Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This thesis undertakes an analysis of alleged unfair foreign trade practices and examines what public relations responses were revealed by three domestic steel corporations. One of the most frequent techniques practiced by a number of European and Asian nations was wire rod dumping, or the practice of selling rods in different markets at adjusted prices. When Japanese trade interests began to introduce goods in United States markets at prices below the price of domestic steel goods, U.S. producers began a public relations program which extended from special tabloid newspapers to testimony before several federal agencies. The central objective of the study was to establish and examine the role of public relations in the dumping crisis. Research methodology was primarily a case study approach to the working public relations programs of the three domestic programs. Press releases, employee publications, and speech materials were reviewed for each firm. Each firm was analyzed in terms of pUblic relations objectives, selection of primary and secondary publics, communications strategy, and public relations results. A cursory examination of the role of the steel industry's trade association, the American Iron and Steel Institute, was also conducted. A final summarization then graphically outlined a proposed communications pattern between the Iron and Steel Institute and its member companies. Conclusions or the study indicated a need for a greater definition of public relation's role in international trade, a lack of economic knowledge among public relations personnel engaged in the corporate programs, a need for greater attitude research and the necessity of a more responsive framework of communications between the American Iron and Steel Institute and member steel companies. / 2031-01-01

O estudo apresentado fundamenta-se no evento extremo ocorrido em março de 1967, na Bacia do Rio Santo Antônio, no Município de Caraguatatuba, Brasil, tendo por objetivo esclarecer os reais impactos do fenômeno de debris flows, ou corridas de detritos, produzido por precipitações intensas. Os riscos intangíveis de vítimas humanas e tangíveis de danos materiais associados a tal evento na região são muito maiores nos dias de hoje, devido ao crescimento demográfico e à implantação de grandes empreendimentos industriais, como os do setor petrolífero, com reduzidos e, muitas vezes inexistentes, sistemas de defesa. Considerando tais fatores, a região necessita de estudos detalhados que possibilitem a elaboração de planos diretores mais eficazes, com objetivas diretrizes para a tomada de decisões, planos de contingência, regulação da distribuição da população, medidas estruturais mitigadoras e remediadoras. Para chegar aos resultados do estudo, foi definido o modelo digital do terreno a partir de análises topográficas, geográficas, hidrográficas e de uso e ocupação do território. A simulação de um evento similar ao ocorrido em 1967 resultou em valiosas informações para a definição de planos de evacuação, diretrizes de zoneamento, critérios de desmobilização, planos diretores para o município e implantação de obras de defesa. / The study here proposed aims to define the real impacts of the debris flows phenomenona, caused by a very intense rainfall, based on the disaster occurred in March of 1967, in Caraguatatuba, Brazil. The risk regarding mainly human casualties and material losses associated to such events in the region is higher nowadays, due to the increasing population rates and the settling of large companies such as oil industry, with reduced defense measures and works. Considering these factors, the region needs more detailed studies that will enable more effective master plans, decision making guidelines, contingency plans, population distribution regulation and structures of mitigation and remediation. In order to achieve these results, it was defined a digital terrain model through analysis of topographic, geographic, hydrographic and soil occupation data. The simulation of a similar extreme event as of 1967\'s on this model will result in valuable information to define evacuation plans, zoning guidelines, demobilization criteria, master plans and structural defenses.

