This thesis focuses on the commercialization of Chinese medicine in the post-Mao era, from 1977 to 2014. It looks at its social and environmental impact on local rural areas.

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published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Darbe nagrinėjama Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos aplinkos apsaugos politika, jos vystymosi raida nuo pirmosios ES aplinkos programos priėmimo iki darnaus vystymosi principų įgyvendinimo. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas aplinkos apsaugos politikos formavimui, panaudojant įvairių ES fondų, programų, kitų finansinių instrumentų paramą galutiniams aplinkos apsaugos tikslams pasiekti. Lietuvos aplinkos apsaugos politikos vystymui nuo praėjusio amžiaus paskutinio dešimtmečio didelė įtaką turėjo vykdoma ES aplinkos apsaugos politika. Lietuva, derėdamasi dėl narystės ES, prisiėmė įsipareigojimus suderinti savo teisyną su ES aplinkos apsaugos teisine baze. ES teisės normų perkėlimas pareikalavo papildomų asignavimų į daugumą aplinkos apsaugos sričių: vandens, oro apsaugos, atliekų tvarkymo, biologinės įvairovės ir kraštovaizdžio išsaugojimo ir kt. Priešderybiniu ir derybų laikotarpiu Lietuva sėkmingai pasinaudojo ES finansine PHARE, SAPARD ir ISPA fondų parama aplinkos apsaugos politikos vystymui. Tapus ES nare, atsirado galimybės aplinkos apsaugos politiką įgyvendinti naudojant Struktūrinių, Sanglaudos fondų ir LIFE programos, skirtos išimtinai gamtos apsaugai, finansine parama. / The work deals with the environmental policy of the European Union and Lithuania, its development from the adoption of the first EU environmental programme to the application of the principles of sustainable development. The major focus is on the formation of the environmental policy using the support of various EU funds, programmes and other financial instruments to achieve the final environmental objectives. The development of the environmental policy in Lithuania has been largely influenced by the EU environmental policy being implemented since the last decade. In its negotiations over the EU membership, Lithuania undertook to harmonize its acquis with the EU environmental protection framework legislation. The transposition demanded additional appropriations to the majority of the environmental areas: protection of water and air, waste management, preservation of biological diversity and landscape, etc. Pre-negotiation and negotiation period saw the successful use of the PHARE, SAPARD and ISPA financial support by Lithuania for the development of the environmental policy. The EU membership offered the possibilities to enlarge the environmental policy using the financial support of the Structural and Cohesion Funds and LIFE programme designed exceptionally for the protection of nature. The work analyses the particularities of EU supporting and uptake and explains, through the expert contribution, the principle problems and impediments predetermining a rather unfavourable... [to full text]

In this dissertation a study was undertaken of environmental administration in city-status local authorities in South Africa. Local authorities in South Africa constitute the third tier of government. They are established to provide essential goods and services to the community and to contribute to the national goal of community welfare. The services rendered by a local authority affects the quality of life of its inhabitants. South Africa is presently undergoing a period of transition and there are demands placed on local authorities to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. Local authorities have become increasingly sensitive to environmental matters. Environmental administration plays a pivotal role in improving the quality of life of the community. In order that local authorities carry out their environmental functions efficiently and effectively, it is essential that the enabling generic administrative processes, managerial, functional, auxiliary and instrumental activities be instituted and executed. The enabling administrative processes include policy-making, organising, financing, staffing, determining methods and procedures and exercising of control. In the execution of these duties it is imperative that the normative factors, namely respect for environmental rights, ethics of environmental conservation, requirements of administrative law, maintenance of public accountability, fairness and reasonableness, efficiency and effectiveness and transparency and freedom of information be taken cognisance of. Attention was focused on the policy-making process emphasising environmental concepts and applications, environmental projects, pressing environmental issues, environmental awareness and external participation. Organisational structures in the form of committees are regarded essential to ensuring effective environmental administration. Appropriate and specific financial allocations are necessary for the environmental administration function. Well defined staffing practices are basic to ensuring that municipal functionaries involved in environmental administration achieve their objectives. Methods and procedures have to be constantly reviewed in the light of overall changes in environmental administration. The exercising of control is vital to ensure that the processes of environmental administration are performed within the context of the normative factors. The recommendations contained in the dissertation are directed at continuous review of environmental administration in local authorities within a conceptual framework which constitutes the following functions, policy-making, organising, financing, staffing, determining methods and procedures and exercising of control. Focus was placed on processes such as : (i) the formulation of environmental policy; (ii) designing separate organisational structures; (iii) specific budgetary allocations; (iv) the need for staffing practices to ensure that objectives are achieved; (v) the need for uniform and constant review of methods and procedures; and (vi) establishing codes of conduct relevant to environmental administration. / Thesis (MPA)-University of Durban-Westville, 1994.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, 2000.