La performance environnementale des produits influence largement la performance des systèmes. De plus, les systèmes présentent encore un potentiel d'économie d'énergie inexploité pour la performance environnementale globale, comparé aux produits individuels qui les composent.L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une approche pour l'évaluation de performance énergétique de systèmes, en tenant compte d'information / de données livrées par les politiques européennes de produits (Directives Eco-conception et Étiquetage énergétique, Verdissement des marchés publics, Ecolabel Européen). L'hypothèse considérée ici est que les politiques environnementales des produits, qui ont été très utiles pour faciliter un système de notation homogène sur le marché européen des produits, peuvent également être avantageusement utilisées dans une démarche visant pour évaluer la performance énergétique des systèmes.Ce travail de recherche propose une méthode simplifiée pour soutenir la conception de systèmes de chauffage performants en utilisant les données des politiques environnentales de produits de l'Union Européenne, disponibles en phase de conception. Tout d'abord, une modélisation du système avec une approche "top-down" est utilisée pour prendre en compte les aspects système (conditions géographiques, caractéristiques du bâtiment, etc.). Deuxièmement, la performance énergétique du système est calculée à partir d'une approche "bottom-up", à partir de la performance des produits et des sous-systèmes composant le système. La méthode comporte 5 étapes divisées en deux phases principales: diagnostic du système initial et amélioration. La méthode est supportée par un outil de calcul original qui détermine les paramètres énergétiques (demande d'énergie, consommation d'énergie et rendement énergétique) au niveau du système en utilisant les données de performance telles que documentées par les politiques produits de l'Union Européenne. La méthode permet d'évaluer la performance d'un système de chauffage en définissant les systèmes les plus mauvais et les meilleurs possibles. La méthode est flexible et permet d'évaluer différentes configurations de produits et peut donc soutenir les activités de conception des systèmes de chauffage de bâtiment.La méthode est testée sur une étude de cas, la re-conception conception d'un système de chauffage existant d'une habitation dans le nord de l'Italie, incluant un système d'eau chaude sanitaire solaire et un système de chauffage des locaux. L'étude de cas démontre le potentiel d'amélioration du système de chauffage basé sur les résultats produits par la méthode, en aidant à sélectionner les produits actuellement disponibles sur le marché. En outre, sur la base de l'évaluation, plusieurs variantes de re-conception peuvent être proposées combinant différentes performances des produits qui composent les systèmes de chauffage. La thèse analyse également l'évolution des différentes approches adoptées par les politiques de produits de l'Union Européenne (approche produit, approche produit étendu et approche système). En particulier, le concept de "package" (ou produits combinés) défini dans les réglementations d'étiquetage énergétique des systèmes de chauffage est étudié en détail. L'étiquette du "package" du règlement 811/2013 est mise en œuvre dans la même étude de cas, de sorte que les résultats puissent être comparés à ceux des sections précédentes. Il est démontré que le concept de "package" peut également soutenir les décisions prises dans la phase de conception du système de chauffage, en particulier dans la sélection des composants appropriés en fonction de l'estimation de la performance du système. En outre, le chapitre 6, composé essentiellement d'un article publié dans un journal scientifique, analyse le lien entre les politiques publiques européennes relatives aux produits du bâtiment et celles liées à la performance énergétique des bâtiments: il est conclu qu'elles pourraient être mieux alignées. / Environmental performances of products largely influence performances of systems. Moreover, systems have still an untapped energy-saving potential concerning environmental performances at system level rather than at the level of the individual products of which they are composed.The objective of this work is to propose an approach to deal with energy performance assessments at system level considering information/data from European product policies (Ecodesign, Energy Labels, Green Public Procurement and EU Ecolabel). The hypothesis here is that environmental product policies, that have been very useful in facilitating a homogeneous rating scheme in the EU market for individual products, can also be advantageously used in a method to assess the energy performance of systems.This research work proposes a simplified method for supporting the design of good performing heating systems using data from EU product policies, which is available during the design stage. Firstly, a system modelling with a top-down approach is used so that system aspects (geographical conditions, building characteristics, etc.) are regarded. Secondly, the system energy performance is calculated from a bottom-up approach so that, from the performance of the products and sub-systems composing the system. The method has 5 steps divided in two main phases: diagnostic of the initial system and improvement. The method is supported by an original calculation tool which determines the energy parameters (energy demand, energy losses, energy consumption and low-emission energy efficiency) at system level using performance figures from EU product policies. It helps assessing how good a heating system is by setting worst, benchmark and best possible systems. The method is flexible, and allows different product configurations to be assessed and can hence support the design activities of heating systems.The method is tested on a real case study, the re-design of existing heating systems of a dwelling in north Italy, including a solar hot water system and a space heating system. The case study demonstrates the potential of improvement of the heating systems based on the results produced by the method, by helping selecting products currently available in the market. In addition, based on the assessment, several improved design alternatives can be proposed combining different performances of the products which compose the heating systems.The dissertation also analyses the evolution of the different approaches of EU product policies (product, extended product and system). In particular, the package concept set in the energy labelling regulations of heating systems is studied in detail. The package label of Regulation 811/2013 is implemented on the same prior case study so that results can be compared with the ones of previous sections. It is shown that the package concept can also support decisions made in the building design phase especially in the choice of appropriate components based on estimation of system performances. In addition, the peer-reviewed paper analyses the link of building-related product policies with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, and it is concluded that they should be somehow better aligned.