Proposal submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of MTech in Environmental Management / It is widely believed that experts often have a more rational approach towards risks. This is because they are known to use algorithms, formal logic, risk assessments and normative rules to make decisions about risks. The central tenet of this research is that communication based on an understanding of how people conceptualise and evaluate risk communication efforts is critical for translating risk management knowledge into effective risk practices necessary for value generation in flood risk mitigation. Rational decisionEmaking requires both analytic and intuitive systems to operate on a parallel level. Therefore, this research proposes a Flood Risk Communication Model that takes cognisance of lay perceptions. The model emphasises on how risk communication efforts are evaluated by the lay using a combination of descriptive psychological and social construction theories. In particular, the prospect theory, heuristics and biases, cultural theory and trust theory are used to provide explanatory sketches on how flood risk communication efforts are perceived in highly vulnerable environmental contexts such as informal settlements. The challenge in this research however, lies in verifying the model empirically. The associative group analysis technique will be used to generate empirical data from a case study population. Two basic analytic methods will be employed to measure psychological dispositions of respondents. Firstly, word associations are scored and weighted based on frequency of occurrence to generate a dominance score. The higher the dominance score, the greater the interpretation and the more meaningful the theme is for that particular group. Secondly, the different theories of the model are factored into a questionnaire to measure priorities. All the responses are then compared to the proposed model and also used to evaluate actual lay perceptions and feelings towards the current risk communication interventions. The results showed a high level of consistency with the FRCM and hence with the descriptive psychological models of Kahneman and Tversky. However, we conclude that what is has been proposed to be biases are intuitive tendencies to adapt and make sustainable decisions in the face of applicable contextual influences. Thus, these contextual hierarchies determine the reference point and status quo of the recipient in decision making. Therefore, these influences and hierarchies need to be factored in the designing of a risk communication.

O estudo apresentado fundamenta-se no evento extremo ocorrido em março de 1967, na Bacia do Rio Santo Antônio, no Município de Caraguatatuba, Brasil, tendo por objetivo esclarecer os reais impactos do fenômeno de debris flows, ou corridas de detritos, produzido por precipitações intensas. Os riscos intangíveis de vítimas humanas e tangíveis de danos materiais associados a tal evento na região são muito maiores nos dias de hoje, devido ao crescimento demográfico e à implantação de grandes empreendimentos industriais, como os do setor petrolífero, com reduzidos e, muitas vezes inexistentes, sistemas de defesa. Considerando tais fatores, a região necessita de estudos detalhados que possibilitem a elaboração de planos diretores mais eficazes, com objetivas diretrizes para a tomada de decisões, planos de contingência, regulação da distribuição da população, medidas estruturais mitigadoras e remediadoras. Para chegar aos resultados do estudo, foi definido o modelo digital do terreno a partir de análises topográficas, geográficas, hidrográficas e de uso e ocupação do território. A simulação de um evento similar ao ocorrido em 1967 resultou em valiosas informações para a definição de planos de evacuação, diretrizes de zoneamento, critérios de desmobilização, planos diretores para o município e implantação de obras de defesa. / The study here proposed aims to define the real impacts of the debris flows phenomenona, caused by a very intense rainfall, based on the disaster occurred in March of 1967, in Caraguatatuba, Brazil. The risk regarding mainly human casualties and material losses associated to such events in the region is higher nowadays, due to the increasing population rates and the settling of large companies such as oil industry, with reduced defense measures and works. Considering these factors, the region needs more detailed studies that will enable more effective master plans, decision making guidelines, contingency plans, population distribution regulation and structures of mitigation and remediation. In order to achieve these results, it was defined a digital terrain model through analysis of topographic, geographic, hydrographic and soil occupation data. The simulation of a similar extreme event as of 1967\'s on this model will result in valuable information to define evacuation plans, zoning guidelines, demobilization criteria, master plans and structural defenses.

