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South African law treats planning and the environment separately, causing considerable problems when developing land. Concerns in this regard are worldwide and various approaches have been adopted to solve them. This research seeks to explore what legal solutions can be provided using some international examples, fitting them within the unique governance, historical and legal context of South Africa. / Jurisprudence / LLM

Environmental justice, a new but rapidly developing concept in international environmental law, arose in the United States of America during the Environmental Justice Movement of the late 1970s and 1980s. It starkly highlighted injustices faced by people of colour and low-income communities as regards racially skewed environmental legal protection and allocation of environmental risks. The movement radically changed the meaning of ‘environment’ from its conventional green overtones to include issues of social justice at the core of environmental thinking. I critically examine the concept of environmental justice in the Kenyan context by highlighting the injustices, and the formulation and application of laws and policies that significantly impact on environmental regulation and equitable distribution of social services. / Private Law / LL. M.

South African law treats planning and the environment separately, causing considerable problems when developing land. Concerns in this regard are worldwide and various approaches have been adopted to solve them. This research seeks to explore what legal solutions can be provided using some international examples, fitting them within the unique governance, historical and legal context of South Africa. / Jurisprudence / LLM

This research analyzed the possibility of characterize the current Brazilian State as an Environmental State and the consequences of this phenomenon. The concern with the environment preservation just began more strongly in the 70´s when the world started to realize the effects of inappropriate use of natural resources. It was recognized, since then, the existence of an environmental crisis that combined with the development phase that the world is, called by Ulrich Beck of risk society, promote the conditions to develop a new State model - the Environmental State - characterized by the insertion of the environmental concern among the governmental objectives. The national doctrine admits the adoption of the Environmental State according to 1988 Constitution because it is written in its text the obligation to protect the environment and as well as the recognition of the ecologically balanced environment as a fundamental right. To endorse this doctrinal position, the research investigated the presence of Environmental State characteristics in the 1988 constitutional text indicating the capable instruments to justify this statement. As the assumption of the existence of a Brazilian Environmental State was proved, the work studied two ways to contribute to the implementation of this new state model: the need for new pre-understandings from the Constitution interpreters as well as the requirement for new behaviors from the government. According to the Hans-George Gadamer philosophical rmeneutics, to understand something it is necessary a preunderstanding of the issue. Thus, to accomplish the Environmental State is necessary, initially, that the Constitution interpreter re-understands the ecological issues. In this sense, this work indicates four necessary pre-understandings to the implementation of the Brazilian Environmental State which are: the environmental crisis, the risk society and the creation of environmental problems, the need for a new relationship between man and nature, the concept of sustainable development and prohibition to retrogress in environmental subjects. In addition, it points out the ways to the Government achieve this new state model. / A pesquisa buscou averiguar a possibilidade de se caracterizar o atual Estado Brasileiro como um Estado Ambiental bem como discutir as consequências desse fenômeno. A preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente iniciou-se de modo mais contundente a partir da década de 70 quando se começou a perceber os efeitos do uso inadequado dos recursos naturais. Reconheceu-se, a partir de então, a existência de uma crise ambiental a qual aliada à fase de desenvolvimento em que o mundo se encontra, denominada por Ulrich Beck de sociedade de risco, acabaram por criar as condições para que se desenvolvesse um novo modelo de Estado - o Estado Ambiental - caracterizado pela inserção da preocupação ambiental entre os objetivos estatais.A doutrina nacional admite a adoção do Estado Ambiental pela Constituição de 1988 em razão de constar em seu texto a obrigação da proteção do meio ambiente bem como de reconhecer o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado como um direito fundamental. Para constatar essa posição doutrinária a pesquisa investigou a presença das cacterísticas de um Estado Ambiental no texto Constitucional de 1988 indicando os dispositivos capazes de fundamentar a afirmação. Confirmada a premissa da existência de um Estado Ambiental Brasileiro o trabalho buscou estudar duas formas de se contribuir para a efetivação desse novo modelo estatal: a necessidade de novas pré-compreensões por parte dos intérpretes da Constituição bem como a obrigatoriedade de novas condutas por parte dos poderes públicos. Segundo a hermenêutica filosófica de Hans-George Gadamer desenvolvida em sua obra Verdade e Método, para compreender algo é necessário antes uma pré-compreensão da questão. Assim, para se efetivar o Estado Ambiental é preciso, inicialmente, que o intérprete da Constituição précompreenda a questão ecológica. Nesse sentido, o trabalho indica quatro précompreensões necessárias à efetivação do Estado Ambiental Brasileiro quais sejam a crise ambiental, a sociedade de risco e as gerações de problemas ambientais, a necessidade de uma nova relação entre o homem a natureza, o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável e a proibição de retrocesso em matéria ambiental. Além disso, pontua formas do Poder Público concretizar esse novo modelo de Estado.