En France, le secteur du bâtiment est le principal consommateur d'énergie. En outre, le secteur de la maison individuelle représente environ 60% des constructions annuelles de logements. La construction des bâtiments à haute efficacité énergétique représente un grand pas vers l'économie d'énergie. Cependant, même si divers efforts sont déployés dans ce domaine, des outils et des méthodes manquent pour évaluer la performance énergétique de ces bâtiments. Cette évaluation doit permettre non seulement de comprendre les facteurs qui contribuent à cette performance mais également d'identifier les causes de la surconsommation, d’inconfort pour les occupants.Cette thèse vise à contribuer à cet objectif en proposant une approche d'évaluation de la performance énergétique d'un bâtiment. Pour cela on compare la performance réelle et la performance attendue en utilisant le monitoring et la simulation thermique dynamique. Cette approche s’appuie sur différents cas d’études dont principalement une maison individuelle, situé en un climat méditerranéen.Dans un premier temps, en phase de conception, nous utilisons des simulations thermiques dynamiques pour étudier l’impact du comportement sur les besoins énergétiques. L'objectif est d'analyser l'influence du scénario d'occupation sur le comportement du bâtiment et d'établir une plage de valeurs pour les besoins en énergie, basée sur des statistiques nationales. Le comportement du bâtiment est étudié en fonction de différents types de scénarii d'occupation, de consignes de température, de l'utilisation d’appareils domestiques et l'éclairage.Dans un second temps, l'accent est mis sur l'évaluation globale de la performance de l'enveloppe. Un test dynamique in situ innovant a été développé pour en évaluer la performance réelle. Ce test est applicable sur une période courte (de l’ordre de la journée) tout en maitrisant les débits d’infiltrations. La comparaison des résultats théoriques en régime stationnaire avec les résultats expérimentaux montre une bonne précision inférieure à 10%.Enfin, le suivi énergétique en continu des maisons performantes est étudié. Tout d’abord, des travaux sont réalisés dans l’optique de réduire le nombre de capteurs nécessaires au suivi, tout en minimisant la perte d’informations. Ensuite, une méthodologie d’instrumentation est développée et appliquée à une maison individuelle. Le suivi de cette maison a pu être étudié sur les six premiers mois de monitoring et a permis d’expliquer le comportement du bâtiment et ses consommations au regard de son usage et de faire le lien avec les prévisions faites en phase de conception. / In France, the building sector is the main energy consumer. Moreover single-family houses represent about 60% of annual dwelling construction. The construction of energy efficient buildings represents a big step into energy saving. However, even though various efforts are made within this field, there is still a lack of methodologies about how to evaluate the energy performance of these buildings. The performance evaluation of an energy efficient building should allow understanding factors that contribute to its energy performance and as well as identifying the causes of overconsumption, poor indoor conditions.This thesis seeks to contribute to this field, by proposing an approach towards evaluating the energy performance of a house. This is done by comparing the real performance and the expected performance, using monitoring and building performance simulation, from design to operational phases. The energy performance evaluation approach is carried out on different cases of studies, mainly on a single-family house, situated in a Mediterranean climate.First, in the design phase, we use building performance simulation models to study the dispersions in energy use related to occupant’s behavior. The goal is to analyze the influence of the occupancy scenario on the behavior of the building and to establish a range of values for energy demand, based on national statistics. This step study the building’s behavior based on different types of occupancy scenarios, appliances and lighting use and temperature set point.Then, the focus is on the global evaluation of the envelope’s performance. Within the present thesis an innovative in-situ dynamic test is developed to assess the real envelope’s performance. This test is adapted to occupied houses (as it only takes 2 days) while controlling the infiltration air flow. The comparison between theoretical results of steady state calculation and experimental results show a good precision of less than 10%.Finally, continuous monitoring of energy efficient houses is studied. First, a work is done to reduce the number of sensors required for monitoring, while minimizing the loss of information. Then, an instrumentation methodology is developed and applied to a single-family house. The follow-up of this house could be studied during the first six months of monitoring and allowed to explain the behavior of the building and its consumption with regard to its use and to make the link with the previsions made during the design phase.