"Inscriptions of Poison" is an ethnographic, textual, and aesthetic engagement with possession, pollution, and the temporalities of poison in contemporary Italy’s postindustrial South. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in the city of Taranto (Puglia)—one of Europe’s most polluted cities—as well as archival work on Ernesto De Martino’s anthropology of possession rituals, this study of toxicity focuses on the southern Italian region of Puglia, which was the backdrop of two contrasting, yet interwoven histories of postwar modernization during the so-called “economic miracle” of the early 1960s. Puglia was the birthplace of the continent’s largest and most hazardous steel factory and simultaneously, the terrain of De Martino’s Gramscian anthropology of preindustrial folklore and agrarian rituals, yet the region’s role in industrial modernity and the study of ritual have rarely been examined in tandem. Re-reading the region’s intellectual and cultural past through a contemporary ethnography of industrial ruins, this dissertation interrogates the afterlives of possession in the ecological crisis of the present. For centuries, Italy’s South has been represented as “picturesque”—as the occluded of European modernity and the object of exoticization, folklorization, and racism. The environmental devastation and exposure these landscapes endure today cannot be thought outside their longstanding exploitation facilitated by this image as the nation’s “internal other.” Informed by these representations, contemporary environmental discourses amplify an image of a poisoned South, perceived as the source of pollution, rather than its victim. Intervening in the longue durée of this representational history, the dissertation explores a central fragment of Puglia’s cultural history of illness and healing: the possession ritual of tarantismo, traditionally performed by women to expel the poison of a tarantula. This ethnography of Taranto’s environmental catastrophe rethinks tarantismo in the present, as both a continued exposure to illness and the displacement of traditional methods for dealing with environmental risk. Drawing on De Martino’s work on the ritual, including his canonical work "The Land of Remorse" ("La terra del rimorso") (1961), as well as the archive of his fieldwork in Puglia, this study reads his corpus against the grain, finding it a philosophical account of “crisis of presence” that is mobilized as an analytic lens for the region’s current environmental catastrophe. This re-reading follows the trajectories of poison ethnographically, in its most varied material and affective forms: the venom of tarantulas, cloud-like dioxin emissions, contaminated milk, photographs of glittering iron ore dust, and the concealment of a wig. A central task of the work is thus to consider the intermedial relations between text, image, and theory, alongside toxic matter—to incorporate an intellectual history as the discursive part of a “material-discursive” analysis of ecological crisis. These interrelations are performatively engaged in the dissertation’s experimental use of text and image, while informing an understanding of toxicity as a material and metaphorical form inscribed (and remediated) through different media. By examining images and imaginaries of poison in Puglia, this ethnographic study of the aesthetics of toxicity demonstrates that the sensory field of environmental catastrophe affords a privileged terrain of political struggle. Intervening in current debates in ecocriticism and environmental humanities about the role of art and aesthetics in re-imagining human/nonhuman relations in an ecologically unstable world, "Inscriptions of Poison" analyzes the potency of industrial poison, while simultaneously revealing the bodily, psychological, religious, and aesthetic strategies deployed by the people of Taranto to understand, live with, and survive it.

A presente tese tem como pano de fundo a crescente preocupação com os impactos das alterações no meio ambiente global e objetiva a análise da dimensão humana dessas mudanças, que emergem do cenário de insegurança, riscos e incertezas acentuado com o recente debate internacional sobre mudanças climáticas. A ocorrência cada vez mais frequente de desastres ambientais e a progressiva degradação de recursos ambientais essenciais, comprometendo gravemente a vida e a segurança de indivíduos, grupos e comunidades inteiras em todo o mundo, a ponto de inviabilizar a sobrevivência em seus locais de origem, ensejam novas situações jurídicas que precisam ser reguladas pelo Direito Internacional. Nesse contexto, dois pontos centrais conduzem o presente estudo: a emergência de uma nova categoria de pessoas na ordem internacional e a ausência de proteção jurídica pelos instrumentos internacionais vigentes. As dificuldades em torno do consenso sobre uma definição jurídica e a natureza do regime de proteção, tomando-se como base as normas vigentes de Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos e do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente, deixam à mostra as limitações do Direito Internacional Público atual para conferir um tratamento adequado à complexidade do problema em questão. Nesse sentido, uma resposta internacional adequada exige, de um lado, o reconhecimento do status jurídico próprio para a nova categoria; de outro, a construção de estratégias de prevenção e combate das múltiplas causas que forçam os deslocamentos. Para suprir a lacuna normativa existente propõe-se uma abordagem integrada, identificando elementos importantes nos regimes internacionais que possam contribuir para a construção de um compromisso global inovador e compatível com a nova dinâmica internacional. / This thesis has as its background the growing concern about the impacts of global environmental changes and aims the analysis of the human dimension of these changes, which emerge from the scenario of insecurity, risks and uncertainties highlighted with the recent international debate on climate change. The increasingly frequent occurrence of environmental disasters and a gradual deterioration of essential environmental resources, severely compromising the lives and safety of individuals, groups and entire communities around the world as to render them unfit for survival in their homes, create new legal situations which need to be regulated by International Law. In this context, two central points lead this study: the emergence of a new category of people in the international order and the absence of legal protection by the international instruments in force. The difficulties surrounding the consensus on a legal definition and nature of the regime of protection, taking as basis the standards of International Refugee Law, International Law of Human Rights and International Law on the Environment show the limitations of current Public International Law to give a proper treatment of the complexity of the problem. Accordingly, an appropriate international response requires on the one hand, recognition of a special legal status to the new category, and second, the construction of strategies to prevent and combat the multiple causes that force displacements. To fill the existing normative gap, we propose an integrated approach, identifying important elements in the international regimes that can contribute to building an innovative global compromise, compatible with the new international dynamics.

