Pump and treat remediation is the most commonly used method to remediate contaminated aquifers, but the effectiveness decreases when heterogeneities are introduced. Fractures within the matrix cause large differences in hydraulic conductivity. The low hydraulic conductivity of the matrix acts as an area of storage for contaminant, allowing for attenuation of the plume. The attenuation of the plume causes the effectiveness of the system to decrease and cost of remediation to increase. In order to understand what parameters enhance contaminant storage in the matrix, rapid transport in fractures, and both of their influences on the efficiency of the pumping system, a hypothetical model was developed to simulate the release and remediation of a plume using pumping. The code used was HydroGeoSphere, which allowed for the interpretation of parameters influencing contaminant storage during the withdrawal phase of the pump and treat remediation by allowing transport of contaminant within both the matrix and the fractures. Matrix parameters of porosity and hydraulic conductivity influenced the effectiveness of the withdrawal system most. For instance, the difference in percent mass extracted between porosity values of 0.01 and 0.4 was 23.75%, while the difference between fracture lengths of 200 and 400 m was 5.59%. Fracture pattern influenced where the stored contaminant was located within the matrix. Downgradient of the source, six different fracture patterns resulted in a difference in relative concentration of 0.4 at the start of the withdrawal phase. Evaluation of remediation included both percent extraction of contaminant and finer scale remediation of the contaminant specifically within the matrix. Multiple length-scale observations helped determine how fracture and matrix parameters influence remediation in dual permeability media. / Geology

No description available.

<p>This dissertation studies the chemo-hygro-mechanical coupling involved in the process of crack propagation encountered both in natural and engineered context. Chemical processes are likely to affect the mechanical properties of geo-materials, resulting in possible weakening effect. The deformation and micro-cracking induced by material weakening in turn enhances the overall mass removal. In this study, several models within both elasticity and plasticity domain are developed for a better understanding of the enhanced crack propagation. A deformational plasticity model based on experimental observations is addressed. Rigid-plasticity models are applied to various boundary conditions. In the chemo-elasticity model, chemical dissolution is assumed to be a function of a comprehensive strain invariant. One-way coupling and two-way coupling models are discussed. In the two-way coupling model, volumetric strain coupling and deviatoric strain coupling are compared. A variety of loading modes are adopted to investigate the chemical enhancement of propagation of a single crack. The behavior of the material is either rigid-plastic, or elastic with the variable of mass removal enters the constitutive equation as a chemical strain. Comparison between the results from two models is presented and discussed.</p> / Dissertation

Orientador: Paulina Setti Riedel / Banca: Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim / Banca: Diana Sarita Hamburger / Resumo: O presente trabalho, desenvolvido no município de Americana, estado de São Paulo, teve como objetivo avaliar a adequabilidade à disposição de resíduos sólidos através da utilização dos métodos da lógica Difusa, comparando-os aos resultados obtidos através da aplicação da análise booleana e da análise multicriterial ponderada, gerados por ARAÚJO(1999). As variáveis utilizadas na análise foram: permeabilidade relativa, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), profundidade do lençol freático, espessura do material inconsolidado, declividade, distância das áreas urbanas, distância das estações de captação de água, distância dos principais corpos d'água e distância das áreas de proteção ambiental. Os resultados obtidos foram discutidos em termos de vantagens de aplicação dos métodos e mostraram que as áreas com adequabilidade crescente à disposição de resíduos sólidos, encontradas através dos métodos de lógica Difusa, são territorialmente mais restritas que as obtidas pelos métodos mais tradicionais. Dentre os operadores Difusos, o mais otimista foi o Operador Difuso Máximo, enquanto que o Gama Difuso o mais restritivo, os demais operadores produziram mapas intermediários. Entretanto, o mapa gerado a partir do Operador Difuso Mínimo pode ser empregado em posteriores estudos voltados à seleção de áreas para disposição de resíduos sólidos. / Abstract: This study, developed in the municipal district of Americana, São Paulo State, had the aim to evaluate the waste disposal suitability, through the application of fuzzy logic methods and to compare the obtained results to those generated by boolean analysis and weighted multi- criteria analysis, produced by ARAUJO (1999). The factors used were: relative permeability, pH scale, cationic exchange capacity, unconsolidated material thickness, static level depth, slope, distance from urban perimeter, distance from water reservoir, distance from city water source and from environmental protection areas. The obtained results were discussed based on the advantages and disadvantages of the applied method and showed that the indicated areas with increasing suitability to waste disposal , produced by fuzzy logic methods, are smaller than those produced by the traditional methods. Comparing the different fuzzy operators used, the less restrictive one was the Fuzzy OR, on the other hand, the Gamma Operation was the most restrictive one and the others generated intermediary results. The map generated by the Fuzzy AND can be applied to further studies directed to site selection to waste disposal. / Mestre

