Cada vez mais a gestão de projetos está presente no dia-a-dia das grandes organizações principalmente visando à redução das perdas por não conformidade na gestão de seus projetos e à conseqüente maximização dos lucros das empresas. Problemas como estes levam à definição de medidas relacionadas ao sucesso e às perdas financeiras dos projetos, modelos de análise e principalmente de estudos de melhorias para redução destas perdas, com definição inclusive de quais os fatores críticos que tornam os projetos bem sucedidos. Esta dissertação propõe uma modelagem para a medida da eficiência da gestão de projetos por meio de uma analogia entre a teoria Termodinâmica e os processos do ciclo de vida de um projeto, caracterizados pelas suas atividades, fases e subprojetos. Entende-se o conceito de eficiência como a divisão entre o custo planejado de um projeto ou processo do mesmo e o custo real ocorrido, ou seja, o grau de sucesso do gerenciamento de um projeto, medido financeiramente. O modelo proposto relaciona os modelos e equações termodinâmicas, principalmente com referência às medidas de eficiência térmica em uma turbina, com os processos de um projeto. Modelam-se então para cada atividade, fase ou subprojeto um processo, equações análogas, descritas com as variáveis da metodologia de gerenciamento do valor agregado, que permitem o cálculo das perdas no processo estudado e principalmente da eficiência da atividade, fase ou subprojeto. Identificaram-se três grupos que influem na eficiência como fatores de \'geração de entropia\', analogamente à Termodinâmica: complexidade, incerteza e maturidade da organização. Estudos de caso mostram a fundamentação do modelo proposto, e a relação entre os fatores críticos de sucesso propostos e a eficiência dos projetos estudados. / More and more the project management is inside the international corporations, mainly due to their needs of reducing the non conformance costs generated by their projects and maximizing their profits. Those problems lead to the need of determination of measures related to project success, project\'s losses, analysis\' models and studies concerning losses reduction, including the definition of the critical factors for project\'s success. This dissertation proposes a model capable of measuring the project management efficiency through an analogy between the Thermodynamics and the project\'s life cycle processes, presented by their activities, phases and subprojects. The efficiency concept is defined by the comparison between the planned costs and the actual costs in a project, or in other words, the level of financial success of the project management. The analogy correlates the models and equations from the Thermodynamics, specially the ones referring to the efficiency in a turbine with the project\'s processes. So, for every activity, phase or subproject, the equations and models are described using the earned value management methodology, allowing the calculation of the process\' losses and especially the process\' efficiency. Three groups of factors that act as \'entropy generators\' were identified, according to the analogy: complexity, uncertainty and organizational maturity. Case studies showed that the analogy proposed is well based, as well as the relation between the three success factors and the project efficiency.

Este é um estudo sobre o conhecimento da importância que o gerenciamento dos projetos tem no desempenho dos projetos que procuram aumentar a eficiência nos processos das empresas. Trata-se de um tema que se converteu em um desafio para as empresas e os profissionais que trabalham nesse campo, já que não existem muitas pesquisas sobre a relação entre os projetos de eficiência e as ferramentas de gestão de projetos. O presente trabalho tem esse foco e foi orientado pelo seguinte problema: qual é a contribuição percebida das ferramentas da gerência de projetos para o desempenho dos projetos de eficiência dos processos? Para responder à pergunta, foi analisados os projetos que procuram melhorias nos processos nas empresas. Além disso, estudou-se as ferramentas do Project Management Institute (PMI). Por último, se avaliou a contribuição percebida das ferramentas do PMI para o desempenho dos projetos que procuram melhorar a performance dos processos nas empresas. A pesquisa é de natureza descritiva e exploratória com uma abordagem quantitativa. O desenvolvimento do estudo envolveu pesquisa bibliográfica e questionário. O questionário foi aplicado a professionais com experiência no desenvolvimento de projetos de melhoria de processos e em gestão de projetos nos países do Brasil e da Colômbia. Os resultados indicaram que as ferramentas de gestão de projetos contribuem para o desempenho dos projetos Lean, Kaizen, Seis Sigmas e Reengenharia, mas nem todas as ferramentas contribuem para cada um destes projetos. Também identificou-se que a contribuição das ferramentas de gestão de projetos pode variar entre moderadamente significativa ou extremamente significativa. Além disso, percebeu-se que o uso e a percepção da contribuição das ferramentas de gestão de projetos usadas neste tipo de projetos varia de um país para outro, neste caso o Brasil e a Colômbia. Com este estudo, espera-se contribuir com conhecimento no campo da