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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Estudos genético-moleculares em Giardia duodenalis = caracterização da diversidade genética e análises populacionais em amostras clínicas e ambientais na região metropolitana de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil = Genetic and molecular studies in Giardia duodenalis: molecular characterization of genetic diversity and population genetic analysis in clinical and environmental samples in the metropolitan region of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil / Genetic and molecular studies in Giardia duodenalis : molecular characterization of genetic diversity and population genetic analysis in clinical and environmental samples in the metropolitan region of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

Durigan, Mauricio, 1985- 27 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Anete Pereira de Souza. / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T05:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Durigan_Mauricio_D.pdf: 7600085 bytes, checksum: 74ae2337a73b6edfb14a403af4ffa590 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Giardia duodenalis é um protozoário flagelado que parasita o homem e diversos animais domésticos e selvagens. Este parasito causa a doença giardiose que é uma das mais prevalentes doenças parasitárias de veiculação hídrica do mundo, responsável por aproximadamente 280 milhões de casos anualmente. Existe uma considerável variabilidade genética em G. duodenalis, de modo que seus isolados foram divididos em oito grupos genéticos (A-H), dois dos quais (A e B) são encontrados tanto em humanos quanto em animais. Os demais grupos (C-H) parasitam outros animais e apresentam maior especificidade a determinados hospedeiros não humanos. A contaminação ambiental por Giardia tem sido amplamente descrita embora esses estudos, em sua maioria, são realizados no nível de identificação de espécie. Há falta de estudos que correlacionam a contaminação ambiental e infecções clínicas na mesma região. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal contribuir para o conhecimento da diversidade genética da espécie Giardia duodenalis. Primeiramente, foi realizada a genotipagem multilocos dos principais grupos genéticos de G. duodenalis na região metropolitana de Campinas. Foram encontrados grupos genéticos associados principalmente a infecções humanas bem como isolados com potencial zoonótico em amostras ambientais e obtidas de outros animais. Foi encontrado um alto percentual (25%) de amostras com grupos genéticos mistos e um elevado número de haplótipos distintos, indicando grande diversidade genética do parasito nessa região. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo populacional com amostras clínicas de Giardia provenientes de hospital, creche e centro de controle de zoonoses e amostras ambientais de esgoto hospitalar, efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto e amostras hídricas de importantes rios e córregos urbanos. As análises populacionais, com exceção das amostras caninas, evidenciaram grande similaridade genética entre essas populações de Giardia. Na terceira parte do presente trabalho, foi realizada uma busca por repetições microssatélites (SSRs) nos genomas publicados de Giardia para desenvolvimento, caracterização e avaliação de polimorfismo de novos marcadores microssatélites. Foram encontrados 506, 438, 402 e 507 microssatélites correspondentes aos genomas AI, AII, B e E, respectivamente. Foram selecionados 80 SSRs específicos aos grupos genéticos A, B e E (40, 20 e 20, respectivamente), além de 36 SSRs compartilhados entre os três genomas. A análise de amplificação confirmou a existência de marcadores específicos aos grupos genéticos A, B e E, além de marcadores compartilhados entre os grupos. A caracterização dos SSRs permitiu a detecção de 12 locos SSRs polimórficos do grupo genético A e sete locos SSRs polimórficos do grupo genético B. Dentre os marcadores compartilhados, o loco GduABE01 apresentou polimorfismo. Os locos polimórficos podem servir para futuros estudos populacionais e os marcadores desenvolvidos podem ser utilizados para identificação dos principais grupos genéticos de G. duodenalis em amostras clínicas e ambientais. Os resultados apresentados contribuem para um melhor entendimento sobre a diversidade genética do parasito bem como sobre a presença de grupos com potencial zoonóticos inter-relacionados em diferentes regiões. Os novos marcadores moleculares disponibilizados podem contribuir para novos estudos populacionais, promovendo melhor discriminação entre os genótipos e possibilitando assim identificar a contaminação e promover o rastreamento da doença / Abstract: Giardia duodenalis is a flagellate protozoan that that parasites humans and several domestic and wild animals. This parasite causes giardiasis, one of the most common waterborne diseases in the world responsible for, approximately 280 million cases per year. There is a great genetic diversity in this species and its isolates have been grouped into eight distinct genetic assemblages (A-H). While groups A and B parasitize different hosts and have zoonotic potential, groups C, D, E, F, G and H usually found in animals and show greater specificity to the parasitized host. Environmental contamination for Giardia has been widely reported however, most of these studies have been performed only at species level. The present study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the species Giardia duodenalis. In the first chapter of this document, multilocus sequence-based genotyping using three gene loci assigned most of the samples as belonging to human genotypes although isolates with zoonotic potential have also been identified in environmental and non-human clinical samples. A high percentage (25%) of mixed assemblages and a high number of different haplotypes were detected, which indicates high genetic diversity of this parasite in this region. In the second chapter, a population genetics study was performed with clinical samples from hospital, day-car center and a center for zoonosis control of the city and environmental samples from hospital sewage, effluent of a wastewater treatment plant and important water samples from rivers and urban streams. With the exception of the canine population, population genetic analysis showed consistent similarity between clinical and environmental populations. In the last chapter, we performed a search for microsatellites (SSRs) in the published genomes of Giardia to develop and characterize the polymorphism of new microsatellite markers. Our group identified 506, 438, 402 and 507 microsatellites of the genomes AI, AII, B and E, respectively. We have selected 80 markers specific to the genetic assemblages A, B and E (40, 20 and 20, respectively) and 36 shared SSRs between the three genomes. Analysis of amplification reactions confirmed the existence of specific loci of each genetic assemblage as well as shared loci among assemblages. Characterization of all loci allowed the detection of 12 polymorphic loci for group A and seven polymorphic loci for group B. Among the shared markers, GduABE01 presented polymorphism. The polymorphic markers can be used in future population genetic studies and the developed markers can contribute to the identification of the main genetic assemblages of G. duodenalis in clinical and environmental samples. The results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of the parasite as well as the presence of zoonotic potential genotypes, related in different regions. The new molecular markers provided can contribute with population genetic studies in a high level of discrimination that allows identifying the source of contamination and molecular tracking of the disease / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular
12

