Master thesis, Master of Science in Business Administration with specialisation in Entrepreneurship, Sustainability, and Social Change  Field of research: Business Administration, School of Business & Economics  University: Linnæus University, Växjö, Sweden Course code: 5FE06ESemester: Spring 2023Author: Felix Bause & Sophie JungbauerExaminer: Viktorija KalonaityteSupervisor: Marina JogmarkTitle: Bridging Entrepreneurship and Sustainability EducationSubtitle: Perspectives and Approaches from Swedish University Educators Background: Human-made climate change and its impact on humanity is one of the most severe challenges of modern times. Due to its complexity and global interconnectedness, it requires significant change and collaboration between different decision-makers. Entrepreneurs are seen as agents of change who can contribute to the transformation. Therefore, the importance of integrating entrepreneurship education in universities is repeatedly emphasised to provide students with sustainable entrepreneurial knowledge. Sustainability education is also repeatedly mentioned, and the importance of combining sustainable and entrepreneurial aspects in education is underlined. Research questions: How do university educators in Sweden work with and talk about entrepreneurship and sustainability? How is entrepreneurship and sustainability taught and intertwined in higher education in Sweden? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of how entrepreneurship and sustainability are taught and perceived at Swedish higher institutions. Moreover, this thesis aims at raising awareness of the importance of sustainability and entrepreneurship education and shows their connection. Method: This research follows a qualitative approach and utilises semi-structured interviews to explore sustainability and entrepreneurship education at Swedish universities. Since empirical material and theories evolved simultaneously throughout the study, an abductive approach was applied. Conclusion: This study found that sustainability and entrepreneurship education is very intertwined in Sweden and that both sustainability in entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship in sustainability education are taught. The findings show that sustainability is frequently addressed through ideas shared with the Planetary Boundary theory, and themes of Schumpeter's theory of innovation and entrepreneurship are regularly touched upon in entrepreneurship education. Although the teaching styles vary widely, reflective theory and constructivism are commonly used among Swedish university educators. Keywords: Entrepreneurship education, sustainability education, pedagogies, Sweden, higher education, entrepreneurship, sustainability, sustainable development, innovation, sustainable development goals

While research on entrepreneurship education increased along with the number of programs, little is known about whether students value certain components of entrepreneurship education differently based on their career choice. In this thesis, we want to close this gap by investigating whether there is a difference in the perception of the learning experience among graduates of an entrepreneurship program who chose employment versus those who became business owners. Using comparative analysis, we examined a survey among 93 alumni of the master’s program in entrepreneurship at Uppsala University between 2014 and 2022. Our findings indicate that the program is applicable regardless of the career chosen. However, the level of applicability varies throughout different course concepts and theories. We also noted differences in where the alumni put emphasis and found that contextual factors might influence the effectiveness of entrepreneurship programs. This research contributes to understanding the applicability of entrepreneurship education programs depending on career preferences and gives insights into the relevance and effectiveness of such programs. This study provides relevant implications for universities offering entrepreneurship education and future students considering them based on their career preferences.

創業活動為現今一國經濟發展的指標之一，也提供了許多就業機會，許多國家開始重視國內的創業績效，因此發展出許多相關政策。而創業教育也逐漸受到重視，創業家精神、創業機會的認知等相關意識須從小培養，而在各個成長階段又該具備什麼樣的創業相關知識與技能，能透過哪些創業教育類別帶給學童，是值得探討的課題。 不同的國家有著不同的社會環境、人文品種，在不同的國家文化下，創業教育也有所改變，本研究將深入探討台灣、美國、以色列、芬蘭、西班牙、中國、新加坡、韓國、日本九個具代表性的國家在創業教育上之特別作為，並藉由全球創業觀察數據資料來檢視九大國家的創業教育績效是否呼應其創業教育的實施，以表現較良好的國家作為台灣在創業教育上的借鏡，效法其優點，使台灣日趨進步。

Tutte le organizzazioni hanno un impatto che riguarda l'economia, la società e l'ambiente naturale. Gli studi accademici di diversi filoni di ricerca (ad business and society studies, accounting, strategic management) propongono diverse definizioni di "impatto sociale" (Latane, 1981; Burdge & Vanclay, 1996;. Emerson et al, 2000;. Clark et al, 2004 ). Tutte queste definizioni descrivono, in modo più o meno esplicito, il concetto di "cambiamento", essendo basati sulla “teoria del cambiamento” (Weiss, 1972; Anderson, 2004) - vale a dire, il cambiamento che un'organizzazione può produrre nel modo di vivere delle persone, nella cultura, personale nelle aspirazioni, ma anche rispetto alla comunità, ai sistemi politici, l'ambiente, la salute e il benessere. La misurazione dell’impatto sociale conduce l'organizzazione a considerare i cambiamenti prodotti sugli stakeholders come risultato di una serie di rapporti causa-effetto proposteidalla teoria del cambiamento. L'obiettivo della misurazione dell’impatto sociale è quindi di capire, in termini sociali, ambientali ed economici, i cambiamenti che si sono verificati nella vita delle parti interessate, a causa di attività di organizzazioni, al fine di comunicarlo (Nicholls