This paper describes a methodology to assess the energy performance of residential buildings starting from the semantic 3D city model of Vienna. Space heating, domestic hot water and electricity demand are taken into account. The paper deals with aspects related to urban data modelling, with particular attention to the energy-related topics, and with issues related to interactive data exploration/visualisation and management from a plugin-free web-browser, e.g. based on Cesium, a WebGL virtual globe and map engine. While providing references to existing previous works, only some general and introductory information is given about the data collection, harmonisation and integration process necessary to create the CityGML-based 3D city model, which serves as the central information hub for the different applications developed and described more in detail in this paper. The work aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. The results obtained so far, as well as some comments about their quality and limitations, are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.

abstract: Energy performance and efficiency plays of major role in the operations of K-12 schools, as it is a significant expense and a source of budgetary pressure upon schools. Energy performance is tied to the physical infrastructure of schools, as well as the operational and behavioral patterns they accommodate. Little documentation exists within the existing literature on the measured post-occupancy performance of schools once they have begun measuring and tracking their energy performance. Further, little is known about the patterns of change over time in regard to energy performance and whether there is differentiation in these patterns between school districts. This paper examines the annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of 28 different K-12 schools within the Phoenix Metropolitan Region of Arizona over the span of five years and presents an analysis of changes in energy performance resulting from the measurement of energy use in K-12 schools. This paper also analyzes the patterns of change in energy use over time and provides a comparison of these patterns by school district. An analysis of the energy performance data for the selected schools revealed a significant positive impact on the ability for schools to improve their energy performance through ongoing performance measurement. However, while schools tend to be able to make energy improvements through the implementation of energy measurement and performance tracking, deviation may exist in their ability to maintain ongoing energy performance over time. The results suggest that implementation of ongoing measurement is likely to produce positive impacts on the energy performance of schools, however further research is recommended to enhance and refine these results. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction 2015

abstract: Improving the conditions of schools in many parts of the world is gradually acquiring importance. The Green School movement is an integral part of this effort since it aims at improving indoor environmental conditions. This would in turn, enhance student- learning while minimizing adverse environmental impact through energy efficiency of comfort-related HVAC and lighting systems. This research, which is a part of a larger research project, aims at evaluating different school building designs in Albania in terms of energy use and indoor thermal comfort, and identify energy efficient options of existing schools. We start by identifying three different climate zones in Albania; Coastal (Durres), Hill/Pre-mountainous (Tirana), mountainous (Korca). Next, two prototypical school building designs are identified from the existing stock. Numerous scenarios are then identified for analysis which consists of combinations of climate zone, building type, building orientation, building upgrade levels, presence of renewable energy systems (solar photovoltaic and solar water heater). The existing building layouts, initially outlined in CAD software and then imported into a detailed building energy software program (eQuest) to perform annual simulations for all scenarios. The research also predicted indoor thermal comfort conditions of the various scenarios on the premise that windows could be opened to provide natural ventilation cooling when appropriate. This study also estimated the energy generated from solar photovoltaic systems and solar water heater systems when placed on the available roof area to determine the extent to which they are able to meet the required electric loads (plug and lights) and building heating loads respectively. The results showed that there is adequate indoor comfort without the need for mechanical cooling for the three climate zones, and that only heating is needed during the winter months. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Architecture 2015

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-13T13:12:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Emilly Marques Silva Freire.pdf: 2692023 bytes, checksum: b0510a2bcc1472a21c8e75ad17adbd52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-11-06T14:02:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Emilly Marques Silva Freire.pdf: 2692023 bytes, checksum: b0510a2bcc1472a21c8e75ad17adbd52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T14:02:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Emilly Marques Silva Freire.pdf: 2692023 bytes, checksum: b0510a2bcc1472a21c8e75ad17adbd52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / CAPES / Em decorrência do aumento contínuo do consumo da energia elétrica no Brasil, tornase crescente a preocupação pela racionalização e uso eficiente da energia elétrica em todos os setores, em particular no setor residencial. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o nível de eficiência energética em uma unidade habitacional de Interesse Social (HIS) localizada na cidade de Várzea Grande – MT, que apresenta o sistema construtivo convencional, apresentando paredes em alvenaria e telhas de barro. Para a avaliação do nível eficiência energética da habitação utilizou-se o Regulamento Técnico para a Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência em Edificações Residenciais (RTQ-R), por meio do método prescritivo e da simulação computacional. Constatou-se que com base no cálculo prescritivo, a unidade habitacional recebeu nível D de eficiência, em decorrência da inadequação da transmitância térmica e capacidade térmica das paredes e transmitância térmica da cobertura que apresentaram valores acima e abaixo do recomendado pelo regulamento, respectivamente. Pelo método da simulação computacional, o resultado evidenciou o mesmo nível de eficiência para a habitação. Após a avaliação do nível de eficiência, analisaram-se todas as variáveis contidas na equação prescritiva do regulamento (RTQ-R), as que apresentaram maiores coeficientes de variação nos resultados dos graus-hora foram: Upar, CTalta, α (paredes e coberturas), Fvent e somb. A partir da proposta de melhoria na edificação, a unidade habitacional recebeu o nível A de eficiência energética. Espera-se que, com este trabalho, o Regulamento e sua aplicação possam ser difundidos na cidade de Várzea Grande, demonstrando sua eficácia e contribuindo para melhorar a eficientização das edificações do setor residencial. / Due to the continuous increase in the consumption of electric energy in Brazil, increasing it becomes a concern for rational and efficient use of energy in all sectors, particularly in the residential sector. In this context, this work aims at assessing the level of energy efficiency in a housing unit of Social Interest (HIS) located in Várzea Grande - MT, which presents the conventional building system, with brick walls and clay tile. For assessing the energy efficiency level of housing used the Technical Regulation for the Quality Level of Efficiency in Residential Buildings (RTQ-R) through the prescriptive method and computer simulation. It was found that based on prescriptive calculation, the housing unit received D level of efficiency, due to the mismatch of the thermal transmittance and thermal capacity of the walls and thermal transmittance of the roof that had values above and below that recommended by the regulation , respectively. The method by computer simulation, the result showed the same level of efficiency for housing. After evaluating the level of efficiency , we analyzed all the variables contained in the equation of prescriptive regulation (RTQ-R), which showed the highest coefficients of variation in the results of degree- hour were : Upar, CTalta, α ( walls and roofs ) , and Fvent Somb. From the proposal to improve the building, housing unit received A-level energy efficiency. That with this work, the Regulation and its application can be broadcast in the city of Grande Floodplain demonstrating its effectiveness and helping to improve the efficiency of buildings in the residential sector is expected.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-27T16:43:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1307807 bytes, checksum: 77d4794b09c164cec707cb914d2e0bfe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T16:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1307807 bytes, checksum: 77d4794b09c164cec707cb914d2e0bfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Due to increasing demand in the global energy sector, research are being grounded in the pursuit of new nonpolluting energy resources. With concepts of use already well-established, solar energy has been highlighted in its capture and transformation into electricity. One way of using solar energy with great impact on energy network is the transformation through the solar cells, which are devices for direct conversion of solar energy into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This raises a number of challenges to their development as it relates to new materials that allow greater efficiency in this transformation. Photovoltaic cells need to be efficient, stable, and its manufacturing cost must be competitive. Considering these factors, this paper presents the assembly of solar cells sensitized by titanium dioxide pigment (TiO2) most commonly found in the literature. Based on this, the solar cell has been developed using the Pechini method. The methodology is consolidated and objective, an optimization of all steps involved in the assembly process of the cells to improve the efficiency of energy conversion. To check the performance of the cell, its efficiency is calculated. This estimate requires a fill factor (FF) extracted from the I-V curve. For this purpose, Newton Rapson and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms are used to plot the curve and find the cell parameters. The experimental results show that the cell built with an area of 6,25 square centimeters and the efficiency value η = 3.21% is effective in the transformation of solar energy into electricity. / Devido à demanda crescente no setor de energia mundial, trabalhos de pesquisas estão sendo fundamentados na procura de novos recursos energéticos não poluentes. Com conceitos de utilização já bem consolidados a energia solar tem tido destaque na sua captação e transformação em energia elétrica. Uma das formas de utilização da energia solar com grande impacto na rede energética é a transformação através das células solares, que são dispositivos de conversão direta de energia solar em energia elétrica por meio do efeito fotovoltaico. Neste contexto, surgem vários desafios para o seu desenvolvimento no que se refere a novos materiais que possibilitem maior eficiência nessa transformação. As células fotovoltaicas precisam ser eficientes, estáveis e seu custo de fabricação deve ser competitivo. Considerando esses fatores, este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a montagem de células solares sensibilizadas por corante de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) mais comumente encontradas na literatura. Baseado nisso, foi desenvolvida a célula solar utilizando o método Pechini. A metodologia é consolidada e objetiva, uma otimização de todas as etapas envolvidas no processo de montagem das células para melhorar a eficiência da conversão energética. Para verificar o desempenho da célula, calcula-se a sua eficiência. Esta estimativa necessita de um fator de preenchimento (FF) extraído da curva I-V. Para este propósito, os algoritmos de Newton Rapson e Levenberg Marquardt são aplicados para plotar a curva e achar os parâmetros da célula. Os resultados experimentais comprovam que a célula construída com uma área de 6,25 cm2 e o valor de eficiência η = 3,21 %, é eficaz na transformação da energia solar em eletricidade.