Determination of antioxidants and UV-stabilizers in the environment

Dawidson, Gabriella January 2012 (has links)
Synthetic antioxidants and UV-stabilizers are additives used in plastic products in order to protect the polymers from degradation caused by oxygen and ultraviolet light. Few studies have been performed about the presence of these compound groups in the environment and there is very sparse data on their distribution in the environment in Sweden. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of ten common antioxidants and UV-stabilizers and two antioxidant metabolites [2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (1); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (2); 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3); 2,6-ditert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (4); 1,3,5-tris[(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-methyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (5); tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (6); [3-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxy]-2,2-bis[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxymethyl]-propyl]3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (7); octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (8); 2-tert-butyl-4-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)sulfanyl-5-methylphenol (9); bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate;2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane; octane (10); bis(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate (11) and 4-methylhexyl-3-[3-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propanoate (12)] in water and snow in Stockholm and its surroundings. A method was developed for the determination in water by solid phase extraction (SPE) in order to extract and concentrate the compounds, followed by analysis by liquid chromatography – electrospray – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Three compounds (2, 4, 11) were excluded from the method development since (2) and (11)could not generate a signal on the mass spectrometer whereas (4) could not produce a linear response. Due to the wide range of physicochemical properties of the analytes low recoveries were observed. Sampled water and snow from the Stockholm area was analysed and (3) and (9) were found in two of the water samples whereas (10) was observed in all water samples, below the quantification limit. Due to the lack of time, no methods were developed for the determination of the selected plastic additives in other environmental compartments.
13

Syntheses and Sensing Applications of Modified Noble Metal-containing Nanoparticles

Yu, Zhao 30 September 2021 (has links)
No description available.
14

Insertion/deletion (Indel) Based Approach for the Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Freshwater Environments

