This thesis is a subtask of the research project “Green Production System”, which is jointly launched and run by Volvo/Volvo Technology, Haldex, Saab and All-Emballage J.E. AB as industrial party, and Mälardalen University as academic party. The whole project is dedicated to develop “green production system” to be a competitive mean to Swedish automotive and manufacturing industry through four work packages, which are “Wet preconditions and frames of a green production system”, “Visualization of environmental impact and added value”, “Development and implementation of tools for green control and management” and “Development of guidelines for environmental value improvement and cost decrease” respectively. And this thesis is an effort to package 2. Value stream mapping is assumed to be a potentially effective tool to be developed for visualizing environmental wastes produced by production processes. Thereby, the focus of this thesis is on the transformation of VSM into EVSM (Environmental Value Stream Mapping). By reviewing literature, the reduction of environmental wastes is additionally counted into a characteristic of lean production. Meanwhile, seven environmental wastes are identified and defined. The development of EVSM is on an absolutely great degree based on the identification and measurement of environmental wastes. Thus, waste measurement and production data collection are supposed to be the prerequisite of EVSM implementation. In order to verify the supposition, a test practice was carried out in CH Industry AB, which is a metal processor. After the practical study, CH’s incompetence of working on EVSM is analysed, and advice is proposed. At the end of thesis, analysis of EVSM is made in terms of its prerequisite, difference from VSM, pros and cons, etc. In addition, suggestions for further research are given.

The objective of this research is to document the complex journey of wool from cradle to grave and beyond and to analyse the ethical and environmental cost of production from the farm to the knitwear factory, to retail and finally as post-consumer waste. The research findings make a contribution to the growing commercial and consumer in debate in this arcs. Under the spotlight is wool growing including genetic and chemical manipulation and environmental degradation. Human exploitation at manufacturing sites, in some of the poorest countries of the world is discussed. Finally, the involvement of government, charitable and commercial institutions in the business of textile waste disposal which currently takes the form of landfill, incineration and Third World dumping is highlighted. Experiments have been undertaken to produce a small range of knitwear yarns and garments composed of a blend of wool. cotton and polyester. regenerated from 100% post consumer waste originally in the form of wool garments, jeans and drinking bottles. This has involved an innovative collaboration with the local Authority, community groups, a national charity. a textile reclamation company, spinner and commercial knitter. The aim of the research both theoretical and practical is to demonstrate that there are practical ways to 'close the loop' and to flag up the need for design in the 21' Century to focus on post-consumer issues and the manufacture of aesthetic commercially viable products made from non-virgin materials.

Current concepts of environmental waste focus on the total production of waste from a production plant or industrial setting and the subsequent consequences on the natural environment. Hence, there is an emphasis on containing waste within the industrial boundaries and applying a post-production process to clean it up. However, waste is generated by individual processes within the production system and can be more effectively treated at this individual site level. Therefore, focused management of environmental waste reduction requires that production engineers first know what the environmental waste is and where specifically it is being generated. However, this is often simply not known with any accuracy. In addition, production plants are controlled and improved by lean methods. Current environmental waste methods lack integration with lean methods and thus are not included in the continuous improvement cycles. Consequently, there is a need to include environmental waste impacts alongside the other primary lean wastes. This work develops just such an integrative method which includes both environmental waste and Value Stream Mapping (VSM). This method was developed and tested in a re-manufacturing setting (i.e. Christchurch Engine Centre, Pratt and Whitney) and is able to represent a variety of environmental wastes. Specifically, it integrates aspects from the generic environmental standard ISO14001 through to an organisational environmental risk register. It provides integration within the VSM process which ensures that the established lean improvement programme (through the use of Kaizen improvements) is focused on specific environmental improvement actions. While the example for this thesis used the factors of carbon footprinting, perceived impact, costs to remediate and waste volumes (both removed from process and residual); the method is capable of being generalised to nth dimension environmental factors. It is thus able to represent a customised environmental waste index for any particular industry. Ambiguous user estimation of waste quantities was accommodated through PERT beta distributions. Several ways to represent the multi-dimensional environmental waste impact data were explored via industry focus group reviews and the preferred representation was designed to completion. The resulting method can be used by production staff to quantify and represent environmental impacts at the level of the individual processes and aggregated to report wastes for the whole value stream. The method may also be used by executives to align organisational practices with strategic objectives for waste reduction.