administração de projetos e de produção para estudos futuros. / This is a study about what the knowledge of the importance of project management has on the performance of projects that seeks to increase efficiency in the processes of companies. This subject has become a challenge for companies and professionals who work in this field, because there is not much research about the relationship between the efficiency of projects and project management tools. This study has that focus and was guided by the following problem: what is the contribution of the perceived project management tools for the performance of process efficiency projects? To answer this question, the projects seeking process improvements in companies were analyzed. Furthermore, we studied the Project Management Institute (PMI) tools. Finally, this study assessed the perceived contribution of the PMI tools for the performance of projects that seek to improve the performance of processes in companies. The research is descriptive and exploratory with a quantitative approach. The development of the study involved literature review and a survey. The questionnaire was applied to professionals with experience in the development of process improvement projects and project management in Brazil and Colombia. The results indicated that the project management tools contribute to the performance of projects Lean, Kaizen, Six Sigma and Reengineering, but not all tools contribute to each of these projects. It was also found that the contribution of project management tools can range from moderately significant or extremely significant. Moreover, it was noticed that the use and perception of the contribution of the project management tools used in these types of projects could be different from one country to another, in this case Brazil and Colombia. With this study, a contribution is expected to be made to the field of project management and production for future studies.

Cada vez mais a gestão de projetos está presente no dia-a-dia das grandes organizações principalmente visando à redução das perdas por não conformidade na gestão de seus projetos e à conseqüente maximização dos lucros das empresas. Problemas como estes levam à definição de medidas relacionadas ao sucesso e às perdas financeiras dos projetos, modelos de análise e principalmente de estudos de melhorias para redução destas perdas, com definição inclusive de quais os fatores críticos que tornam os projetos bem sucedidos. Esta dissertação propõe uma modelagem para a medida da eficiência da gestão de projetos por meio de uma analogia entre a teoria Termodinâmica e os processos do ciclo de vida de um projeto, caracterizados pelas suas atividades, fases e subprojetos. Entende-se o conceito de eficiência como a divisão entre o custo planejado de um projeto ou processo do mesmo e o custo real ocorrido, ou seja, o grau de sucesso do gerenciamento de um projeto, medido financeiramente. O modelo proposto relaciona os modelos e equações termodinâmicas, principalmente com referência às medidas de eficiência térmica em uma turbina, com os processos de um projeto. Modelam-se então para cada atividade, fase ou subprojeto um processo, equações análogas, descritas com as variáveis da metodologia de gerenciamento do valor agregado, que permitem o cálculo das perdas no processo estudado e principalmente da eficiência da atividade, fase ou subprojeto. Identificaram-se três grupos que influem na eficiência como fatores de \'geração de entropia\', analogamente à Termodinâmica: complexidade, incerteza e maturidade da organização. Estudos de caso mostram a fundamentação do modelo proposto, e a relação entre os fatores críticos de sucesso propostos e a eficiência dos projetos estudados. / More and more the project management is inside the international corporations, mainly due to their needs of reducing the non conformance costs generated by their projects and maximizing their profits. Those problems lead to the need of determination of measures related to project success, project\'s losses, analysis\' models and studies concerning losses reduction, including the definition of the critical factors for project\'s success. This dissertation proposes a model capable of measuring the project management efficiency through an analogy between the Thermodynamics and the project\'s life cycle processes, presented by their activities, phases and subprojects. The efficiency concept is defined by the comparison between the planned costs and the actual costs in a project, or in other words, the level of financial success of the project management. The analogy correlates the models and equations from the Thermodynamics, specially the ones referring to the efficiency in a turbine with the project\'s processes. So, for every activity, phase or subproject, the equations and models are described using the earned value management methodology, allowing the calculation of the process\' losses and especially the process\' efficiency. Three groups of factors that act as \'entropy generators\' were identified, according to the analogy: complexity, uncertainty and organizational maturity. Case studies showed that the analogy proposed is well based, as well as the relation between the three success factors and the project efficiency.

