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Using a hydrodynamical smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) zoom-in simu lation of a galaxy group, we present a set of tail identification methods, and study the statistical properties of galaxy tails and their correlations with their expected formation mechanisms. We have a sample of 4548 M > 108 M⊙ galaxies across 58 snapshots from z = 0.67 to z = 0. For each galaxy, we apply a series of velocity and density cuts to identify the tail. We observed no significant correlations between galaxy tail mass and ram pressure, though we note some issues with our sampling. Tracking four visually identified jellyfish galaxies over time showed some evidence of increased ram pressure driving ISM mass loss, as well as spikes in tail mass pre ceding spikes in ram pressure with temporal offsets ranging from 500 Myr to 2 Gyr. No correlation was found between ISM mass and tail mass. We track the tail gas of a particularly well defined jellyfish galaxy 3.2 Gyrs back in time. We find that a lower bound of 30% of the tail gas was never in the ISM. Distinguishing between former ISM tail material and never ISM-accreted tail material, we see evidence of temperature mixing with the IGM in the former. Velocity and radial trajectory maps show a sharp impulse of ∆v ≈ 50 km s−1 over 4 snapshots, affecting both the never ISM-accreted tail material and CGM material, with the former showing evidence of momentum mixing onto the former ISM material. Combined with ob servations of CGM stripping, we propose that a significant portion of galaxy tails consists of stripped CGM that got swept up into the stripped ISM / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Yes

Yes / Dynamic wetting failure was observed in the simple dip coating flow with a series of substrates, which had a rough side and a comparatively smoother side. When we compared the air entrainment speeds on both sides, we found a switch in behaviour at a critical viscosity. At viscosity lower than a critical value, the rough side entrained air at lower speeds than the smooth side. Above the critical viscosity the reverse was observed, the smooth side entraining air at lower speed than the rough side. Only substrates with significant roughness showed this behaviour. Below a critical roughness, the rough side always entrained air at lower speeds than the smooth side. These results have both fundamental and practical merits. They support the hydrodynamic theory of dynamic wetting failure and imply that one can coat viscous fluids at higher speeds than normal by roughening substrates. A mechanism and a model are presented to explain dynamic wetting failure on rough surfaces.

Yes / There has been little study on the microscopic bubble entrainment and diffusion process on the high-speed self-aerated flows although the problem under investigation is theoretically important and has important engineering application. This study presents an experimental investigation on visual processes of free surface air entrainment and single bubble diffusion in supercritical open channel flows. The typical surface deformation, single air bubble rising and penetration are recorded using a high-speed camera system. Results show that for a single bubble formation process, surface entrapment development and bubble entrainment through a deformation evolution underneath the free surface are the two main features. The shape variation of local surface deformation with time follows an identical power law for different bubble size generations. The entrained bubble size depends on both size scale and shape of entrapped free surface. As the single bubble moves downstream, its longitudinal velocity is approximately the same as that of water flow surrounded it, while its vertical velocity for rising and penetration increases with the increase of the water flow velocity. An empirical-linear relationship for the bubble rising and penetration velocity with water flow velocity is obtained. This study demonstrates that the microscopic bubble movement can improve the self-aeration prediction in the open channel flow and advance the knowledge of our understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic air–water properties in hydraulic engineering. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 51609162), Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant number 2019JDTD0007) and the Open funding of the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering of Sichuan University (Project No: Skhl1809).

Learning fractions is the focus for much of elementary school mathematics instruction because it is important and can be difficult. Fractions constitute a system of thinking about numbers and representations that differs in important ways from counting numbers. To understand fractions requires, for example, perceiving that a symbol such as 6 is not automatically associated with a larger quantity than 5 if they are denominators. In the system that constitutes fractions, 1/5 is bigger than 1/6. When students fail to master the system of fractions by a certain age, the inherent difficulty of the concepts can become confounded with discouragement, boredom, and humiliation. Music, especially percussion, not only provides an engaging context for many students but musical patterning can also provide deep analogic experiences to fractions at embodied and representational levels. Reasonable questions about musical patterns can both motivate and guide students towards understanding the properties of systems of fractions and their representations. We utilize this possibility in a new tool and associated curriculum called Sound of Fractions (SoF). SoF incorporates three main ideas to leverage musical interest and skill to provide an alternative approach to teaching fractions: Experiencing the whole and the part at the same time is crucial to learning fractions; Drumming is a compelling, embodied, culturally-relevant activity that allows students to experience the wholes, the parts, and the relationships between them at the same time; A new computer-based representational infrastructure utilizing aural, visual, physical, and temporal components that scaffolds classroom-based activities that bridge the relationship between percussion-related and mathematics activities in such a way as to gradually bring the student towards more standard mathematical representations and usages. We conducted preliminary testing of this approach in two series of after school programs with 5th-8th grade children who were significantly behind in learning fractions. Preliminary indications are that the approach is promising and ready to be tried in more formal contexts. This work illustrates that instruction rich in representational infrastructure and domains continues to be an important component of how technology can have positive impact. / Master of Science