Esta dissertação aborda a avaliação do desempenho ambiental do processo produtivo em uma indústria madeireira. O trabalho está baseado na revisão de literatura sobre o tema, no mapeamento do processo produtivo e na aplicação das ferramentas de verificação de desempenho ambiental de Echeveste et al. (2002) e de Lean Environment Toolkit. A revisão de literatura investigou aspectos como sustentabilidade, sistemas de gestão ambiental, normas e certificações, ecodesign, subprodutos e resíduos e classificação dos desperdícios ambientais. Já o levantamento de dados foi feito através de visitas ao local, fotografias, coleta de documentos e planilhas e entrevistas com funcionários. Com o mapeamento, foi possível ter entendimento de como é feito o produto e quais os locais onde se dá a geração de resíduos. Na quantificação de volume de produto e sobras ao longo das etapas do processo foi detectado que somente 19,20% de matériaprima se transformam em produto acabado, sendo o restante, 80,80%, subprodutos ou resíduos. Por fim, foi feita a descrição dos tipos de resíduos gerados, tais como, o cavaco, a serragem, a medula e a maravalha, verdes e secos além dos destopos, peças contaminadas e molduras descartadas. A aplicação da ferramenta para verificação de Echeveste et al, 2002 enfocou aspectos relativos ao ecodesign, produção mais limpa e sistemas de gestão ambiental. Através da lista de verificação foi possível obter informações sobre matérias-primas, processo de produção, produto, aspectos mercadológicos, manejo, conformidade e comunicação ambiental. A classificação de desperdícios ambientais, Lean and Environment Toolkit, criado pela Agência Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (United States Environmental Protection Agency) em 2001, detectou perdas relativas ao processo, tais como, espera, transporte, estoque, retrabalho e procedimentos desnecessários. As ferramentas se mostraram complementares e como resultados positivos destacam-se a estratégia pró ativa da empresa nas questões ambientais, a manutenção das certificações já adquiridas e a divulgação das práticas ambientais para clientes e colaboradores. Por outro lado, foi observada a necessidade de melhorias no desenvolvimento de produto e a necessidade de adoção de ferramentas que auxiliem na redução da geração de resíduos. / This thesis approaches the environmental performace evaluation of a productive process into a timber industry. The study is based on specific bibliography, productive process map and also on application of two environmental toolkit. The first one by Echeveste et al. (2002) and the second by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The research was about environmental sustainability, environmental management systems, standards and certifications, ecodesign, subproducts and wastes types, as well as, waste classification. On the other hand, the survey data based on visits, pictures, documents, spreadsheets and interviews with employees. Trough of the map, was possible to understand how the product is manufacturated and where are the waste points. It was also possible to detect that only 19,20% of raw material is processed as final product. The other 80,80% is processed as wastes or subproducts. Finally it was descript the waste types. The application of Echeveste et al, (2002) toolkit focused aspects of ecodesign, clean production and environmental management systems. Through this toolkit was possible to get informations about raw materials, production process, product, market aspects, management, environmental adequacy and environmental comunication. The Lean and Environment Toolkit, by United States Environmental Protection Agency (2001), detected wastes through the produtive process waitings, transport, stocks, rework and and extra processing. The two toolkits showed as additionals. As positives results at the company can be listed: a pro active strategy in environemntal subjects, the certifications maintenance and the comunication about environmetal practices to employees and custumers. On the other hand it necessary improvments in product development and a application of a toolkit to reduce the waste production

Naturally occurring plant derived phenols can be degraded through bacteria in swine waste. Chlorinated phenols, which are not naturally present in the environment, are toxic and generated from industrial activities as such petrochemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, rubber, pesticide, iron, steel, paper production, coal conversion, wood preserving, and cellulose bleaching. Large scale coal gasification and carbonization plants are another source of chlorinated phenols. Although not normally present in the environment, chlorinated phenols are structurally similar to many plant derived phenolics. It is our hypothesis that bacteria located in swine wastes may also have the ability to degrade chlorinated phenols. Identifying situations (and organisms) in which degradation of pollutants occurs is important field of