Orientador: Leandro Eugenio da Silva Cerri / Banca: Nilson Gandolfi / Banca: Antonio Manoel dos Santos Oliveira / Banca: Fábio Taioli / Banca: Omar Yasbek Bitar / Resumo: A pesquisa teve como tema central o mapeamento geológico-geotécnico de áreas urbanas, analisando os dados do meio físico geológico, bem como a representação cartográfica de unidades geotécnicas. O estudo envolveu a análise das metodologias utilizadas nos trabalhos de cartografia geotécnica, com enfoque especial para duas linhas metodológicas brasileiras, ou seja, as metodologias utilizadas pela Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos e pelo IPT. O trabalho apresenta o método do detalhamento progressivo como alternativa aos estudos geológico-geotécnicos, tendo como objetivo principal a produção de instrumentos adequados para a gestão e o planejamento urbanos, ante as necessidades de seus principais usuários. Tal método consiste na adoção de diferentes escalas de abordagem para a elaboração de cartas e/ou mapas geotécnicos, com o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos em três etapas sucessivas, em níveis de detalhe crescentes, do geral (1ª etapa) para o particular (etapa de detalhe). O ensaio de aplicação do método do detalhamento progressivo foi realizado numa área de 160 km2, envolvendo o sítio urbano e de expansão urbana de Rio Claro, uma cidade de médio porte, do interior paulista. A 1ª etapa mostrou que estudos geológicos e geomorfológicos são fundamentais para orientar as etapas subseqüentes; e a quantificação de alguns parâmetros na 2ª etapa foi importante para a melhor caracterização das unidades de estudo. A realização de ensaios de laboratórios na 3ª etapa é melhor dimensionada quando orientada pelas fases anteriores, estudos estes, efetivamente aplicados, se direcionados a projetos e obras. / Abstract: This paper's main theme is engineering geological mapping in urban areas, bringing together the results of the assembly, analysis and interpretation of geological data, as well as the cartographic representation of geotechnical units. As part of the study, an analysis of methodologies used in engenheering geological mapping was made, with special emphasis on two lines of Brazilian methodologies, i.e., the procedures used by the Engineering School of São Carlos - University of São Paulo and by the Institute of Technological Researches of the State of São Paulo S.A. - IPT. The main purpose of the study is to apply the progressive detailing method to engineering geological maps in urban areas, with a view to produce more adequate instruments for urban administration and planning, taking into consideration the necessity of the users. The progressive detailing method's application was made in a 160 km2 area that included an urban site and urban expansion in the municipal district of Rio Claro, a medium size town of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The progressive detailing method consists of adopting different approach scales in engineering geological mapping, with the study being divided into three successive stages, in levels of increasing detail, from general to specific. The first stage showed the importance of geologic and geomorphologic studies on the development of next stages. The quantification of some parameters on 2nd stage was of great value on characterization of the units of study. The completion of laboratories analysis on the 3rd stage to subsidy projects and buildings, is better evaluated if it is guided for previous stages. / Doutor

abstract: Climate change is not a thing of the future. Indigenous people are being affected by climate changes now. Native American Earth scientists could help Native communities deal with both climate change and environmental pollution issues, but are noticeably lacking in Earth Science degree programs. The Earth Sciences produce the lowest percentage of minority scientists when compared with other science and engineering fields. Twenty semi-structured interviews were gathered from American Indian/ Alaska Native Earth Scientists and program directors who work directly with Native students to broaden participation in the field. Data was analyzed using qualitative methods and constant comparison analysis. Barriers Native students faced in this field are discussed, as well as supports which go the furthest in assisting achievement of higher education goals. Program directors give insight into building pathways and programs to encourage Native student participation and success in Earth Science degree programs. Factors which impede obtaining a college degree include financial barriers, pressures from familial obligations, and health issues. Factors which impede the decision to study Earth Science include unfamiliarity with geoscience as a field of study and career choice, the uninviting nature of Earth Science as a profession, and curriculum that is irrelevant to the practical needs of Native communities or courses which are inaccessible geographically. Factors which impede progress that are embedded in Earth Science programs include educational preparation, academic information and counseling and the prevalence of a Western scientific perspective to the exclusion of all other perspectives. Intradepartmental relationships also pose barriers to the success of some students, particularly those who are non-traditional students (53%) or women (80%). Factors which support degree completion include financial assistance, mentors and mentoring, and research experiences. Earth scientists can begin broaden participation by engaging in community-inspired research, which stems from the needs of a community and is developed in collaboration with it. Designed to be useful in meeting the needs of the community, it should include using members of the community to help gather and analyze data. These community members could be students or potential students who might be persuaded to pursue an Earth Science degree. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2011