Creating effective models predicting particle entrainment behavior within axisymmetric turbulent jets is of significant interest to many areas of study. Research into multiphase flows within turbulent structures has primarily focused on specific geometries for a target application, with little interest in generalized cases. In this research, the entrainment characteristics of various particle sizes and densities were simulated by determining the distribution of particles across a surface after the particles had fallen out of entrainment within the jet core. The model was based on an experimental set-up created by Lieutenant Zachary Robertson, which consists of a particle injection system designed to load particles into a fully developed pipe [1]. This pipe flow then exits into an otherwise quiescent environment (created within a wind tunnel), creating an axisymmetric turbulent round jet. The particles injected were designed to test the effect of both particle size and density on the entrainment characteristics. The data generated by the model indicated that, for all particle types tested, the distribution across the bottom surface of the wind tunnel followed a standard Gaussian distribution. Experimentation yielded similar results, with the exception that some of the experimental trials showed distributions with significantly non-zero skewness. The model produced results with the highest correlation to experimentation for cases with the smallest Stokes number (small size/density), indicating that the trajectory of particles with the highest level of interaction with the flow were the easiest to predict. This was contrasted by the high Stokes number particles which appear to follow standard rectilinear motion. / Master of Science

Identification of thermoacoustic dynamics that exhibit limit cycle behavior is needed to gain a better intuitive feel of the system, to design complex control strategies, and to validate modeling efforts. Limit cycle oscillations arise in thermoacoustic systems due to the coupling between a nonlinear heat release process and the acoustic dynamics of the combustor. This response arises in lean premixed gaseous power generating turbines and is a concern due to the detrimental effect of the pressure oscillations on the structural integrity of the combustor. Due to the volatile environment intrinsic in the combustor, multiple sensing apparatuses are not available. Therefore, in the current study, an identification approach is assessed considering only a single output from the thermoacoustic system. As a means to further investigate the thermoacoustic limit cycle behavior, a scaled version of the industry-based turbine was constructed. By anchoring a flame halfway from end-to-end of a closed-open tube, a similar nonlinear response is achieved. A harmonic balance technique that linearly incorporates the nonlinearity is developed which uses frequency entrainment to offer sufficient information for the identification. Its validity is assessed on a model, which is based on known dynamics of the thermoacoustic system. The structure of the identification algorithm is based on a two-mode acoustic model with both dynamics and nonlinearity in the feedback loop. The limitations of using only a two-mode identification structure for a system with more than two modes is discussed as well as future efforts that may alleviate this problem. / Master of Science

The present study examines the role of turbulence on the incipient motion of sediment. For this purpose, well-controlled experiments are performed at the laboratory in a tilting flume. In these tests glass beads of the same size and density are used as the testing material to isolate the role of turbulence. State of the art equipment are used during the course of this study. Specifically, a 3-D Laser Doppler Velocimetry system is employed to measure the instantaneous velocity components at different points near the vicinity of a ball while the ball motion is monitored with a video camera. An image analysis program is developed here to analyze the motion of the particles within a test area. To examine the importance of the different stress components in the entrainment of sediment, five tests of different packing configuration are performed. Specifically three different roughness regimes are examined namely, the isolated, the wake interference, and the skimming flow. The results reveal that the instantaneous normal stress in the streamwise direction is the most dominant component of the instantaneous stress tensor. The backbone of this study is the development of a methodology to link the effects of turbulence with the commencement of sediment motion. It is considered that the metastable bursting cycle (i.e. sweeps, ejections, inward and outward interactions) is responsible for the sediment entrainment. And that the sediment entrainment, if any, occurs within a bursting period. The main concept behind the determination of the critical conditions is that the probability of the entrainment of sediment (effect) is equal to the probability of occurrence of these highly energetic turbulent events that have magnitude greater than the critical (cause). The probability of sediment entrainment is computed by means of the image analysis tool. The balance of moments is obtained here to determine the minimum moment that is required for the commencement of sediment motion. The balance of moments yields the deduction of a new variable that is used to describe the probability of occurrence of the different turbulent events. This variable is the summation of the instantaneous normal stresses in the streamwise and vertical direction. It is shown here that a two-parameter gamma density function describes quite well the statistical behavior of this variable. The results that are obtained from the existing model suggest that the present methodology can adequately describe the commencement of sediment motion. It is shown here that the traditionally used shear stress term uw may not be the appropriate measure for the determination of the critical conditions. / Ph. D.