Este é um estudo sobre o conhecimento da importância que o gerenciamento dos projetos tem no desempenho dos projetos que procuram aumentar a eficiência nos processos das empresas. Trata-se de um tema que se converteu em um desafio para as empresas e os profissionais que trabalham nesse campo, já que não existem muitas pesquisas sobre a relação entre os projetos de eficiência e as ferramentas de gestão de projetos. O presente trabalho tem esse foco e foi orientado pelo seguinte problema: qual é a contribuição percebida das ferramentas da gerência de projetos para o desempenho dos projetos de eficiência dos processos? Para responder à pergunta, foi analisados os projetos que procuram melhorias nos processos nas empresas. Além disso, estudou-se as ferramentas do Project Management Institute (PMI). Por último, se avaliou a contribuição percebida das ferramentas do PMI para o desempenho dos projetos que procuram melhorar a performance dos processos nas empresas. A pesquisa é de natureza descritiva e exploratória com uma abordagem quantitativa. O desenvolvimento do estudo envolveu pesquisa bibliográfica e questionário. O questionário foi aplicado a professionais com experiência no desenvolvimento de projetos de melhoria de processos e em gestão de projetos nos países do Brasil e da Colômbia. Os resultados indicaram que as ferramentas de gestão de projetos contribuem para o desempenho dos projetos Lean, Kaizen, Seis Sigmas e Reengenharia, mas nem todas as ferramentas contribuem para cada um destes projetos. Também identificou-se que a contribuição das ferramentas de gestão de projetos pode variar entre moderadamente significativa ou extremamente significativa. Além disso, percebeu-se que o uso e a percepção da contribuição das ferramentas de gestão de projetos usadas neste tipo de projetos varia de um país para outro, neste caso o Brasil e a Colômbia. Com este estudo, espera-se contribuir com conhecimento no campo da administração de projetos e de produção para estudos futuros. / This is a study about what the knowledge of the importance of project management has on the performance of projects that seeks to increase efficiency in the processes of companies. This subject has become a challenge for companies and professionals who work in this field, because there is not much research about the relationship between the efficiency of projects and project management tools. This study has that focus and was guided by the following problem: what is the contribution of the perceived project management tools for the performance of process efficiency projects? To answer this question, the projects seeking process improvements in companies were analyzed. Furthermore, we studied the Project Management Institute (PMI) tools. Finally, this study assessed the perceived contribution of the PMI tools for the performance of projects that seek to improve the performance of processes in companies. The research is descriptive and exploratory with a quantitative approach. The development of the study involved literature review and a survey. The questionnaire was applied to professionals with experience in the development of process improvement projects and project management in Brazil and Colombia. The results indicated that the project management tools contribute to the performance of projects Lean, Kaizen, Six Sigma and Reengineering, but not all tools contribute to each of these projects. It was also found that the contribution of project management tools can range from moderately significant or extremely significant. Moreover, it was noticed that the use and perception of the contribution of the project management tools used in these types of projects could be different from one country to another, in this case Brazil and Colombia. With this study, a contribution is expected to be made to the field of project management and production for future studies.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / In recent years, homegrown SMEs have had low production levels when compared with Chinese garment imports, losing their competitive advantage in the domestic market. SMEs represent 96% of garment companies in Peru and have a positive impact on the creation of jobs. The search for a technique to improve SME output was conducted in various studies; however, the efforts did not bear fruit over time. Thus, this article seeks to improve the low production efficiency in textile and clothing SMEs. Therefore, we proposed a model and validated it in the production area of a denim clothing manufacturing company in Peru. We conducted business diagnostics and found a production efficiency problem. Later, we adapted the Lean production management model to the prevailing organizational culture. The main result was that the company's production efficiency increased from 68% to 71%. Finally, employee commitment, along with the combination of the Lean model and organizational culture, allowed the improvements to stand the test of time after their implementation.