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carra_ta_me_rcla.pdf: 1722776 bytes, checksum: 3e7f6199387d0ea588fd43406a1b1db2 (MD5) / Considerando o contexto atual de valorização da questão ambiental, o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e validar uma metodologia para Avaliação de Desempenho Ambiental (ADA) em aeroportos. Para tanto, foram elaborados 102 indicadores para os temas ambientais mais recorrentes em um aeroporto. Tais indicadores representam cinco condições que receberam uma pontuação desde o pior cenário (nível 1) até a condição ideal (nível 5). Para validação do método, os indicadores foram aplicados, em um estudo de caso, no Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos/Campinas (SP). Os resultados obtidos no estudo de caso apresentaram um desempenho médio equivalente a 2,76 em uma escala de 1 a 5, caracterizando o desempenho como regular. Posteriormente, foram analisadas as principais fragilidades no gerenciamento ambiental do Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos, bem como a identificação de boas práticas e soluções ambientais para o desenvolvimento das atividades do empreendimento. Dentre as estratégias de manejo sugeridas, destacam-se as relacionadas à redução dos riscos de contaminação do solo e água, recuperação de áreas degradadas, redução da emissão de poluentes e planejamento do uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. De forma geral, pode-se inferir que a metodologia proposta neste trabalho permitiu diagnosticar a qualidade ambiental do Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos e propor ações que visam prevenir, controlar, corrigir e mitigar os impactos ambientais decorrentes de sua operacionalidade / Considering the current context of environmental concern, the main purpose of this research was to develop an Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) methodology for airports. As a result, 102 indicators related to environmental themes that occur frequently at airports were created. These indicators represent five conditions that vary from the worst (level 1) to the ideal condition (level 5). To validate this methodology, the indicators were applied, as a study of case, to Campinas International Airport. The results showed a medium performance of 2.76, using a scale raging from 1.0 to 5.0, characterized as ‘regular’. Then, the indicators were analyzed to determine the major weaknesses related to the environmental management at Campinas International Airport, as well as to identify good practices and solutions. The highlighted management strategies suggested were related to the reduction of the risk of soil and water contamination, the recovery of degraded areas, pollutant emissions reduction and the sustainable planning of natural resources. Thus, the proposed methodology allowed development of a quality environmental diagnosis at Campinas International Airport and propose actions to prevent, monitor, correct, and mitigate the environmental impacts of its operations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mesquita_mv_dr_rcla.pdf: 3083423 bytes, checksum: 7fa330af93c3069c5c45b2d857c6eb02 (MD5) / O município de Guarulhos, segunda maior cidade em população no Estado de São e pertencente à Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP vem sofrendo uma ocupação acelerada e desordenada ao longo de décadas. Dividido fisiograficamente em dois macrocompartimentos, separados pela Falha do Rio Jaguarí, Guarulhos possui na sua porção sul uma área já consolidada com terrenos mais apropriados à ocupação e com mais facilidade de acesso a serviços e infraestrtura. As áreas com problemas encontram-se na porção norte do município, que além de serem áreas com presença de declividades acentuadas, são ocupadas irregularmente, carentes em infraestrutura e planejamento do Poder Público. Resultado da pressão de ocupação na porção norte do município foram analisados três microbacias pertencentes aos Bairros Invernada, Fortaleza e Água Azul que possuem ocupações com históricos diferentes resultando ao longo do tempo em degradações ambientais principalmente no que se refere à dinâmica superficial. Para elaboração do Mapa de Degradação Ambiental para as três microbacias foram utilizados: o método de sobreposição de informações do IPT (2004) para as Microbacias Taquara do Reino (Bairro Invernada) e Guaraçau (Bairro Água Azul) e o método de Unidades Básicas de Compartimentação (UBCs) de Vedovello (2000) para a microbacia Lavras (Bairro Fortaleza). Os dados obtidos indicam que as três microbacias sofrem com a degradação ambiental, materializada em problemas de dinâmica superficial como escorregamentos nas regiões declivosas e um grande volume de assoreamentos, principalmente nas planícies aluvionares. A falta de planejamento e de infraestrutura nesses bairros corroboram para um aumento dessa degradação necessitando de cartografia geotécnica que possa auxiliar o Poder Público na melhor forma de uso do solo e a gerenciar os problemas existentes / The municipality of Guarulhos, second large in population, state of São Paulo belongs to the RMSP - Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, has suffered from a disorderly and accelerated occupation during the decades. Fisiogeographically divided in two macro compartments, separated by Jaguari River Fault, Guarulhos has in its South portion a well done consolidated area more appropriate to land occupation resulting in facilities to access services and infrastructure as well. The biggest problems are in the Northern-part that beyond to be areas with an accentuated declivity, are irregularly occupied with no infrastrueture or governmental assistance planning. Due to the occupation stress in the Northern portion were analyzed three micro basins belonging to the Invernada, Fortaleza and Agua Azul Quarters with different historical occupations resulting in a short term in an environmental degradation especially regarding to dynamie surface. To elaborate the three micro basins Environmental Degradation Map were used two methods: overlaping information for the micro basins applied for Taquara do Reino (Invernada Quarter) and Guaraçau (Água Azul quarter) and the Compartimentation Basie Units methods applied to the Lavras micro basin (Fortaleza Quarter). The obtained datas suggest that the three basins suffer with the environmental degradation revealed in dynamic surface problems such as slide, a great volume of silting, mainly of the alluvial plains. The absence of planning and infrastructures in these places assure to an increase of this degradation, requiring geotechnical cartography in order to help the government to go on in a best way to use the land and manage the existing problems