et al, 2009). Nonostante il crescente interesse sulla misurazione dell'impatto sociale, la produzione accademica sull'argomento è ancora scarsa. La presente tesi contribuisce alla discussione in corso, concentrandosi sulla teoria, i concetti e strumenti per misurare l'impatto sociale. In particolare, due contesti di analisi sono presi in considerazione: la finanza etica e l'educazione all'imprenditorialità. La tesi si compone di tre articoli. La prima ricerca vuole fornire una revisione della letteratura sul tema della misurazione dell'impatto sociale nel contesto della finanza etica, il secondo articolo è una ricerca-azione su una metodologia per misurare l'impatto sociale delle banche etiche sviluppata attraverso lo studio del caso estremo di Banca Popolare Etica, e la terza ricerca riguarda il contesto della formazione imprenditoriale e mira a studiare l'impatto di un programma MBA sugli antecedenti dell’intenzione all'imprenditorialità di studenti in Ghana. Più in dettaglio, il primo documento è intitolato " Review of impact assessment methodologies for ethical finance ". Questo documento fornisce una rassegna completa della letteratura sulla misurazione dell'impatto sociale nelle banche etiche. In particolare, si discute l'approccio delle banche etiche all’impatto sociale e alla misurazione dell'impatto sociale considerando diversi studi e analisi, poi proponendo un elenco di indicatori e outcomes da utilizzare per evidenziare l'impatto sociale delle attività delle banche etiche. Si segnalano, inoltre, alcune lacune nella letteratura che abbiamo posto come questioni aperte per la ricerca futura. La ricerca è stata portata avanti con due partner: la Fédération Européenne des Banques et Ethiques Alternative (FEBEA) e l’Institute of Social banks (ISB). Il titolo della seconda ricerca è: " Measurement of social impact in financial institutions: the case of Banca Popolare Etica ". Si tratta di una ricerca-azione su una metodologia per misurare l'impatto sociale delle banche etiche, fondata sul caso di studio di Banca Popolare Etica. Usiamo un set di dati composto da 1.385 organizzazioni e 1324 individui, beneficiari dei finanziamenti, per studiare la misurazione dell'impatto sociale dei progetti finanziati. Integrando in un unico processo di valutazione (sia quantitative che qualitative) diverse metodologie generalmente utilizzate singolarmente per la misurazione di impatto sociale (Social Return on Investment (SROI), Impact Reporting Investment Standards (IRIS) e storytelling), il caso mostra come i limiti tradizionali di metodologie per misurare l'impatto sociale possono essere superati. Il terzo e ultimo studio è intitolato " Does entrepreneurial education impact on antecedents of entrepreneurial intention? An analysis of an Entrepreneurship MBA in Ghana". Questo studio ha lo scopo di analizzare gli effetti di un programma di educazione all'imprenditorialità, sugli antecedenti dell'intenzione imprenditoriale di studenti in un paese in via di sviluppo. Lo studio analizza i risultati di una ricerca di impatto eseguita con partecipanti di uno specifico programma di formazione all'imprenditorialità: il "E4impact MBA", tenuto dal l'Istituto Cattolico di Business and Technology - CIBT in Accra, Ghana. Il metodo misto impiegato, era un approccio esplicativo (Creswell, Plano Clark et al, 2003), con un disegno quasi-sperimentale (Cohen e Manion, 1989) con test pre e post e misure di cambiamento auto-percepito. Abbiamo valutato i cambiamenti nelle caratteristiche psicologiche imprenditoriali (Need for achievement, Self-efficacy, Locus of control; Risk taking propensity; Tolerance for ambiguity) e competenze e conoscenze personali (Creatività, Conoscenza, Flessibilità, Networking e analisi) sul modello esteso della Teoria del Comportamento Pianificato. L'analisi mostra che il programma di educazione all'imprenditorialità ha un forte impatto sugli antecedenti psicologici e cognitivi delle intenzioni imprenditoriali. Quindi, la partecipazione al programma di educazione all'imprenditorialità può influenzare positivamente le intenzioni imprenditoriali degli studenti e il controllo comportamentale percepito sostenendo l'idea che le università hanno un ruolo fondamentale nel plasmare e promuovere le intenzioni imprenditoriali e le abilità attraverso programmi di formazione all'imprenditorialità. / All organizations have impacts that affect economy, society and the natural environment. Academics from different streams of research (i.e. business and society studies, accounting, strategic management) propose several definitions of “social impact” (Latané, 1981; Burdge & Vanclay, 1996; Emerson et al., 2000; Clark et al., 2004). All these definitions describe, more or less explicitly, the concept of “change”, being each one based on the Theory of Change (Weiss, 1972; Anderson, 2004) – i.e., the change that an organization can produce in people’s way of life, culture, personal and property rights, fears and aspirations, but also with respect to community, political systems, environment, health and wellbeing. The measurement of social impact leads the organization to consider the changes on stakeholders as a result of the set of cause-effect relations proposed by the theory of change. The objective of social impact measurement thus is to understand, in social, environmental and economic terms, changes that have occurred in stakeholders’ lives because of organizations activities, in order to communicate it (Nicholls et al, 2009). Despite a growing interest on social impact measurement, academic production in the topic is still scarce. The present Ph.D. thesis contributes to the ongoing discussion by focusing on the theory, concepts and tools to measure social impact. In particular, two context of analysis are at issue: ethical finance and entrepreneurship education. The work consists of three papers. The first research wants to provide a review of the literature on the issue of measuring the social impact in the context of ethical finance, the second paper is an action research on a methodology for measuring the social impact of ethical banks developed through the extreme case study of Banca Popolare Etica, and the third research concerns the context of entrepreneurial education and aims at studying the impact of an MBA program on the antecedents of entrepreneurship intention of students in Ghana. More in details, the first paper is entitled “Review of impact assessment methodologies for ethical finance”. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on measuring the social impact in ethical banks. Specifically, we discuss the approach of ethical banks to social impact and social impact measurement considering several studies and frameworks of analysis, then proposing a list of indicators and outcomes to be used to highlight the social impact of ethical banks’ activities. We also point out some gaps in the literature that we left as questions open for future research. The research was carried on with two partners: the Fédération Européenne des Banques Ethiques et Alternatives (FEBEA) and the Institute of Social banks (ISB). The title of the second paper is: “Measurement of social impact in financial institutions: the case of Banca Popolare Etica”. This is an action research on a methodology for measuring the social impact of ethical banks, grounded on the case study of Banca Popolare Etica. We use a dataset of 1,385 organizations and 1,324 individuals, recipients of funding, to study the measurement of the social impact of the projects funded. Integrating in a single assessment process (both quantitative and qualitative) various methodologies generally singularly used for the measurement of social impact (Social Return on Investment (SROI), Impact Reporting Investment Standards (IRIS) and storytelling), the case shows how the traditional limitations of methodologies to measure social impact can be overcome. The third and last study is entitled “Does entrepreneurial education impact on antecedents of entrepreneurial intention? An analysis of an Entrepreneurship MBA in Ghana”. This study has the aim to analyze the effects of an entrepreneurship education program, on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention of students in a developing country. The study analyzes the results of an impact research conducted with participants to a specific entrepreneurship education program: the “E4impact MBA”, held by the Catholic Institute of Business and Technology – CIBT in Accra, Ghana. The mixed method design employed, was an explanatory approach (Creswell, Plano Clark et al., 2003) with a quasi-experimental design (Cohen and Manion, 1989) featuring both pre-post tests and self-perceived change measures. We assessed changes in entrepreneurial psychological characteristics (Need for achievement, Self-efficacy, Locus of control; Risk taking propensity; Tolerance for ambiguity) and personal skills and knowlwdge (Creativity, Knowledge, Flexibility, Networking and Analysis) following the extended model of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The analysis shows that the entrepreneurship education program has a strong impact on psychological and cognitive antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions. That is, participation in entrepreneurship education program can positively influence students’ entrepreneurial intentions and perceived behavioral control supporting the idea that universities have a key role in shaping and fostering entrepreneurial intentions and abilities through entrepreneurship education program.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioRLM.pdf: 1774863 bytes, checksum: 4b25f325505598527ffffffa5b12d464 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / This Thesis deals with entrepreneurship on higher education undergraduate programs. The main objective is investigating the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in terms of entrepreneurial attitudes and behavior. The study is done on a University that has an entrepreneurship education program on a Business Management undergraduate program. It is conducted a survey using a questionnaire on the Business Management undergraduate students resulting in a random stratified sample of 264 students. The entrepreneurial attitudes variables used are those found on the entrepreneurship literature. The entrepreneurial behavior variables are typical entrepreneurial situations like a decision on how to apply money and if the student would leave a good job to open his or her own company. It is applied multiple regression, cluster, bivariate and chi-square analysis. The main findings are first that it was not found a strong relationship between the entrepreneurial attitudes variables found on the entrepreneurship literature and the behavior situation proposed, with a multiple regression adjusted r2 = 0,30. Second, there is no statistically significant difference among the students comparing different years of the undergraduate program. Finally, the entrepreneurship education in this research appears to be effective in change attitudes toward entrepreneurship but not in changing entrepreneurial behavior. The main theoretical implication is that the entrepreneurship education on higher education level could be effective to change attitudes but changing behavior could goes beyond the possibilities of education on a usual