing theories of reinforcement<br /> fillers elastomer with nano particles, and examine the behavior of nano-composite<br /> materiajala under the influence of high energy radiation (gamma radiation). In the<br /> experimental part of elastomeric materials have been studied on the basis of<br /> butadienakrilonitrilnog rubber (NBR) and chlorosulphonated polyethylene rubber (CSM). CSM NBR mixing and forming the network system, which are used as precursors for a<br /> network of nano-composite particles ojačanaih active fillers-carbon black and silicon (IV)<br /> oxide. With so obtained materials were investigated characteristics before and after<br /> irradiation with &gamma; rays. Dynamic-mechanical analysis confirmed the reinforcing effect of<br /> fillers.</p>

The objective of this study is to develop a model to evaluate the economic feasibility of biofuels production, and in particular to isolate the variables crucial to feasibility. The model constructed to define these variables is unique in its ability to accommodate a variety of plants and to integrate all portions of the production process; it was tested on a case study of a Euphorbia lathyris industry. The model minimizes costs of production to determine the best configuration for the industry. Total cost equals the sum of costs incurred in each segment of the process: growth, harvest, transport, and extraction. The solution is determined through a non-linear transportation- transshipment algorithm which describes production as a series of nodes and links. Specific application of the model was analysis of E. lathyris biofuel production in Arizona. Simulations were run examining the sensitivity of biocrude cost to changes in input parameters. Conclusions are summarized as follows. * No change in any single element can reduce final cost sufficiently to enable competitive production in the near future. * The major factor necessary to bring cost into range is improvement in biological yield. Two components of equal importance are tonnage produced per acre and percentage extractables recovered in processing. * Lowering cropping costs provided the most effective improvements of economic inputs. Perennial crops significantly reduced farm costs. * Transportation costs outweighed economies of scale in extraction; extractor location close to crops is more efficient than centralized. The cost minimization model was successfully used to isolate the critical factors for an E. lathyris industry in an arid region. Results determine that this industry would not be competitive in Arizona without dramatic improvements in yields and moderate changes in a combination of input costs. Viability is critically dependent on improvements in tonnage yield produced per acre and percent extractables recovered.

Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Agronomy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / 108 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i-vi and numbered pages 1-1 to 1-5 to 9-1 to 9-3. Includes bibliography, list of abbreviations and 22 figures in color. Digitized at 300 dpi grayscale and 300 dpi 24-bit Color to pdf format (OCR), using an HP Scanjet 8250 Scanner. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A long term experiment was conducted at the Langgewens Experimental Farm, near Malmesbury in the Western Cape province of the Republic of South Africa. The effect of soil tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertiliser rates on mineral-N levels in the soil, nitrogen levels in plants, wheat growth and yield components, grain yield as well as quality parameters of spring wheat were determined. Although the tillage treatments tested were initiated in 1976, present crop rotations and nitrogen application rates were only applied since 1990. Most of the data that are discussed however was recorded during the 1997 to 2001 period. The trial was designed as a randomised complete block with a split-plot arrangement and four replicates. Main plots were tillage methods namely conventional tillage (CT), tine tillage (TT), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT). Crop rotations used were continuous wheat (WW) and wheatl lupin/wheat/canola (WLWC). Both soil and crop data were recorded. The results of this study showed the differences in total mineral-N content of the soil. N-contents of wheat, wheat growth and yield components as well as wheat quality parameters were found between tillage treatments, crop rotations used as well as N- fertiliser rates applied. Response however, varied largely between years due to annual variation in especially total precipitation and distribution of rainfall. The inclusion of a legume crop (lupin) and canola in the rotation with wheat was found to have only a small effect probably due to the fact that lupins were grown once in a four year cycle only. Application of different nitrogen rates did increase the mineral-N in the soil, but the effect did not last very long in most years due to either N-leaching or plant uptake. To ensure sufficient mineral-N levels, late application of N-fertiliser will therefore be needed. Minimum tillage or reduced tillage performs better than conventional tillage in low rainfall years. In general these tillage systems should be combined with crop rotation to ensure that yields are comparable to that obtained with conventional tillage. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling, graanopbrengs en bakkwaliteit van koring (Tritium aestivum L.) in reaksie teenoor gewasratasie, metode van grondbewerking en N-bemestingspeil is in 'n lang tennyn sllldie op Langgewens Proefplaas, naby Malmesbury in die Weskaap provinsie van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, bepaal. Hoewel die verskillende grand bewcrkingsmetodes sedert 1976, en gewasrotasies en slikstofpeile sedert 1990 toegepas is, is daar in hierdie studie gekonsentreer op data wal gcdurcnde die periode 1997-2001 ingesamel is. Die eksperiment is as 'n randomiseerde blok ontwerp met vier bewerkingsmetodes nl. konvcnsionele bewerking (CT), tand bewerking (TT). minimum bewerking (MT) en geen bewerking (NT), twee gewasratasies nl. monokuhuur koring (WW) en koring/lupienelkoringiCanola (WLWC) en drie N-peie (60 kg N ha- ', 100 kg N ha- 1 , 140 kg N ha- I uitgevoer. Aile stikstof is in die vorm van kalksteen-ammoniumnitraat toegedien. Die reaksie van beide grondfaktore soos die minerale N inhoud en gewaskomponente 5005 biomassa produksie, opbrengs en kwaliteit teenoor bogenoemde faktore het '0 goeie korrelasie getoon met die heersende klimaatstoestande. Lae reenval jare (gebiede) sal volgens hierdie stlldie die grootste voordeel verkry met minder intensiewe grand bewerkingstelsels. terwyl 'n frekwensie van meer as een peulgewas per siklus van 4 jaar nodig sal wees om grondvrllgbaarhcidsvlakke betekenisvol te verhoog. Stelsels van rninder intensiewe grondbewerking is ook tot 'n grater mate deur gewaswisseling bevoordeel as konvensionele melOdes van grondbewerking. Hocwel minerale-N vlakke in grond deur verskillende N-peile be'lnvloed is, was die efTektiwiteit van toedienings laag en het verdeelde tocdienings groat voordele ingehou.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reproduces four papers and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world and ranks third in Africa, and it is potentially the number one cereal for the semi-arid environments in sub-Saharan Africa. Sorghum varieties have been developed specifically for grain, fodder or stem sugar but not for dual-purpose combining grain and stem sugar. Such varieties could be beneficial to the resource-poor farmers by providing grain for food and sugar rich stalks that can be sold for bioethanol production. However, there are no suitable dual-purpose cultivars on the market. There is also limited information about the combining ability, gene action and genetic effects and relationships between stem sugar and grain yield which is required in devising appropriate strategies for developing dual-purpose sorghum varieties. Furthermore, there is also lack of information about the perceptions of resource-poor, small-scale farmers and other important stakeholders on the potential of dual-purpose sorghum production and the value chain. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate the awareness of the farmers, industry and other stakeholders on the dual-purpose sorghum varietal development and its feasibility, (ii) screen germplasm for use as source materials useful for grain yield and stem sugar traits, (iii) investigate the inheritance and heterosis levels attainable in grain yield components and stem sugar traits in dual-purpose sorghums, (iv) determine the relationships between stem sugar traits and grain yield components in dual-purpose sorghums, and (v) investigate the fertility restoration capacities of selected male-fertile lines used as male parents through the evaluating seed set in experimental dual-purpose hybrids. Two surveys were conducted to establish stakeholders’ level of awareness and perceptions on the potential and feasibility of developing and utilising dual-purpose sorghums in Southern Africa. One survey was carried out in the semi-arid tropical lowlands in Zimbabwe under the conditions of small-scale and resource-poor farmers while the other, which targeted sugar industries, plant breeders, engineers, political leaders, economists and extension workers, was conducted in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Data were analysed using SPSS computer package. Results showed that both farmers and the non-farmer stakeholders were in agreement on the view that dual-purpose sorghum would be a viable enterprise that could alleviate poverty, enhance food security, create rural employment and boost rural development in southern African countries. Farmers were willing to adopt the cultivars if they were made available. The stakeholders also suggested mechanisms to overcome the infrastructural, economic and technical challenges associated with the technology. Screening of regional and international germplasm collection held at the University of KwaZulu- Natal in South Africa revealed high genetic variability for grain yield, stem brix and stem biomass yield that can be exploited in dual-purpose sorghum cultivar development. Ten lines were selected for inclusion as parents in the dual-purpose sorghum breeding programme. The selections were crossed to eight cytoplasmic male-sterile lines originating from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in accordance with a North Carolina Design II mating scheme. The 18 parents, together with the 80 experimental hybrids generated and two check varieties were evaluated for grain yield and stem sugar traits in six tropical low- and mid-altitude environments in Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Stem sugar concentration and stem biomass were measured at the hard dough stage of each entry due to maturity differences between the genotypes. Grain yield was measured and adjusted to 12.5% moisture content. Data were analysed in GenStat computer package following a fixed effects model. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were important in controlling stem brix, stem biomass, grain yield and the associated traits in dual-purpose sorghum. This showed that breeding progress can be achieved through hybridisation and selection. Cultivars showing high stability, and high standard and better-parent heterosis for the three traits were identified implying that breeding for general adaptation was an option and that productivity could be enhanced by breeding hybrid cultivars. The relationships between traits were estimated using correlation and path-coefficients analysis. Grain yield was found to be negatively and significantly associated with stem brix but was positively and significantly associated with stem biomass. This implied that breeding for high stem brix might compromise grain yield but selection for high stem biomass improved grain yield. Stem biomass and stem brix were not significantly correlated. The general negative relationship between grain and stem brix was attributed to the predominance of entries with contrasting performances for the two traits. However, the relationship between grain yield and stem brix of the top 20 performing entries showed a non-significant relationship between stem brix and grain yield suggesting that the traits were independent of each other. This finding was confirmed by the presence of crosses that combined high performance for both stem brix and grain yield as well as stem biomass among the hybrids. The relationships between stem brix and stem biomass for the top 20 performers remained non-significant while that between stem biomass and grain yield became stronger, positive and significant. Direct selection for stem brix and grain yield was shown to be more important than indirect selection, while selection for stem biomass improves grain yield but had no effect on stem brix. Therefore, it is possible to breed dualpurpose sorghum cultivars and the identification of genotypes combining the desirable traits is prudent in addition to general relationships information. The study on fertility restoration capacities as evaluated through hybrid seed set showed that fertility restoration was under the control of genes with both additive and non-additive action. Since restoration is conferred by a single dominant gene (Rf1), this could have arisen from the action of the modifier genes that have been previously reported to influence it. This showed that fertility restoration can be improved through breeding. Hybrid combinations showing complete seed set and high performance for grain, stem brix and stem biomass were identified and are potential dual-purpose sorghum cultivars. Overall, the study showed that development of dualpurpose sorghum cultivars would be feasible and genotypes identified as potential cultivars in this study will be forwarded for further testing across many sites and seasons in the target environments. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

La coltivazione dei sistemi colturali poliennali su terreni marginali combina la produzione sostenibile di biomassa per diversi utilizzi a benefici di carattere ambientale come il sequestro del C atmosferico nel suolo. La limitata longevità di questi sistemi colturali (10-20 anni), fornisce la possibilità di sfruttarli come una tecnica temporanea per rigenerare la fertilità dei terreni marginali e di studiare il loro effetto nel lungo periodo sul carbonio del suolo. Con questa tesi, avevo l'obiettivo di studiare l'effetto della riconversione a coltura annuali dei sistemi agricoli poliennali sul carbonio del suolo: per raggiungere questo obiettivo, ho combinato ad una meta-analisi di letteratura sull'effetto della riconversione, con un esperimento di campo di lungo periodo, un esperimento di incubazione in laboratorio e l'uso di un modello matematico del carbonio del suolo. L'uso combinato di questi approcci mi ha permesso di mostrare il potenziale che i sistemi colturali poliennali hanno nel sostenere il sequestro del C ne suolo anche dopo la loro riconversione. Quindi i sistemi colturali poliennali sono una pratica sostenibile promettente che può essere integrata in rotazioni agricole di 13 anni sui terreni marginali del nord d'Italia per ripristinare il carbonio del suolo. / The cultivation of perennial cropping systems on marginal lands combines the production of sustainable biomass for multiple uses with environmental benefits such as carbon (C) sequestration in soil. In this thesis, we studied the effect of perennial cropping system on soil C considering the scenario of perennial cropping systems reversion to arable land. The limited longevity (10-20 years) of perennial cropping systems, gives the possibility of using these crops as a temporary- option to restore soil fertility of marginal lands and to study the long-term legacy of these cropping systems on soil C. In this thesis I aimed to study the effect of perennial cropping systems reversion to arable land on soil C: to achieve this objective, I combined a literature meta-analysis on the effect of reversion of perennial cropping systems on soil C, with a long-term field experiment on perennial cropping systems, an incubation experiment and the use of a process-based soil C model. The combined use of these approaches gave me the chance to show the potential of perennial cropping systems to support C sequestration even after their reversion. Therefore, perennial cropping systems are a promising sustainable practice which could be integrated on a 13-year agricultural rotation on marginal lands of northern Italy to restore soil C.