Current concepts of environmental waste focus on the total production of waste from a production plant or industrial setting and the subsequent consequences on the natural environment. Hence, there is an emphasis on containing waste within the industrial boundaries and applying a post-production process to clean it up. However, waste is generated by individual processes within the production system and can be more effectively treated at this individual site level. Therefore, focused management of environmental waste reduction requires that production engineers first know what the environmental waste is and where specifically it is being generated. However, this is often simply not known with any accuracy. In addition, production plants are controlled and improved by lean methods. Current environmental waste methods lack integration with lean methods and thus are not included in the continuous improvement cycles. Consequently, there is a need to include environmental waste impacts alongside the other primary lean wastes. This work develops just such an integrative method which includes both environmental waste and Value Stream Mapping (VSM). This method was developed and tested in a re-manufacturing setting (i.e. Christchurch Engine Centre, Pratt and Whitney) and is able to represent a variety of environmental wastes. Specifically, it integrates aspects from the generic environmental standard ISO14001 through to an organisational environmental risk register. It provides integration within the VSM process which ensures that the established lean improvement programme (through the use of Kaizen improvements) is focused on specific environmental improvement actions. While the example for this thesis used the factors of carbon footprinting, perceived impact, costs to remediate and waste volumes (both removed from process and residual); the method is capable of being generalised to nth dimension environmental factors. It is thus able to represent a customised environmental waste index for any particular industry. Ambiguous user estimation of waste quantities was accommodated through PERT beta distributions. Several ways to represent the multi-dimensional environmental waste impact data were explored via industry focus group reviews and the preferred representation was designed to completion. The resulting method can be used by production staff to quantify and represent environmental impacts at the level of the individual processes and aggregated to report wastes for the whole value stream. The method may also be used by executives to align organisational practices with strategic objectives for waste reduction.

<p>U ovom radu je analiziran uticaj Vi&scaron;efrontalne metodologije na povećanje efikasnosti nastavnog procesa na tehničko-tehnolo&scaron;ki orijentisanim fakultetima. Sprovedeni eksperiment je pokazao da ova metodologija pozitivno utiče na ključne parameter kroz koje je moguće definisati efikasnost tako složenog procesa kao &scaron;to je nastava. Poseban akcenat je stavljen na faktor unutra&scaron;nje motivacije, za koji je takođe obrazložen eksperimentom uočen pozitivan uticaj koji ova metoda na njega ostvaruje. U radu su date preporuke za primenu ove metode u visokom &scaron;kolstvu. Uočene su potencijalne pote&scaron;koće u njenoj implementaciji, na osnovu čega su date preoruke za njeno unapređenje i adaptaciju za specifične uslove visokog &scaron;kolstva na tehničko-tehnolo&scaron;kim fakultetima.</p> / <p>In this disertation, the impact of Multi-frontal methodology on increasing the efficiency of the teaching process is analyzed in technically and technologically oriented faculties. The conducted experiments showed that this methodology positively influenced key parameters through which it is possible to define the efficiency of such a complicated process as teaching is. Special emphasis is placed on the inner motivation factor. It was noticed through experimentally conducted analysis that this methodology positively influenced this factor. The dissertation gives recommendations for the application of these methods in higher education. Potential difficulties in its implementation were observed, and recommendations were given for its improvement and adaptation to specific conditions of higher education in technical and technological universities.</p>

The thesis describes and analyzes shared services organizations as a management tool to achieve efficiency in the organizations' processes. Paper builds on established theoretical principles, enhance them with up-to-date insights on the current situation and development and create a valuable knowledge base on shared services organizations. Strong emphasis is put on concrete means on how exactly efficiency could be achieved. Major relevant topics such as reasons for shared services, people management, performance measurement, enabling technology, risks and so on are thoroughly covered. To demonstrate outlined principles a practical part at the end (in cooperation with Henkel AG, Germany) introduces a concrete controlling process and its possibility to be shifted into shared services center.