Wong, Shirley Y. 29 May 2015 (has links)
<p>Though pathogenic strains represent a small portion of the total variety of existing <em>Escherichia coli </em>strains, they contribute extensively to human morbidity and mortality. Disease outbreaks caused by enterohaemorrhagic <em>E. coli</em> of the serotype O157:H7 and the “Big Six” serotypes (i.e., O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145) have driven the development of assays for pathogen detection. From culture-based assays requiring several days for confirmation of target organisms, to quantitative PCR (qPCR) tests that provide pathogen identification in several hours’ time, the sensitivity, specificity and speed of bacterial diagnostics have seen improvements that increased the efficacy of assays used to detect pathogens at clinically relevant levels. One relatively unexplored field of diagnostics is the use of conserved signature insertion/deletions (CSIs) as stable genetic markers for pathogen detection. This thesis presents two qPCR assays that target an <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7-specific insertion in a CSI. In a more preliminary study, an EvaGreen-based qPCR assay was developed that had a detection limit of 16 <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 genome equivalents. An improved format of the O157:H7-specific CSI assay, using TaqMan probes, was later established. TaqMan probes are sequence-specific, while DNA-intercalating EvaGreen dye is sequence-independent. Though the TaqMan probe-based assay had a higher detection limit of 100 genome equivalents, the assay maintained detection sensitivity in presence of genetically similar (<em>E. coli</em> K-12) and dissimilar (fish sperm) DNA in excess amounts (1000-fold and 800-fold excess of target DNA, respectively), demonstrating its potential for pathogen detection in environmental samples where the presence of background flora may influence detection. These assays thus represent an exploration into the use of CSIs as diagnostic tools. This thesis also provides a guide for future developments of pathogen detection using CSIs, such as those that may be present in toxigenic species of Cyanobacteria and human pathogens, including <em>Vibrio</em> and <em>Campylobacter</em>.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)
15

Estudo sobre determinação de alumínio em amostras ambientais pelo método de análise por ativação com nêutrons / A study on aluminum determination in environmental samples by neutron activation analysis