This paper describes a methodology to assess the energy performance of residential buildings starting from the semantic 3D city model of Vienna. Space heating, domestic hot water and electricity demand are taken into account. The paper deals with aspects related to urban data modelling, with particular attention to the energy-related topics, and with issues related to interactive data exploration/visualisation and management from a plugin-free web-browser, e.g. based on Cesium, a WebGL virtual globe and map engine. While providing references to existing previous works, only some general and introductory information is given about the data collection, harmonisation and integration process necessary to create the CityGML-based 3D city model, which serves as the central information hub for the different applications developed and described more in detail in this paper. The work aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. The results obtained so far, as well as some comments about their quality and limitations, are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.

O setor da construção civil é hoje considerado não somente o maior consumidor de recursos e energia, mas também o maior gerador de resíduos nos centros urbanos. Uma reformulação no setor faz-se necessária para a melhoria dos processos de produção e prevenção dos efeitos da poluição. Estas mudanças são essenciais para que se desenvolvam tecnologias construtivas mais limpas e mais eficientes, que reduzam os impactos ao meio ambiente através de um uso mais racional dos recursos naturais (com menor consumo energético e diminuição dos resíduos gerados), minimizando o desperdício de matéria-prima já escassas. Este trabalho foi realizado a partir de dados coletados em 10 serrarias que processam madeira serrada de pinus na região administrativa de Sorocaba. Nesta região concentra-se atualmente o maior potencial madeireiro do Estado de São Paulo, 42,3% de toda a área de florestas plantadas do Estado, sendo também o maior centro produtor de pinus do Estado, com 58,5%. Esses dados foram convertidos para o cálculo do consumo energético no processamento do eucalipto. Dada a relevância do consumo de energia e a quantidade de entulhos gerados pelo setor da construção civil, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, dentro da cadeia produtiva da madeira serrada, o consumo energético e os resíduos gerados na produção de componentes construtivos utilizados em painéis de vedação para casas de madeira. Foram analisadas peças de seções comerciais utilizadas em três tipos diferentes de painéis. Dois destes sistemas pré-fabricados, executados na cidade de São Carlos - SP, possuem sistema estrutural em madeira serrada de eucalipto com paredes duplas de pinus. Um deles possui na face interna, lambri e, na externa, deck horizontal, enquanto o outro sistema construtivo possui na face interna, lambri e, na face externa, tábua mata-junta. O terceiro sistema de vedação, construído em Campos do Jordão - SP, é composto por estrutura em pórticos de madeira serrada de pinus com paredes externas de fechamento duplo de lambri de 2,2 cm de espessura. A parede interna é simples com apenas uma camada de lambri de igual espessura. O consumo de energia foi medido para cada tipologia de painel construído, calculando-se o número de operações de corte e a potência de cada equipamento envolvido. Os resíduos gerados foram obtidos a partir do cálculo da área de material particulado removido. O índice de desempenho energético foi aferido em kWh por metro quadrado de painel (energia) e em metros cúbicos por metro quadrado de painel (resíduo). Estes resultados poderão vir a ser comparados com diferentes materiais de construção utilizados em sistemas de vedação, assim como fornecer informações para análise do grau de sustentabilidade na produção de um edifício de madeira em relação ao consumo energético. / The civil construction sector today is considered not only the greatest consumer of material and energy resources in urban centres, but also a major generator of waste. The sector needs a reformulation for the improvement of production and for the prevention of pollution. It is therefore essential to consider cleaner and more efficient technological processes, i. e., to decrease environmental impacts through a more rational use of resources (with lower consumption of energy anbd less production-related waste), minimizing the squandering of scarce resources. The study reported on here was based on data collected from ten pine sawmills in the region of Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. This region currently possesses the greatest potential for sawed wood in the state of São Paulo, 42.3% of all the forest planted in State, and is the state\'s largest pinewood producer, about 58.5%. Those datas were also aplicated to calculate the energy consumed for sawn eucalyptus pieces. Given the relevance of energy consumption and the quantity of produced rubbish by the construction sector, the purpose of this work is to analyse the consumption of energy and the produced waste in the productive cycle of boards for wooden housing, from the cutting stage, processing, and prefabrication of componentes to the assembly of wall panels. This study involved