Orientador: Fabiano Tomazini da Conceição / Coorientador: Maria Lúcia Pereira Antunes / Banca: Sandro Donnini Mancini / Banca: Alexandre Marco da Silva / Resumo: Considerando o contexto atual de valorização da questão ambiental, o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e validar uma metodologia para Avaliação de Desempenho Ambiental (ADA) em aeroportos. Para tanto, foram elaborados 102 indicadores para os temas ambientais mais recorrentes em um aeroporto. Tais indicadores representam cinco condições que receberam uma pontuação desde o pior cenário (nível 1) até a condição ideal (nível 5). Para validação do método, os indicadores foram aplicados, em um estudo de caso, no Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos/Campinas (SP). Os resultados obtidos no estudo de caso apresentaram um desempenho médio equivalente a 2,76 em uma escala de 1 a 5, caracterizando o desempenho como regular. Posteriormente, foram analisadas as principais fragilidades no gerenciamento ambiental do Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos, bem como a identificação de boas práticas e soluções ambientais para o desenvolvimento das atividades do empreendimento. Dentre as estratégias de manejo sugeridas, destacam-se as relacionadas à redução dos riscos de contaminação do solo e água, recuperação de áreas degradadas, redução da emissão de poluentes e planejamento do uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. De forma geral, pode-se inferir que a metodologia proposta neste trabalho permitiu diagnosticar a qualidade ambiental do Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos e propor ações que visam prevenir, controlar, corrigir e mitigar os impactos ambientais decorrentes de sua operacionalidade / Abstract: Considering the current context of environmental concern, the main purpose of this research was to develop an Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) methodology for airports. As a result, 102 indicators related to environmental themes that occur frequently at airports were created. These indicators represent five conditions that vary from the worst (level 1) to the ideal condition (level 5). To validate this methodology, the indicators were applied, as a study of case, to Campinas International Airport. The results showed a medium performance of 2.76, using a scale raging from 1.0 to 5.0, characterized as 'regular'. Then, the indicators were analyzed to determine the major weaknesses related to the environmental management at Campinas International Airport, as well as to identify good practices and solutions. The highlighted management strategies suggested were related to the reduction of the risk of soil and water contamination, the recovery of degraded areas, pollutant emissions reduction and the sustainable planning of natural resources. Thus, the proposed methodology allowed development of a quality environmental diagnosis at Campinas International Airport and propose actions to prevent, monitor, correct, and mitigate the environmental impacts of its operations. / Mestre

No description available.