Noyori, Amanda 04 October 2017 (has links)
As determinações de alumínio são de grande interesse devido à sua toxicidade e sua ampla distribuição no meio ambiente. Além disso as determinações deste elemento por métodos analíticos convencionais apresentam dificuldades devido aos problemas da contaminação da amostra. O método de análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA) para determinação de Al possui vantagens de rapidez na análise e de alta sensibilidade. Entretanto, neste método ocorrem os problemas de reações nucleares de interferência de P e Si. O Al na NAA é determinado pela medida do 28Al formado na reação 27Al (n, &gamma;) 28Al, o mesmo radioisótopo formado nas reações nucleares 31P (n, &alpha;) 28Al e 28Si (n, p) 28Al. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar Al pela NAA em amostras ambientais, fazendo a correção das interferências usando fatores de correção e dispondo das concentrações de P e de Si das amostras. Neste estudo foram analisados os materiais de referência certificados (MRCs) e amostras de biomonitores (cascas de árvore e líquen). O procedimento experimental consistiu na irradiação curta de uma alíquota de amostra no reator IEA-R1 juntamente com o padrão de Al, seguida de espectrometria de raios gama. O P foi determinado pela medida da radiação beta do 32P usando um contador Geiger-Müller. O Si foi determinado por meio da irradiação com nêutrons epitérmicos e medida do 29Al formado na reação 29Si (n,p) 29Al. Os resultados da determinação de Al, P e Si nos MRCs apresentaram uma boa precisão e exatidão com |Z-score| &le; 2. As concentrações de Al obtido nos biomonitores variaram de 253 a 15783 &mu;g g-1 e no caso da determinação de P e Si as concentrações destes elementos variaram de 283 a 1946 &mu;g g-1 e de 0,11 a 7,8 %, respectivamente. Nos biomonitores analisados, as taxas de contribuição de interferência de P e de Si na determinação de Al foram da ordem de 2,0 % e esta contribuição depende das relações entre as concentrações dos interferentes e a do Al na amostra. Os limites de detecção de Al na análise dos biomonitores foram inferiores às suas concentrações demonstrando que procedimento de NAA proposto pode ser aplicado na determinação de Al neste tipo de matriz. / Aluminum determinations are of great interest since this element is toxic to humans and it is widely distributed in the environment. Besides, the determinations of this element by conventional analytical methods present difficulties due to sample contamination during the analyses. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) for Al determination presents advantages of fast analyses and of high sensitivity. However, NAA of Al does present problems of P and Si nuclear reaction interferences. Aluminum is determined by measuring 28Al, formed in the reaction 27Al (n, &gamma;) 28Al, the same radioisotope formed in reactions 31P (n, &alpha;) 28Al and 28Si (n, p) 28Al. The purpose of this study was to determine Al in environmental samples by NAA correcting these interferences using correction factors, and determining P and Si concentrations in the samples. In this study, certified reference materials and biomonitor samples (tree barks and lichen) were analyzed. Experimental procedure consisted of irradiating an aliquot of the sample at the IEA-R1 nuclear research reactor together with Al standard, followed by gamma ray spectrometry. Phosphorus was determined by measuring beta radiation of 32P using a Geiger-Müller counter. Silicon was determined by epithermal neutron activation analysis and measuring 29Al formed in the reaction 29Si (n, p)29Al. Results obtained in the determination of Al, P and Si in the certified reference materials showed good precision and accuracy with |Z-score| &le; 2. Aluminum results in the biomonitor samples varied from to 253 to 15783 &mu;g g-1. In the case of P its concentrations varied from 283 to 1946 &mu;g g-1. Silicon determinations in biomonitors varied from 0.11 to 7.8 %. The interference contribution rates in the analyses of the biomonitor samples were of the order of 2.0 % and this contribution depends on the relation between concentrations of interfering elements and of Al in the sample. Detection limit values of Al in the biomonitor analyses were lower than their concentrations in the samples demonstrating that the proposed procedure of NAA can be applied in the Al determination in this kind of matrix.
16

Estudo sobre determinação de alumínio em amostras ambientais pelo método de análise por ativação com nêutrons / A study on aluminum determination in environmental samples by neutron activation analysis