university environment / Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a efic?cia da introdu??o de educa??o do empreendedorismo, em n?vel universit?rio, a partir dos fatores que definem o perfil empreendedor em termos de atitude e comportamento. O estudo ? realizado em estudantes de uma Universidade que tem um programa de educa??o do empreendedorismo em um curso universit?rio de Administra??o de Empresas. Na pesquisa ? aplicado um question?rio aos estudantes universit?rios de Administra??o de empresas que resulta em uma amostra aleat?ria e estratificada composta com 264 estudantes. As vari?veis de atitudes empreendedoras usadas foram extra?das da literatura sobre o empreendedorismo. As vari?veis de comportamento empreendedor, s?o situa??es empresariais t?picas como, uma decis?o em como aplicar dinheiro e, se o estudante deixaria um bom trabalho para abrir o seu pr?prio neg?cio. ? aplicada a regress?o m?ltipla, agrupamento, bivariada e an?lise qui-quadrado. Quanto aos resultados, primeiro n?o foi identificado uma rela??o forte entre atitudes encontradas na literatura e situa??es de comportamento propostas, com regress?o m?ltipla igual a r2 = 0,30. Segundo, n?o h? diferen?as significativas entre os alunos dos diversos anos do programa universit?rio. Finalmente, a educa??o empreendedora parece ter efeito em mudan?as de atitude empreendedoras, m?s n?o na mudan?a de comportamento empreendedor. A principal implica??o te?rica ? que a educa??o do empreendedorismo, em n?vel de ensino superior, pode ser eficaz para mudar atitudes, m?s, quanto ao comportamento, pode ir al?m das possibilidades de uma educa??o em um ambiente universit?rio habitual

The entrepreneurial activity, from the last century, has been considered essential for the generation of wealth of a country. Brazil is considered one of the most entrepreneurial countries in the world. However, a major problem is the high mortality rate of companies. The entrepreneurial education in this sense may take the relevant function to motivate, help and support initiatives that foster the development of entrepreneurial skills, contributing to the initiation and maintenance business probably more likely to succeed. Based on these considerations, this dissertation that aimed to identify, describe and analyze the entrepreneurship training in a Public Institution of Higher Education Technology through the education program and the perception of students and coordinators. The research is classified as exploratory; the point of view of technical procedures, we conducted a field study, developed through document analysis and case study. The survey was conducted with 74 students enrolled in the 5th and 6th semesters of courses offered by the institution, because they were already in the final phase of the degree program. Participants are also three of the Institution course coordinators. As a result, one can observe the convergence of perceptions of the Course Coordinators and Student Body regarding the concept and importance of entrepreneurship, especially the realization of a dream, the possibility of start-ups and entrepreneurial activity as a potential human being. Furthermore, it was possible to detect that 74% of respondents wish to undertake, reinforcing the notion that the Brazilian population has `vocation for entrepreneurship. Regarding the institution, it was noticeable actions that allow the practice of entrepreneurship and the development of entrepreneurial skills in their students, which shows the concern of the institution to the development of trained professionals to work face the challenges of the XXI century. / A atividade empreendedora, a partir de meados do século passado, passou a ser considerada essencial para a geração de riquezas de um país. O Brasil é considerado um dos países mais empreendedores do mundo. No entanto, um dos grandes problemas é o elevado índice de mortalidade das empresas. A educação empreendedora, nesse sentido, pode assumir a relevante função de motivar, contribuir e apoiar as iniciativas que fomentem o desenvolvimento de habilidades empreendedoras, colaborando para a iniciação e manutenção de negócios provavelmente mais propensos ao sucesso. Partindo destas considerações, esta dissertação tem por objetivo identificar, descrever e analisar a formação para o empreendedorismo em uma Instituição Pública de Ensino Superior Tecnológico, por meio do projeto pedagógico e da percepção de seus alunos e coordenadores. A pesquisa classifica-se como exploratória; do ponto de vista dos procedimentos técnicos, foi realizado um estudo de campo, desenvolvido por meio de análise documental e estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi realizada com 74 alunos matriculados nos 5 e 6 semestres dos cursos oferecidos pela Instituição, pois estes já se encontravam na fase final do programa de graduação. São participantes também, três coordenadores de curso da Instituição. Como resultado, pode-se observar a convergência das percepções dos Coordenadores de Curso e do Corpo Discente no que tange ao conceito e à importância do empreendedorismo, destacando-se a realização de um sonho, a possibilidade de criação de empresas e a atividade empreendedora como um potencial do ser humano. Além disso, foi possível detectar que 74% dos alunos pesquisados desejam empreender, reforçando a noção de que a população brasileira possui vocação para o empreendedorismo. Com relação à Instituição, foi possível notar ações que permitem a prática do empreendedorismo e o desenvolvimento de habilidades empreendedoras em seus alunos, o que mostra a preocupação da Instituição com a formação de profissionais capacitados para atuar frente aos desafios do século XXI.