Building energy performance has always been important in the cold climate of Sweden, Norway and Finland. To meet the goal that all new buildings should be nearly zero-energy buildings by 2020, set in the EU directive 2010/31/EU [1] on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD recast), the building sector in Europe now faces a transition towards buildings with improved energy performance. In such a transition, a discussion is needed about the objective of the improvement – why, or to what end, the building energy performance should be improved. The objective of improving building energy performance is often a political decision, but scientific research can contribute with knowledge on how the objectives can be achieved. This thesis addresses how the indicators used in the requirements used to achieve building energy performance in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, and the methods used to evaluate these requirements, reflect building energy performance. It also addresses difficulties in achieving comparable and verifiable indicators in evaluations of building energy performance. The research objective has two parts: to review, compare, and discuss (i) requirements and (ii) evaluation methods used to achieve energy performance of residential buildings in Sweden, Norway and Finland. The work in this thesis includes reviews of the requirements used in national building codes and passive house criteria to achieve building energy performance, of methods used to evaluate compliance with such requirements, and of methods used specifically to evaluate the indicator Envelope Air Tightness. The results show that different sets of indicators are used to achieve building energy performance in the studied building codes and passive house criteria. The methods used to evaluate compliance with requirements used to achieve building energy performance are also different, but calculation methods are generally more often used than measurement methods. The calculation- and measurement methods used are often simple. A methodology to analyze the deviation between predictions- and measurements of building energy performance (the performance gap) was developed, to investigate the effects of different evaluation methods on different indicators used to achieve building energy performance. The methodology was tested in a case-study. This study indicated that the choice of method affects which parts of the performance gap reflected in the indicators Supplied Energy (see Terminology), Net Energy (see Terminology), and Overall U-value. Among the reviewed methods to evaluate air tightness, the Fan/Blower Door Pressurization is well known and preferred by professionals in the field. The results in this thesis may be useful when choosing indicators and evaluation methods to achieve different objectives of improving building energy performance and in the quest towards comparable and verifiable indicators used to achieve building energy performance. / Increasing Energy Efficiency in Buildings (IEEB) / Sustainable Buildings for the High North (SBHN)

The global share from buildings towards energy usage in residential and commercial buildings have been increasing constantly reaching between 20% to 40% in developed countries and has overtook the other major sectors: industrial and transportation. Energy demand reduction in the building sector is important for Sweden to achieve national energy aims for reduced energy use in the future.  For this reason, energy efficiency measures in buildings today is one of the main objective for energy policy towards 2020 goals.   This project moves on the same path to find energy efficiency potential in Fridhemsskolan buildings in Gävle, Sweden by performing energy audit using IDA-ICE software to simulate energy performance for the buildings under study. In addition, measurements have been made on three of the school buildings named Hus 1, Hus 2 and Hus 3.   The results include different energy efficiency retrofits on each building and economic analysis of these retrofits for each building individually and for the whole buildings together. The presented measures are reducing working hours of the ventilation system in Hus 2, change of CAV system with VAV system in (Hus 1 and Hus 2) and lights changing to LED, s efficient lights and building envelope improvement which includes walls and roof extra insulation and windows replacement.   Replacement of the CAV system in Hus 1 and Hus 2 were not economically beneficial when considering their high cost compared to energy reduction that can be achieved by applying them. On the other hand, energy retrofits analysis showed that combination of the following energy efficiency measures is the most effective and profitable: extra insulation (walls and roof), windows replacement and lights change to LED in the three buildings. In addition to these measure is reducing running hours of the ventilation system in Hus 2.   Implementation of the recommended energy efficiency measures will save 120, 737 kWh/ year of the district heating and 21, 962 kWh/year electricity consumption with capital investment of 417, 396 SEK and 98, 957 SEK/ year cost saving with payback period of 4.2 years. These figures represent 40.3% and 18.1% reduction in district heating and electricity energy use respectively.   Since reducing working hours of ventilation system measure has no capital investment and have the highest figure of energy reduction it reduces payback period significantly. In case the amount of money saved by this measure doesn’t consider; payback period for the other measures which require capital investment will be 13.5 years and the energy saving in terms of cost will be 30, 874 SEK/ year.