Amanda Noyori 04 October 2017 (has links)
As determinações de alumínio são de grande interesse devido à sua toxicidade e sua ampla distribuição no meio ambiente. Além disso as determinações deste elemento por métodos analíticos convencionais apresentam dificuldades devido aos problemas da contaminação da amostra. O método de análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA) para determinação de Al possui vantagens de rapidez na análise e de alta sensibilidade. Entretanto, neste método ocorrem os problemas de reações nucleares de interferência de P e Si. O Al na NAA é determinado pela medida do 28Al formado na reação 27Al (n, &gamma;) 28Al, o mesmo radioisótopo formado nas reações nucleares 31P (n, &alpha;) 28Al e 28Si (n, p) 28Al. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar Al pela NAA em amostras ambientais, fazendo a correção das interferências usando fatores de correção e dispondo das concentrações de P e de Si das amostras. Neste estudo foram analisados os materiais de referência certificados (MRCs) e amostras de biomonitores (cascas de árvore e líquen). O procedimento experimental consistiu na irradiação curta de uma alíquota de amostra no reator IEA-R1 juntamente com o padrão de Al, seguida de espectrometria de raios gama. O P foi determinado pela medida da radiação beta do 32P usando um contador Geiger-Müller. O Si foi determinado por meio da irradiação com nêutrons epitérmicos e medida do 29Al formado na reação 29Si (n,p) 29Al. Os resultados da determinação de Al, P e Si nos MRCs apresentaram uma boa precisão e exatidão com |Z-score| &le; 2. As concentrações de Al obtido nos biomonitores variaram de 253 a 15783 &mu;g g-1 e no caso da determinação de P e Si as concentrações destes elementos variaram de 283 a 1946 &mu;g g-1 e de 0,11 a 7,8 %, respectivamente. Nos biomonitores analisados, as taxas de contribuição de interferência de P e de Si na determinação de Al foram da ordem de 2,0 % e esta contribuição depende das relações entre as concentrações dos interferentes e a do Al na amostra. Os limites de detecção de Al na análise dos biomonitores foram inferiores às suas concentrações demonstrando que procedimento de NAA proposto pode ser aplicado na determinação de Al neste tipo de matriz. / Aluminum determinations are of great interest since this element is toxic to humans and it is widely distributed in the environment. Besides, the determinations of this element by conventional analytical methods present difficulties due to sample contamination during the analyses. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) for Al determination presents advantages of fast analyses and of high sensitivity. However, NAA of Al does present problems of P and Si nuclear reaction interferences. Aluminum is determined by measuring 28Al, formed in the reaction 27Al (n, &gamma;) 28Al, the same radioisotope formed in reactions 31P (n, &alpha;) 28Al and 28Si (n, p) 28Al. The purpose of this study was to determine Al in environmental samples by NAA correcting these interferences using correction factors, and determining P and Si concentrations in the samples. In this study, certified reference materials and biomonitor samples (tree barks and lichen) were analyzed. Experimental procedure consisted of irradiating an aliquot of the sample at the IEA-R1 nuclear research reactor together with Al standard, followed by gamma ray spectrometry. Phosphorus was determined by measuring beta radiation of 32P using a Geiger-Müller counter. Silicon was determined by epithermal neutron activation analysis and measuring 29Al formed in the reaction 29Si (n, p)29Al. Results obtained in the determination of Al, P and Si in the certified reference materials showed good precision and accuracy with |Z-score| &le; 2. Aluminum results in the biomonitor samples varied from to 253 to 15783 &mu;g g-1. In the case of P its concentrations varied from 283 to 1946 &mu;g g-1. Silicon determinations in biomonitors varied from 0.11 to 7.8 %. The interference contribution rates in the analyses of the biomonitor samples were of the order of 2.0 % and this contribution depends on the relation between concentrations of interfering elements and of Al in the sample. Detection limit values of Al in the biomonitor analyses were lower than their concentrations in the samples demonstrating that the proposed procedure of NAA can be applied in the Al determination in this kind of matrix.
17

Determinação de cocaína e metabólitos em amostras de urina de usuários da droga e em amostras ambientais / Determination of cocaine and metabolites in users urine samples and in environmental sample

Campestrini, Iolana, 1985- 27 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:04:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campestrini_Iolana_D.pdf: 2742870 bytes, checksum: 20a25893a0acbb614cce027eda2bef08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a determinação de sete subprodutos da cocaína (COC), incluindo a benzoilecgonina (BE), em amostras de urina de usuários da droga. Com os dados obtidos foi avaliada a incerteza no cálculo da razão entre a BE e o somatório dos demais metabólitos da COC, sendo que a razão média encontrada foi utilizada para inferir sobre o consumo de COC aplicando a epidemiologia do esgoto. Os resultados dessa razão apresentaram grande amplitude de valores e mostrou elevada influência sobre estimativa do consumo. Apresenta, também, a avaliação da eficiência de remoção (ER) para a COC e BE nas estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) Anhumas e Capivari e da qualidade de mananciais e de águas de abastecimento do estado de São Paulo. Os melhores índices de remoção foram observados para a ETE Capivari, os quais variaram entre 96 e 99%. Tanto nas amostras de mananciais como nas amostras de água de abastecimento, a BE foi determinada em maiores concentrações do que a COC. Nos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Anhumas observaram-se os maiores níveis de BE, os quais variaram entre 300 e 1000 ng L-1. Nas amostras de água de abastecimento do rio Capivari e do rio Atibaia foram determinadas as maiores concentrações de BE, chegando a 650 ng L-1. Para a análise dessas amostras foi utilizada a extração em fase sólida (SPE) seguida da cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (LC-MS/MS). No geral, o método apresentou exatidão superior a 70%, com coeficiente de variação menor do que 15% no nível de ng L-1 / Abstract: This work describes the determination of seven cocaine (COC) metabolites, including the major one benzoylecgonine (BE), in urine of cocaine users. These determinations allowed the calculation of the ratio between BE concentration and the sum of the other COC metabolites concentration, as well as allowed an assessment of the uncertainty involved in this ratio. The ratios were used to estimate cocaine consumption applying sewage epidemiology yielding high amplitude of values among the ratios calculated. The work also presents COC and BE removal efficiency (RE) in two wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), namely Anhumas and Capiravi, where the best RE were obtained for the Capivari WWTP, which varied between 96% and 99%. Also the assessment of water quality, for both surface and drinking waters of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, was evaluated. The metabolite BE occurred more frequently and at higher concentrations when compared to COC, considering the same samples. For surface water, the highest BE concentrations were found in the Piracicaba, Capivari and Anhumas rivers, and the results varied from 300 to 1000 ng L -1. For drinking waters, the highest BE concentration was found in waters from Capivari and Atibaia rivers, at 650 ng L-1. Solid phase extraction and the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used for the determination of the compounds. In general, the method presented accuracy above 70% and relative standard deviation below 15%, at ng L -1 level / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutora em Ciências
18

ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF HYDROPHOBIC COMPOUNDS UNDER DYNAMIC LOAD IN A TRICKLE BED AIR BIOFILTER

Zehraoui, Abderrahman January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
19

Desenvolvimento e validação de método para a identificação de micro-organismos metabolicamente ativos em biofilmes de amostras ambientais através da análise de rRNA 16S. / Development and validation of method for the identification of metabolically active microorganisms in biofilms of environmental samples by 16S rRNA analysis.

Nammoura Neto, Georges Mikhael 19 February 2018 (has links)
A otimização e padronização de métodos moleculares são fundamentais para evitar distorções nos resultados causadas por processamento de ácidos nucleicos da abundância relativa de micro-organismos de uma amostra. Nos estudos sobre identificação microbiana, a etapa de validação é, na maioria dos casos, negligenciada. As principais etapas em que podem ocorrer vieses capazes de alterar a informação sobre a composição da comunidade microbiana são a extração e a RT-PCR. O rRNA é a molécula ideal para identificar os micro-organismos metabolicamente ativos por estar em maior quantidade dentro da célula. A inexistência de um protocolo de extração de RNA gold standard e de kits comerciais específicos para cada tipo de amostra ambiental pode comprometer as etapas posteriores à extração. O protocolo de extração de RNA adaptado neste trabalho mostrou alta eficácia na lise celular e na remoção de contaminantes co-extraidos, garantindo a integridade e a qualidade do rRNA extraído de amostras contendo altas concentrações de contaminantes. Devido as diferentes características químicas das amostras ambientais, o uso deste protocolo adaptado pode preservar a informação sobre os indivíduos metabolicamente ativos de uma comunidade microbiana. Foram utilizados consórcios artificiais na validação da etapa de PCR. O efeito sinérgico do uso de aditivos, da Taq polimerase de alto rendimento, do programa de sub-ciclagem e da limitação do programa de amplificação em 10 ciclos, mantiveram a proporção dos moldes dos consórcios analisados próximo ao esperado. Após a padronização da técnica de ARDRA, foi definido que há necessidade de entre 500 e 550 UFC para uma cobertura completa da diversidade de lodo ativado. O uso de enzimas combinadas MspI/HaeIII e HhaI/RsaI em uma mesma reação double digest proporcionou a separação dos clones de lodo ativado utilizando menos etapas de ARDRA. E o critério de corte em 3% do total agrupamentos, possibilitou selecionar os perfis mais representativos sem a perda de grupos importantes para a análise das bibliotecas. Foi concluído que, o uso de um protocolo inadequado de extração de RNA de amostras complexas pode gerar extratos contendo contaminantes co-extraidos que interferem na atividade da Taq polimerase e nas enzimas de restrição. Após o sequenciamento de nova geração, foi observado que o uso de diferentes iniciadores de PCR e do pré-processamento manual para os dados obtidos, foram essenciais para ampliar a cobertura observada para a amostra de lodo e melhorar a resolução dos resultados e a profundidade de identificação taxonômica, respectivamente. / The optimization and standardization of molecular methods are fundamental to avoid distortions in the results caused by nucleic acid processing of the relative abundance of microorganisms in a sample. In the studies on microbial identification, the validation step is, in most cases, neglected. The main steps in which biases capable of altering the composition of the microbial community can occur are extraction and RT-PCR. The rRNA is the ideal molecule to identify metabolically active microorganisms because they are in the greatest amount within the cell. The lack of a gold standard RNA extraction protocol and specific commercial kits for each type of environmental sample may compromise the post-extraction steps. The RNA extraction protocol adapted in this work showed high efficacy in cell lysis and in the removal of co-extracted contaminants, guaranteeing the integrity and quality of the rRNA extracted from samples containing high concentrations of contaminants. Due to the different chemical characteristics of the environmental samples, the use of this adapted protocol can preserve the information about the metabolically active individuals of a microbial community. Artificial consortia were used to validate the PCR step. The synergistic effect of the use of additives, the high yield Taq polymerase, the sub-cycling program and the limitation of the amplification program in 10 cycles, kept the proportion of the molds of the consortia analyzed close to the expected. After standardization of the ARDRA technique, it was defined that there is a need for between 500 and 550 CFU for a complete coverage of the diversity of activated sludge. The use of MspI / HaeIII and HhaI / RsaI combined enzymes in the same double digest reaction provided the separation of activated sludge clones using fewer ARDRA steps. And the criterion of cut in 3% of the total groupings, allowed to select the most representative profiles without the loss of important groups for the analysis of the libraries. It was concluded that the use of an inadequate RNA extraction protocol from complex samples can generate extracts containing co-extracted contaminants that interfere with Taq polymerase activity and restriction enzymes. After the sequencing of the new generation, it was observed that the use of different PCR primers and manual preprocessing for the obtained data were essential to increase the coverage observed for the sludge sample and to improve the resolution of the results and the depth of taxonomic identification, respectively.
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Simplifying Sample Preparation using Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction: Analysis of Trace Targeted Pollutant Residues in Environmental, Biological and Food Samples