research. Experimental work was focused on measuring the degradation of seven chlorinated phenols in swine waste using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography(GC). Microbes in the waste perform respiration or fermentation to obtain the energy they need to carry out their life processes. Fermentation is a process in which electrons are transferred from one organic substrate to another and which results in incomplete degradation of organic compounds. Anaerobic respiration is a process in which organic substrates are degraded completely to CO2, but using substances other than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (such as Fe(III), NO3- or SO42-). Anaerobic respiration using these alternative electron acceptors provides an easier pathway for degradation of aromatics than fermentation alone. Usually the abundance of these electron acceptors in waste is low since microbes consume them readily and thus they must be added to the mixture. Our work focused on development of methods for the quantification of chlorinated phenols in swine wastes and results of bioremediation research. In this study, chlorophenols were extracted by SPME and analysed by GC. This research project mainly focused on the anaerobic degradation of chlorophenols in swine waste. It was observed that the decreased concentration of the chlorophenols was likely due to partitioning of the chlorophenols to solids, sticking to glass bottles and by bacteria present in the swine waste. In summary, it was observed that by ANOVA and gas production analysis 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol were likely to be degraded by bacteria present in swine waste.

Esta dissertação aborda a avaliação do desempenho ambiental do processo produtivo em uma indústria madeireira. O trabalho está baseado na revisão de literatura sobre o tema, no mapeamento do processo produtivo e na aplicação das ferramentas de verificação de desempenho ambiental de Echeveste et al. (2002) e de Lean Environment Toolkit. A revisão de literatura investigou aspectos como sustentabilidade, sistemas de gestão ambiental, normas e certificações, ecodesign, subprodutos e resíduos e classificação dos desperdícios ambientais. Já o levantamento de dados foi feito através de visitas ao local, fotografias, coleta de documentos e planilhas e entrevistas com funcionários. Com o mapeamento, foi possível ter entendimento de como é feito o produto e quais os locais onde se dá a geração de resíduos. Na quantificação de volume de produto e sobras ao longo das etapas do processo foi detectado que somente 19,20% de matériaprima se transformam em produto acabado, sendo o restante, 80,80%, subprodutos ou resíduos. Por fim, foi feita a descrição dos tipos de resíduos gerados, tais como, o cavaco, a serragem, a medula e a maravalha, verdes e secos além dos destopos, peças contaminadas e molduras descartadas. A aplicação da ferramenta para verificação de Echeveste et al, 2002 enfocou aspectos relativos ao ecodesign, produção mais limpa e sistemas de gestão ambiental. Através da lista de verificação foi possível obter informações sobre matérias-primas, processo de produção, produto, aspectos mercadológicos, manejo, conformidade e comunicação ambiental. A classificação de desperdícios ambientais, Lean and Environment Toolkit, criado pela Agência Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (United States Environmental Protection Agency) em 2001, detectou perdas relativas ao processo, tais como, espera, transporte, estoque, retrabalho e procedimentos desnecessários. As ferramentas se mostraram complementares e como resultados positivos destacam-se a estratégia pró ativa da empresa nas questões ambientais, a manutenção das certificações já adquiridas e a divulgação das práticas ambientais para clientes e colaboradores. Por outro lado, foi observada a necessidade de melhorias no desenvolvimento de produto e a necessidade de adoção de ferramentas que auxiliem na redução da geração de resíduos. / This thesis approaches the environmental performace evaluation of a productive process into a timber industry. The study is based on specific bibliography, productive process map and also on application of two environmental toolkit. The first one by Echeveste et al. (2002) and the second by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The research was about environmental sustainability, environmental management systems, standards and certifications, ecodesign, subproducts and wastes types, as well as, waste classification. On the other hand, the survey data based on visits, pictures, documents, spreadsheets and interviews with employees. Trough of the map, was possible to understand how the product is manufacturated and where are the waste points. It was also possible to detect that only 19,20% of raw material is processed as final product. The other 80,80% is processed as wastes or subproducts. Finally it was descript the waste types. The application of Echeveste et al, (2002) toolkit focused