O conceito de resiliência urbana colabora nas discussões de como as cidades podem se preparar ou se adaptar para lidar com desastres naturais num contexto de eventos extremos. Resiliência urbana entende-se enquanto processo que envolve capacidades de aprendizado e adaptação com vistas à redução do risco de desastres naturais, ao retorno às funções desejadas e à melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os escorregamentos configuram um dos desastres que mais causaram mortes no município de Santos, no litoral do Estado de São Paulo; no entanto, o número de vítimas fatais reduziu-se significativamente após a implementação do Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil (PPDC) operado anualmente desde 1989. Entendendo que a Defesa Civil municipal é a instituição que lida diretamente com a questão dos desastres, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os instrumentos relativos à gestão de risco de escorregamentos utilizados pela Defesa Civil de Santos e analisar a aplicação dos mesmos na promoção da resiliência urbana. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, identificaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Monitoramento Meteorológico; Carta de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos Gravitacionais de Massa e Inundações, Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos e Carta Geotécnica Morros de Santos e São Vicente. Concluiu-se que a promoção da resiliência urbana pela Defesa Civil de Santos ocorre parcialmente, pois os instrumentos ainda estão em processo de implementação e desafios precisam ser superados como a articulação das secretarias municipais em prol da redução de risco. / The concept of urban resilience has entered discussions of how cities can prepare, adapt and deal with natural disasters in a context of extreme events. Urban resilience is understood as a process that involves learning and adaptation capabilities in order to reduce the risk of disasters, restore desired functions and improve quality of life. Landslides constitute one of the disasters that caused more deaths in the municipality of Santos (the São Paulo state coast), however, the number of fatalities dropped significantly after the implementation of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan (PPDC) operated annually since 1989. Taking into consideration that the municipal civil defense is the institution that deals directly with the issue of disasters, the aim of this research was to identify the instruments concerning the landslide risk management used by the Civil Defense and analyze their application in promoting urban resilience. From qualitative research including literature reviews, as well as document research and field research, the following instruments were identified: weather monitoring; a chart mapping susceptibility to gravitational mass movements and floods, a risk reduction plan and a geotechnical aptitude to an urbanization chart. In conclusion, the promotion of urban resilience by the Civil Defense of Santos is partially because the instruments are still in the implementation process and challenges need to be overcome as the articulation of municipal departments in favor of risk reduction.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-06-25T23:24:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 39.pdf: 998593 bytes, checksum: 3cfc49edfd5cf25808e441bbf0e21716 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T23:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 39.pdf: 998593 bytes, checksum: 3cfc49edfd5cf25808e441bbf0e21716 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar quais os fatores que contribuem para o aumento e intensidade de desastres ambientais nas últimas décadas, buscando compreender a vulnerabilidade das populações envolvidas, analisar a proteção jurídica dessas e como a gestão de riscos está estruturada. Utilizou-se uma metodologia analítica descritiva para identificar os desastres ambientais, suas causas e efeitos, sua vinculação aos riscos e suas consequências para as pessoas em situações de vulnerabilidade, analisando seus direitos fundamentais. Dessa maneira, o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e as normas internacionais são analisados, a fim de verificar se o Estado contempla o tema de forma a preservar os Direitos Fundamentais das pessoas vulneráveis, mantendo a universalidade desses direitos. Como resultado, obteve-se um amplo referencial teórico sobre os desastres ambientais, suas causas, tipologia e transformação no tempo e no espaço, além de relacionar tais desastres a conceitos como risco, vulnerabilidade, Direitos Fundamentais e arcabouço jurídico. Concluise que mudanças climáticas, aumento demográfico em áreas de riscos e pobreza