Mesa, Rodolfo 26 October 2017 (has links)
Sample preparation is an essential component of analytical methods in chemistry. It is not only necessary but also presents an opportunity to increase the effectiveness of the method significantly. There are various commercially available technologies for sample preparation, including numerous variations of LLE, SPE, and SPME. However, these technologies all present significant deficiencies, including the inability to extract directly from complex samples such as whole milk. Instrumental analysis has been improved greatly in the last two decades but still is not applicable to complex samples without sample preparation. This work presents the theory of FPSE, including the synthesis of sol-gel sorbents, coating of FPSE cellulose substrates and the mechanism of retention. Original research data presented herein introduce a comprehensive view on possible applications of FPSE in forensic chemistry and otherwise. Five distinct FPSE-based methods were rigorously developed for analysis of targeted pollutant residues. These methods were validated and compare to leading methods published in peer-reviewed literature quite favorably. Four of the methods were coupled to HPLC-UV and designed for trace or ultra-trace analysis of PAHs, BTEX, substituted phenols and nitroaromatic explosives, respectively. An additional FPSE-based method was developed and validated for direct analysis of BPA and five estrogenic EDCs in commercially purchased whole milk. This latter was coupled to both HPLC-UV and HPLC(QQQ)-MS/MS. The applicability of FPSE(PTHF) media was also tested for screening of aqueous samples and subsequent storage of analytes on the sorbent. My study included simultaneous extraction of a mixture of eight forensically significant compounds with various physicochemical properties and effective storage of each compound in frozen and ambient conditions for 32 weeks. These findings suggest that the storage ability of FPSE media can be extended as long as necessary, which is very significant in forensic laboratories where evidence often needs to be stored in a costly manner that may not be as effective in maintaining the chemical composition of the sample.

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