Biogas im Rahmen einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft zu erzeugen bedeutet u. a., die anfallenden Gärprodukte als Dünger zu verwenden, um die Verluste im Nährstoffkreislauf zu minimieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht der Frage nach, welche Wirkungen Gärprodukte aus der Biogasproduktion bei der Verwendung als Dünger auf Boden und Pflanzen haben. Die Ergebnisse von Parzellenfeld- und Praxisversuchen, in denen Gärprodukte aus der Mono- und Kofermentation von Energiepflanzen im Vergleich zu N-Mineraldünger untersucht wurden, werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Zur Beurteilung der Wirkungen auf den Boden wurden bodenchemische und bodenbiologische Parameter herangezogen sowie die Abbaustabilität der organischen Substanz der Gärprodukte gemessen. Zur Untersuchung der Wirkungen auf die Pflanzen wurden verschiedene Wachstums-, Entwicklungs-, Ertrags- und Qualitätsparameter erfasst und ausgewertet. Die Gärprodukte zeichnen sich durch relativ hohe Ammoniumgehalte sowie durch hohe pH-Werte aus. Das Pflanzenwachstum und die Erträge werden durch die Düngung mit Gärprodukten gesteigert, wobei die Wirkung trotz der hohen Ammoniumgehalte deutlich hinter denen des N-Mineraldüngers zurückbleibt. Die berechneten Nährstoffbilanzen weisen auf deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Gärprodukten und Kulturarten, aber auch zwischen den beiden Versuchsjahren hin. Die Ergebnisse zeigen jedoch, dass durch die Verwendung von Gärprodukten als Dünger wichtige Pflanzennährstoffe rezykliert werden können, wodurch der Einsatz von Mineraldüngern reduziert werden kann. Hinsichtlich der Wirkungen von Gärprodukten auf den Boden zeichnen die umfangreichen Analysen ein differenziertes Bild. Die mikrobiologischen Umsetzungsprozesse im Boden werden insbesondere in den ersten Tagen nach der Ausbringung gefördert. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf wird insbesondere hinsichtlich der Wirkungen auf die Bodenmakrofauna aufgezeigt. / Producing biogas in a sustainable agricultural system means using digestates as fertilizers, in order to minimize leaks in nutrient cycles. The aim of this work is to investigate effects on soil and plants after field application of digestates. In this respect, results from plot- and practical fieldexperiments are analyzed to compare digestates from mono- and from co-fermentation of energy crops in comparison to mineral N-fertilizer. Soil chemical and biological effects were assessed on the basis of selected parameters, one of which was the stability of the organic matter applied. Effects on crops have been evaluated by measuring growth, development, yields, and quality of the crops. The digestates have been analyzed and showed especially high amounts of ammonium and a high pH-value. Plant growth and yields increased as a result of fertilization. However, despite high amounts of ammonia present in digestates, fertilizing effects have been much lower compared to mineral N-fertilization. The calculated nutrient balances showed obvious differences between the digestates analyzed, crops, and also between the two experimental years. Generally, the results demonstrate that nutrients can be recycled by using digestates as fertilizers and thus the use of mineral fertilizers can be reduced. The extensive soil analyses presented in this work show diverse results. Microbial metabolic processes in the soil are increased especially during the first few days after digestate application. More research is needed with respect to effects on macro fauna.