têm contribuído para a consolidação de sociedades vulneráveis, as quais se vinculam a locais vulneráveis, passíveis de desastres ambientais, e onde as pessoas envolvidas não têm seus Direitos Fundamentais garantidos, resultando em uma ineficácia estatal. Desastres ambientais estão se intensificando ano após ano, tanto em frequência quanto em magnitude; os danos humanos e os prejuízos econômicos têm sido cada vez maiores. A Lei 12.608/2012 traz novos enfoques, mas ainda não contempla muitos aspectos que precisam de uma proteção legal. Diante disso, constata-se urgência em priorizar a proteção das populações vulneráveis, as quais precisam de tratamento diferenciado para que usufruam seus Direitos Fundamentais de forma mais equilibrada. / This study aimed to investigate which factors contribute to the frequency and intensity increase of environmental disasters in recent decades, and seek to understand the vulnerability of the populations involved, analyzing their legal protection and how the risk management is structured. A descriptive analytical methodology was used to identify environmental disasters, their causes and effects, its relationship to the risks and consequences for vulnerable population, analyzing their fundamental rights. Thus, the Brazilian legal system and international standards are analyzed, in order to verify whether the State contemplates the subject in order to preserve the fundamental rights of vulnerable people, keeping the universality of these rights. As a result we obtained a broad theoretical framework on environmental disasters, their causes, typology and transformation in time and space, and relate it to concepts such as disaster risk, vulnerability, human rights and legal framework. We conclude that climate change, population growth in areas of risk and poverty have contributed to the consolidation of vulnerable societies, which are linked to vulnerable areas, susceptible to environmental disasters, and where the people involved don´t have their fundamental rights guaranteed, resulting in an ineffective state. Environmental disasters are increasing year after year, both in frequency and in magnitude, the human damage and economic losses have been increasing; Law 12.608/2012 brings new focuses, but still does not address many aspects that need legal protection . Therefore, there is a urgent need to prioritize the protection of vulnerable populations, which need different treatment to enjoy their fundamental rights more evenly.

Acompanha: Produção técnica - Proposta CTS para abordar questões sociocientíficas com estudantes de licenciatura através de discussões acerca dos desastres de Fukushima e Mariana / Esta pesquisa teve como foco principal investigar a percepção dos estudantes do Curso de Ciências Naturais da UTFPR sobre os desastres de Fukushima e Mariana a partir de proposta CTS para abordagem de questões sociocientíficas. Buscou-se desenvolver e incentivar os estudantes a compreenderem o conhecimento científico e tecnológico, utilizando-se o tema controverso: desastres de Fukushima no Japão, e de Mariana no Brasil. Para tanto, procedeu-se à aplicação de um questionário em dois momentos distintos: de início, este instrumento serviu para que fossem avaliados os conhecimentos prévios e finais dos estudantes sobre os desastres de Fukushima e Mariana, remetido ao resultado das aulas com enfoque na proposta CTS. Durante as práticas de ensino, foram provocadas discussões sobre a temática suscitada. E, na sequência, desenvolveu-se uma atividade propositiva, cuja finalidade era a de incentivar o ativismo social e a elaboração de ações sociopolíticas. Mediante isso, criou-se um blog para divulgação das atividades concretizadas nas práticas sobre os temas controversos, envolto em questões sociocientíficas. Uma Matriz Dialógica Problematizadora (MDP) foi definida para que se estabelecesse uma relação da parte teórica com a parte prática do trabalho. Por fim, apresentaram-se os resultados das análises realizadas, a partir do comparativo dos questionários iniciais e finais, respondidos pelos estudantes; esses instrumentos foram elaborados numa abordagem CTS, e associados à MDP. Pode-se concluir com esse estudo que há uma relação de racionalidade investigada e construída a partir de pressupostos legais, sociológicos e científicos como subsídio para tomada de decisões e de posicionamento sobre temas controversos. Neste sentido, constatou-se a CTS como ação constituinte de posicionamento crítico da Ciência e Tecnologia nas instituições educacionais. / This research had as main focus to investigate the perception of students of Natural Sciences Course UTFPR on the Fukushima disaster and Mariana from CTS proposal to socio-scientific issues approach. It was hoped to develop