Master of Architecture / Department of Architecture / Gary J. Coates / Buildings account for a large part of total U.S. energy consumption and generate far more greenhouse gas emissions than any other sector of the economy. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how buildings can be designed in a way that helps to mitigate global environmental problems, while resolving local urban design, architecture and social issues. This purpose was achieved by designing a zero-energy garage apartment for a site located along an alley in Manhattan, Kansas. The methodology for the design was to: identify a client; define project goals and design criteria; determine solar and geothermal renewable energy system requirements; design the garage apartment by employing energy efficient strategies relating to bioregional design and passive solar design; identify eco-friendly materials obtainable within a 500-mile radius of the site; and identify energy-efficient construction methods. The energy performance of the garage apartment was constantly monitored using eQUEST and Energy-10 simulation softwares. Operational definitions: Garage apartment- a building behind the main building[superscript]1, which is part of the same plot as the main building. It is also called a 'backhouse', 'granny flat' or a 'rear house'. Zero-energy house- for this thesis, a grid connected self-standing zero-energy house, which results in zero utility bills throughout the year.

Bostads- och servicesektorn står för den största energianvändningen i hela Sverige på 40 %, följt av industrisektorn och transportsektorn. Sveriges riksdag har satt upp ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk från energiöverenskommelsen, bland annat med målet om att energianvändningen ska vara 50 % effektivare till år 2030 i jämförelse med år 2005, uttryckt i termer av tillförd energi i relation till BNP. Det finns stora besparingsmöjligheter att hämta i bostäder, och för att göra en skillnad måste information och kunskap spridas till både fastighetsägare och privatpersoner. Det här examensarbetet är en del av Energikontor Norrs projekt ”Stratus” som arbetar med att stötta 12 kommuner i Norrbottens län, genom att strategiskt arbeta mot att hitta en effektiv och framgångsrik väg för att nå de nationella energi- och klimatmålen anpassad till respektive kommuns förutsättningar.   Syftet med projektet har varit att kartlägga behovet/potentialen för energieffektivisering i olika befintliga byggnader hos alla de 14 kommunerna i Norrbottens län genom analys och bearbetning av data från energideklarationer, lantmäteriet och litteratur.   Byggbeståndet har kategoriserats i fyra byggnadskategorier: ”en- och tvåbostadshus”, ”flerbostadshus”, ”lokal- och specialbyggnader” och ”lokalbyggnader”. Resultatet visar ett energideklarerat byggnadsbestånd där 80 % av byggnaderna har en energiklass mellan D-G, där stor andel av beståndet är byggt under 60–80 talet, därav i behov av någon form av renovering. Byggnadsbeståndet som saknar energideklaration är främst komplementbyggnader som ofta inte behöver en energideklaration, följt av bostäder, där friliggande småhus hör till den största andelen.   Den största besparingspotentialen utifrån förslagna åtgärdsförslag finns att hämta i lokal- och specialbyggnader följt av lokalbyggnader enligt energideklarationerna. En estimerad besparingspotential för energianvändningen i hela Norrbottens län, baserat på åtgärdsförslag från energideklarationerna, visar sig vara 1,65 TWh, mest troligt mycket större än det. Exempel på vanliga förekommande åtgärdsförslag är ”isolera tak” och ”byte/installation av värmepump” för alla byggnadskategorier tillsammans.   En prognos för energiprestandan (kWh/m2 och år) fram till år 2030 visar en minskning med cirka 36 % från hur läget var år 2009 då de första energideklarationerna gjordes i Norrbottens län. Det indikerar att energiprestandan är på rätt väg och potentialen för att minska energianvändningen i våra bostäder finns där, men kommer inte utav sig själv utan det finns fortfarande stora behov av renovering och åtgärder i byggnadsbeståndet. / The housing and service sector accounts for the largest energy consumption, 40 % in Sweden followed by the industrial and transport sectors. The Swedish Parliament has established a climate policy framework from the energy agreement, including the goal of energy use being 50 % more efficient by 2030, compared to 2005, expressed in terms of energy input in relation to GDP. There are great savings opportunities to obtain in housing, and to make a difference knowledge must be disseminated to both property owners and private individuals. This project is part of the Energikontor Norr project "Stratus", which works to support 12 municipalities in Norrbotten County, by strategically working towards finding an effective and successful way to achieve the national energy and climate goals adapted to the respective municipalities' conditions.   The purpose of the project has been to identify the need / potential for energy efficiency in various existing buildings in all the 14 municipalities in Norrbotten County through analysis and processing of data from energy performance certificates (EPC’s), surveying and literature. The building stock has been categorized into four categories: “one- and two-dwelling houses”, “apartment buildings”, “local- and special buildings” and “local buildings”. The result shows an energy-declared building stock where 80 % of the buildings have an energy class between D-G, where a large proportion of the stock is built in the 60-80s, hence in need of renovation to reduce the energy consumption.   The building stock that does not have an EPC is mainly complementary buildings, that do not even need an EPC, followed by housing, where detached houses belong to the largest proportion.   The greatest savings potential based on policy proposal can be found in the “local and special buildings”, followed by “local buildings” according to the EPC’s. An estimated saving potential for energy use in the entire county of Norrbotten, based on policy proposal proposed by the EPC’s, turns out to be 1.65 TWh, most likely much larger than that. Examples of common policy proposal are "insulate roofs" and "replacement / installation of heat pump" for all building categories together.   A forecast for the energy performance (kWh/m2 and year) until 2030 shows a decrease of approximately 36% from 2009 when the first EPC’s in the Norrbotten was made. This indicates that energy performance is on the right track and the potential for reducing energy use in our homes is there, but will not come by itself, there is still a great need of renovation and policy proposal in the building stock.