The research problem for the study was the low entrepreneurial activity in South Africa that leads to high unemployment rates. The research question wanted to investigate the effect that entrepreneurship education may have on the students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Intentions were measured because the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which was employed as the framework, postulates that intention is the best predictor of behaviour. The study also investigated the effect of social norms on the students’ entrepreneurial intentions; whether the students who have self-employed parents and/or have personal entrepreneurial experience, would show higher levels of entrepreneurial intentions than students with a different background. A quantitative research design was employed to answer the research questions, and to test the hypotheses. An online survey was sent to the entire target population and anonymous responses were received. This was important and ethical as it protected the respondents’ identity. A total of 92 responses out of 1 743 students were received, and 73 were complete. The collected data was analysed using a Stata 15 statistical package. The study found that entrepreneurship education does indeed have an effect of raising the students’ entrepreneurial intentions, attitudes and their perceived entrepreneurial skills gained from studying entrepreneurship. The students who come from communities where entrepreneurship is less prevalent showed the highest gain in intentions, attesting to the effect of education in an open distance learning context on their intentions. The students’ entrepreneurial background did not show any effect on their intentions; those who have self-employed parents did not have higher intentions than the students with a different background. To increase the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, it is recommended that more practical ways of teaching entrepreneurship should be implemented. It is also recommended that entrepreneurship education should be extended to more students, and particularly to science and engineering students. This is because the latter are more likely to produce innovative products that will lead to high growth, high impact businesses that will employ more people for longer, therefore raising entrepreneurial activity and reducing unemployment. / Business Management / M. Com. (Entrepreneurship)

Nigerian policy is inconsistent with regard to the promotion of entrepreneurship among young adults in Anambra State that would serve as a guide to becoming self-employed. Most young adults in Anambra State lack information on entrepreneurial characteristics to become self-employed. The issues confronting Anambra State as a result of youth unemployment include increase in crime rate, drug abuse, kidnapping, and suicide rate. Guided by the human capital theory, the purpose of this case study was to explore the entrepreneurship strategies that young adults in Anambra State needed to become self-employed after graduating from universities. Twenty youth entrepreneurs participated in the individual interviews, 5 participated in a focus group, and 5 policymakers participated in another individual interview. Data were coded and analyzed using Yin's 5 step procedure involving compiling, assembling, analysing, dissembling and repeating the entire process three times until the themes emerged. The emerging themes were mentorship, vocational training, and ad-hoc programs. These findings revealed that youth who participated in these programs (mentorship, vocational training and ad-hoc) obtained entrepreneurial strategies and consequently ran more profitable enterprises than those who did not. The implications for positive social change include recommendations to policymakers to expand the mentoring program among young adults and introduce vocational education that could enhance employment rate, thereby improving the standard of living, and create educational programs for university students with the expectation that upon graduation they may be able to develop businesses that may lead to the creation of employment and empower young entrepreneurs towards national growth and development.

No description available.

<p>  </p> <p>This study used two instruments for data collection: The Intelligence Survey (IS) and Multiple Framed Teaching Strategy Index (MIFTSI). Permission was requested and given to use the two instruments from the developers Luo and Huang. Educators who teach entrepreneurship education courses in one higher institution in the south-south of Nigeria are the primary source of data collection for this study. The study participants were those who volunteered to participate in the survey through their email addresses. The data collection used a Qualtrics questionnaire consisting of the Intelligence Survey and Multiple Framed Teaching Strategy Index, including five demographic questions. </p>