aspects of ecodesign, clean production and environmental management systems. Through this toolkit was possible to get informations about raw materials, production process, product, market aspects, management, environmental adequacy and environmental comunication. The Lean and Environment Toolkit, by United States Environmental Protection Agency (2001), detected wastes through the produtive process waitings, transport, stocks, rework and and extra processing. The two toolkits showed as additionals. As positives results at the company can be listed: a pro active strategy in environemntal subjects, the certifications maintenance and the comunication about environmetal practices to employees and custumers. On the other hand it necessary improvments in product development and a application of a toolkit to reduce the waste production

Esta dissertação aborda a avaliação do desempenho ambiental do processo produtivo em uma indústria madeireira. O trabalho está baseado na revisão de literatura sobre o tema, no mapeamento do processo produtivo e na aplicação das ferramentas de verificação de desempenho ambiental de Echeveste et al. (2002) e de Lean Environment Toolkit. A revisão de literatura investigou aspectos como sustentabilidade, sistemas de gestão ambiental, normas e certificações, ecodesign, subprodutos e resíduos e classificação dos desperdícios ambientais. Já o levantamento de dados foi feito através de visitas ao local, fotografias, coleta de documentos e planilhas e entrevistas com funcionários. Com o mapeamento, foi possível ter entendimento de como é feito o produto e quais os locais onde se dá a geração de resíduos. Na quantificação de volume de produto e sobras ao longo das etapas do processo foi detectado que somente 19,20% de matériaprima se transformam em produto acabado, sendo o restante, 80,80%, subprodutos ou resíduos. Por fim, foi feita a descrição dos tipos de resíduos gerados, tais como, o cavaco, a serragem, a medula e a maravalha, verdes e secos além dos destopos, peças contaminadas e molduras descartadas. A aplicação da ferramenta para verificação de Echeveste et al, 2002 enfocou aspectos relativos ao ecodesign, produção mais limpa e sistemas de gestão ambiental. Através da lista de verificação foi possível obter informações sobre matérias-primas, processo de produção, produto, aspectos mercadológicos, manejo, conformidade e comunicação ambiental. A classificação de desperdícios ambientais, Lean and Environment Toolkit, criado pela Agência Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (United States Environmental Protection Agency) em 2001, detectou perdas relativas ao processo, tais como, espera, transporte, estoque, retrabalho e procedimentos desnecessários. As ferramentas se mostraram complementares e como resultados positivos destacam-se a estratégia pró ativa da empresa nas questões ambientais, a manutenção das certificações já adquiridas e a divulgação das práticas ambientais para clientes e colaboradores. Por outro lado, foi observada a necessidade de melhorias no desenvolvimento de produto e a necessidade de adoção de ferramentas que auxiliem na redução da geração de resíduos. / This thesis approaches the environmental performace evaluation of a productive process into a timber industry. The study is based on specific bibliography, productive process map and also on application of two environmental toolkit. The first one by Echeveste et al. (2002) and the second by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The research was about environmental sustainability, environmental management systems, standards and certifications, ecodesign, subproducts and wastes types, as well as, waste classification. On the other hand, the survey data based on visits, pictures, documents, spreadsheets and interviews with employees. Trough of the map, was possible to understand how the product is manufacturated and where are the waste points. It was also possible to detect that only 19,20% of raw material is processed as final product. The other 80,80% is processed as wastes or subproducts. Finally it was descript the waste types. The application of Echeveste et al, (2002) toolkit focused aspects of ecodesign, clean production and environmental management systems. Through this toolkit was possible to get informations about raw materials, production process, product, market aspects, management, environmental adequacy and environmental comunication. The Lean and Environment Toolkit, by United States Environmental Protection Agency (2001), detected wastes through the produtive process waitings, transport, stocks, rework and and extra processing. The two toolkits showed as additionals. As positives results at the company can be listed: a pro active strategy in environemntal subjects, the certifications maintenance and the comunication about environmetal practices to employees and custumers. On the other hand it necessary improvments in product development and a application of a toolkit to reduce the waste production