The theme of the diploma thesis "Effect of energy care on building prices" is the design and assessment of several measures, two of which generally lead to lower heating costs. The diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the current state of the family house and determination of PENB before the construction modifications and subsequently after the construction modifications, defining subsequent measures for energy saving implementation, both in terms of energy, economic and also environmental.

The diploma thesis deals with the energy audit of administrative building. In the theoretical part I described the heat pumps. In a calculated part I proposed austerity measures and created of them saving variant. I chose the most suitable variant and assess it from an economic and ecological point of view. In the third part, I use the calculation program to optimize the building.

This thesis analyzes the impact of the reconstruction of a rental house on the rent rate. Specifically, it deals with insulation, replacing windows, doors and fitting new balconies. The theoretical part deals with the theme of energy performance of buildings, economic evaluation and valuation themes. In the practical part of thesis is completely evaluated energy consumption of the building and is determined its energy performance before and after insulation. It is determined the cost of construction works carried out an itemized budget and evaluated flat units by direct comparison before and after the reconstruction. The purpose of my work is finding of the influence of reconstruction on the price of the rent in terms of energy savings and profitability and return on the investment.

This diploma thesis is dealing with energy audit of industrial building with administration part, situated in Blansko, South Moravia region. The theoretical part is focused to windows from the energy balance point of view, because one of the energy saving measures is the change of current insufficient window filling. The main objective of this diploma thesis is to find the most energy saving variant which is going to be evaluated from the both, ecological and economical, aspect. The third part is dedicated to usage of computer technology as software for 3D model creating of assessed building or energy consumption simulation for particular systems as heating in relation to characters of different kinds of windows.

The main task of the thesis is to design a nearly zero energy building of nursing home building in Pohořelice. The building consists of three above-ground floors with flat roof. The first floor is partly below ground and contains eight studios. The second and third floor contains in total twenty residental units made out of sixteen studios and four one bedroom flats. The vertical load-bearing structures are designed from ceramic blocks. The horizontal load-bearing structures are designed from the cast-in-place reinforced concrete. The building envelope is insulated with mineral wool. The second part of the master project focuses on designing HVAC, lighting and sewage system. The building utilizes an air to water heat pump as the main heating and cooling energy source. The summer domestic water heating utilizes auxiliary source by thermal panels. The third part of the master project is to create two different solutions. The aim is to improve energy performance certificate depending on overall comfort of living. Evaluating their impact on energy efficiency and overall comfort compared to projected solution. The project was carried out in the AutoCAD, DEKSOFT, Excel and Word.