Examensarbetet är ett förbättringsarbete på DHL Supply Chain i Örebro. Verksamheten i Örebro fungerar som ett mellanlager för två kunder som är Volvo och Ford som delar på lagerutrymmet men är två olika enheter med respektive processer. Dessa kunder förlägger uppdrag hos DHL Supply Chain i Örebro för en bestämd betalning av tjänsten. Kunderna som ligger runt om Sverige beställer färdiga varor vid behov och får det distribuerat av DHL Supply Chain. Inriktningen i rapporten kommer att vara på Volvos lageravdelning och innehåller en studie av deras processer från inleverans av produkter, till utleverans. Syftet är att effektivisera verksamhetens processer i Volvos avdelning för att minska antal reklamationer som i dagsläget är för hög, vilket i sin tur kommer att minska kostnader samt höja leveranssäkerheten. Målet är att möjligtvis komma med förbättringsförslag som förbättrar flödet i Volvos avdelning. / This thesis project will be done in DHL Supply Chain in Örebro. The business in Örebro serve as an interim storage for two customers, Volvo and Ford, which share the warehouse but are two different units with respective processes. These customers place orders at DHL Supply Chain in Örebro for a fixed payment of the service. Customers located around Sweden order finished goods as needed and get it distributed by DHL Supply Chain. The focus of the report will be on Volvo's department in the store and will include a study of their processes from inbound delivery of products to the warehouse, to outbound delivery for costumers. The purpose is to enhance the efficiency of the business in Volvo's department to reduce the number of reclaims that is currently higher than intended, which in turn will reduce costs and increase delivery assurance. The goal is to possibly come up with improvement suggestions that improve the flow in Volvo department.

Problemet som avhandlats i detta projekt är plockkvalitén på DHL Supply Chain i Örebro som opererar som ett distributionscenter för Ford och Volvo. Fokus i detta projekt har varit på plockprocessen på Fords avdelning. Med stigande reklamationskostnader utan vidare ökning av omsättning av varor, har detta problem varit i fokus i syfte att identifiera orsakerna samt presentera lönsamma och implementeringsbara förbättringsförslag. Problemet att avhandla har därmed varit: ”På vilket sätt kan orderprocessen effektiviseras för att minska reklamationskostnader?” De tre reklamationstyperna som varit aktuella på grund av att de är mer vanligt förekommande är: • Fel kvantitet levererat • Fel artikel levererad • Skadad artikel levererad Dessa reklamationstyper har behandlats med hjälp av olika verktyg, samt Lean-principer. Jidoka låg till grund för att bygga in kvalitet i processen genom Poka Yoke för att försvåra potentialen att plocka fel i lagret. Även Paretodiagram har varit av stor vikt för att identifiera reklamationstypen som hade störst inverkan på processen. Resultatet av detta arbete är bl.a. förbättringsförslag i form av implementering av streckkodsläsare eller pick to voice. Även förbättringsförslag i form av en modifiering av en algoritm för att försöka minska felen i val av emballage för plocket har presenterats. / The problem that was studied in this project is the pick quality in DHL Supply Chain in Örebro, which operates as a distribution center for Ford and Volvo. This project focuses entirely on the processes of the Ford department. With rising claim costs without further increase in turnover of goods, this problem has been the focus in order to identify the causes to this condition and present profitable and implementable improvement proposals to enhance the current state. The main research question that is analyzed in this thesis has thus been “How can the efficiency of the ordering process be enhanced to reduce the claim costs?”. The three types of claims that have been relevant because of their higher occurrence rate are: • Wrong quantity delivered • Wrong item delivered • Damaged item delivered These types of claims have been processed using various tools and Lean principles. Jidoka was the basis for building quality in the process through Poka Yoke, to raise the difficulty of potential picking errors in the warehouse. Even Paretodiagram have been of great importance to identify the type of claim that have the greatest impact on the process. The result of this project is, among other things, improvement suggestions that include the implementation of handscanners and pick to voice. Even improvements in the form of a modification of an algorithm to try to reduce the errors in the selection of packaging for the picking process have been presented.