and encourage students to understand scientific and technological knowledge, using the controversial theme: Fukushima disasters in Japan, and Mariana in Brazil. Therefore, it proceeded to the application of a questionnaire at two different times: at first, this instrument served to be evaluated prior knowledge and the students about Fukushima and Mariana disasters, referred to the result of lessons focusing on proposal CTS. During the teaching practices, there were discussions about a resentful theme. In the sequence, a purposeful activity was developed, whose purpose was to encourage social activism and the elaboration of socio-political actions. Through this, a blog was created to disseminate the activities carried out in the practices on the controversial issues, involved in socio-scientific issues. A Problem-Building Dialogical Matrix (MDP) was defined to establish a relationship between the theoretical part and the practical part of the work. Finally, the results of the analyzes were presented, starting from the comparison of the initial and final questionnaires, answered by the students; these instruments were developed in a CTS approach, and associated with the MDP. It concludes with this study that there is a relationship of rationality investigated and constructed from legal, sociological and scientific assumptions as a subsidy for decision-making and positioning on controversial issues. Thus, CTS was seen as a constituent action of critical positioning of Science and Technology in educational institutions.

O conceito de resiliência urbana colabora nas discussões de como as cidades podem se preparar ou se adaptar para lidar com desastres naturais num contexto de eventos extremos. Resiliência urbana entende-se enquanto processo que envolve capacidades de aprendizado e adaptação com vistas à redução do risco de desastres naturais, ao retorno às funções desejadas e à melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os escorregamentos configuram um dos desastres que mais causaram mortes no município de Santos, no litoral do Estado de São Paulo; no entanto, o número de vítimas fatais reduziu-se significativamente após a implementação do Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil (PPDC) operado anualmente desde 1989. Entendendo que a Defesa Civil municipal é a instituição que lida diretamente com a questão dos desastres, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os instrumentos relativos à gestão de risco de escorregamentos utilizados pela Defesa Civil de Santos e analisar a aplicação dos mesmos na promoção da resiliência urbana. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, identificaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Monitoramento Meteorológico; Carta de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos Gravitacionais de Massa e Inundações, Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos e Carta Geotécnica Morros de Santos e São Vicente. Concluiu-se que a promoção da resiliência urbana pela Defesa Civil de Santos ocorre parcialmente, pois os instrumentos ainda estão em processo de implementação e desafios precisam ser superados como a articulação das secretarias municipais em prol da redução de risco. / The concept of urban resilience has entered discussions of how cities can prepare, adapt and deal with natural disasters in a context of extreme events. Urban resilience is understood as a process that involves learning and adaptation capabilities in order to reduce the risk of disasters, restore desired functions and improve quality of life. Landslides constitute one of the disasters that caused more deaths in the municipality of Santos (the São Paulo state coast), however, the number of fatalities dropped significantly after the implementation of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan (PPDC) operated annually since 1989. Taking into consideration that the municipal civil defense is the institution that deals directly with the issue of disasters, the aim of this research was to identify the instruments concerning the landslide risk management used by the Civil Defense and analyze their application in promoting urban resilience. From qualitative research including literature reviews, as well as document research and field research, the following instruments were identified: weather monitoring; a chart mapping susceptibility to gravitational mass movements and floods, a risk reduction plan and a geotechnical aptitude to an urbanization chart. In conclusion, the promotion of urban resilience by the Civil Defense of Santos is partially because the instruments are still in the implementation process and challenges need to be overcome as the articulation of municipal departments in favor of risk reduction.