wooden boards of commercial dimensions applied in three different types of panelling in three buildings. Two of theseprefabricated systems, executed in the city of São Carlos, have a structural system made of sawn eucalyptus wood with double walls of pine. One of them is lined internally with wainscoting and externally with horizontal decking, while the other system has internal wainscotting and external match boarding. The third system, built in Campos de Jordão, is composed of a structural framework of sawed pine, with external double shutter walls of 2.2 mm match boarding and simple internal walls consisting of a single layer of 2.2 mm thick match boarding. The consumption of energy was measured for each kind of board produced, calculated from the number of cutting operations and the power of each machines involved. The produced waste was calculated by the area of removed particulate material. The energy performance index were expressed in kWh consumed per square meter of wood panel produced (enegy) and in m3 produced per square meter of wood panel produced (waste). These data will serve as the basis for a comparison with various types of construction materials used in wall systems (concrete, brick and others), and provide information for the analysis of the sustainability of wooden construction systems from the standpoint of energy consumption.

Today many professional property holders use different types of software for monthly energy analyses. The data is however often limited to energy and water use, that is paid for by the property holder. In year 2001, financed by the Swedish Energy Agency, the first steps were taken to create a national web based data base, eNyckeln. A property holder may then enter consumption data together with about 50 other building specific parameters to this data base in order to enable benchmarking and energy performance evaluations. Due to EU-regulations and the increasing awareness of energy and environmental issues there is a large interest in evaluating the energy performance and also to identify effective energy retrofits. The used energy performance indicator is still only the annual energy use for heating per square meter of area to let, kWh/m2,year, despite the fact that monthly data often are available. The main problem with this indicator, which is the stipulated measure, is that it reflects a lot of user influence and that only a part of the total energy use is considered. The main focus of this thesis is to explore the possibilities, based on the national data base, to extract additional energy information about multi family buildings (MFB) using monthly data in combination with different assumed consumption pattern but also to identify potential for energy savings. For the latter a multivariate method was used to identify relations between the energy use and building specific parameters. The analysis gave clear indications that the available area, the area to let, is not appropriate for normalization purposes since the remaining heated area can be significant. Due to this fact, the analysis was mainly limited to qualitative conclusions. As measure of the buildings energy characteristic, the total heat loss coefficient, Ktot,(W/ºK) is determined and the robustness for the estimate of Ktot to different assumptions of user behaviour is investigated. The result shows that the value of Ktot is fairly insensitive to different indoor temperature, use of domestic hot water and household electricity. With the addition of m2 it can of course be used for benchmarking. Using the mentioned measure of the buildings energy characteristic for validating the energy performance has a clear advantage compared to the traditional kWh/m2, since the user behaviour is of minor importance. As a result of this an improved analysis of the energy performance will be obtained. A guarantee for new buildings energy performance based on this method is therefore a challenge for the building sector to develop.

Energy Performance Contracting is an energy saving method, when the supplier guarantees a certain minimal level of energy savings to the customer, as well as non-rising energy costs. The method was developed at the turn of 70's and 80's in the USA and has spread to dozens of countries around the world till today, although the rate of the EPC market development differs from country to country. The method is useful mostly for heating, electricity and gas cost savings by the end-users. In the Czech Republic, the method has been used since 1993. Until now, several dozens, or even hundreds of projects have been realized, mostly for public sector customers. This paper analyzes the current state of the EPC method usage around the world as well as in the Czech Republic, the key part comprises of the EPC principles description, based on data from real EPC contracts. The work is concluded by a SWOT analysis of the method and by a discussion of the following question: "Can EPC projects blockade the overall saving potential in some cases?" The key information source for most of the work were answers to questions sent to eight Czech ESCO companies representatives, as well as the outputs from guided interviews with four of them, which were taking place between January and May 2009.