O capítulo 1 descreve o estudo da biorredução do grupo carbonílico de cetoazidas e β-ceto-1,2,3-triazois para a produção de β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois enantiomericamente puros ou enriquecidos. Cinco linhagens de fungos de origem marinha foram avaliadas para a redução da 2-azido-1-feniletanona 1 e duas linhagens, A. sydowii CBMAI 935 e M. racemosus CBMAI 847, foram selecionadas também para a biorredução das 2-azido-1-feniletanonas 2-4 para a produção dos (R)- e (S)-2-azido-1-feniletanois 2a-4a. Os azidoálcoois enantiomericamente enriquecidos obtidos 1a-4a das reações biocatalíticas foram empregados como material de partida para a síntese dos β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois 7a-10a enantiomericamente enriquecidos através da click reaction entre a azida terminal e o alcino, fenilacetileno. Uma segunda abordagem para a obtenção de β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois enantiomericamente enriquecidos foi o estudo da biorredução de β-ceto-1,2,3-triazois, que são cetonas contendo dois substituintes volumosos. Uma triagem inicial para a biorredução do β-ceto-1,2,3-triazol 7 foi realizada com seis linhagens de fungos de origem marinha, na qual a linhagem do fungo P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 foi selecionada para estudos de otimização da reação biocatalítica. Estudos com variação do meio reacional, utilização de co-solvente e efeito do pH mostraram que as condições ótimas de reação foram utilizando-se tampão fosfato (Na2HPO4/KH2PO4, 0,07 M) em pH 5 e metanol 5% (v/v) como co-solvente. O fungo P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 foi empregado na biorredução dos β-ceto-1,2,3-triazois 8-12 com excelentes resultados de rendimento e seletividade para a produção dos (S)-β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois 8a-12a. O Capítulo 2 apresenta a síntese multienzimática da diidropinidina, um alcaloide de origem natural. A nonano-2,6-diona utilizada como material de partida foi obtida através da descarboxilação do dicetoéster, 2-butiril-5-oxo-hexanoato de etila. Estudos para a otimização tanto da síntese do dicetoéster quanto da etapa de descarboxilação foram realizados. Condições ótimas de produção do 2-butiril-5-oxo-hexanoato de etila foram obtidas através da reação da but-3-em-2-ona com o 3-oxo-hexanoato de metila catalisada por CeCl3/NaI. A descarboxilação do dicetoéster foi avaliada através do método de Krapcho empregando-se sais de cloro e água em altas temperaturas, entretanto, a elevada formação de subprodutos estimulou a busca por uma diferente metodologia para a obtenção da nonano-2,6-diona. Foram avaliadas diferentes lipases e esterases para a hidrólise enzimática do dicetoéster seguida por descarboxilação por HCl, na qual a esterase de fígado de porco foi selecionada e promoveu a hidrólise de até 1,6 M de dicetoéster para a produção da nonano-2,6-diona. Diferentes transaminases (TAs) foram estudadas para a aminação redutiva assimétrica da nonano-2,6-diona e duas linhagens foram selecionadas para a produção da (R)- e (S)-2-metil-6-propil-2,3,4,5-tetra-hidropiridina, as TAs de Arthrobacter sp. e Arthrobacter citreus, respectivamente empregando-se isopropilamina como amino doador. As (R)- e (S)-2-metil-6-propil-2,3,4,5-tetra-hidropiridina foram avaliadas pela redução assimétrica para a síntese da diidropinidina por imina redutases (IREDs) e duas linhagens foram selecionadas, a IRED de Mesorhizobium sp. e Norcardiopsis alba, respectivamente. TAs e IREDs foram acopladas em um sistema one-pot multienzimático utilizando como material de partida a nonano2,6-diona (100 mM) para a obtenção dos isômeros cis da diidropinidina com excelentes excessos diastereoisoméricos. / The Chapter 1 describes the bioreduction of the carbonyl group of ketoazides and β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles to produce enantiomerically pure or enriched β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles. Five marine-derived fungi strains were screened to perform the reduction of 2-azido-1-phenylethanone 1. The strains from A.sydowii CBMAI 935 and M. racemosus CBMAI 847 were selected for the bioreduction of the 2-azido-1-phenylethanones 2-4 to yield the (R)- and (S)-2-azido-1-phenylethanols 2a-4a. The enantiomerically enriched azidoalcohols 1a-4a obtained from biocatalytical reactions were used as starting materials for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles 7a-10a through the click reaction between the terminal azide and phenylacetylene. A second approach for obtaining enantiomerically enriched β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles was the bioreduction of β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles, which are ketones with two bulky substituents. The screening for the bioreduction of the β-keto-1,2,3-triazol 7 was performed with six marine-derived fungi strains and P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 was selected for the optimization studies for the biocatalytic reduction of β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles 8-12.Studies about the composition of reaction medium, use of cosolvent and pH effect showed that the optimal conditions was in phosphate buffer (Na2HPO4/KH2PO4, 0.07 M) at pH 5 and methanol 5% (v/v) as cosolvent. P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 was applied to the bioreduction of β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles 8-12 and good yields and selectivities were obtained for the (S)-β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles 8a-12a. The Chapter 2 describes the multienzymatic synthesis of dihydropinidine, a natural alkaloid. The nonane-2,6-dione used as starting material was obtained through the reduction of the diketoester, methyl butyryl-5-oxohexanoate, and the optimization studies for both diketoester synthesis and decarboxylation reaction were performed. Optimal conditions for the synthesis of methyl butyryl-5-oxohexanoate were obtained by the reaction between but-3-en-2-one and 3-oxohexanoate catalyzed by CeCl3/NaI. The diketoester decarboxylation step was evaluated by the Krapcho method using chlorine and water at high temperatures. However, because of the production of side products by this method, a different procedure for the synthesis of nonane-2,6-dione was studied. Different enzymes (lipases and esterases) were evaluated for the diketoester hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation by HCl. The porcine liver esterase was selected to promote the diketoester hydrolysis up to 1.6 M, yielding nonane-2,6-dione. Different transaminases (TAs) were applied to the asymmetric reductive amination of the nonane-2,6-dione and TAs from Arthrobacter sp. e Arthrobacter citreus were selected for the production of (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-6-propyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine, respectively, using isopropylamine as the amine donor. The asymmetric reduction of (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-6-propyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine by imine reductases (IREDs) was evaluated and the IREDs from Mesorhizobium sp. and Norcardiopsis alba were selected. TAs and IREDs were coupled in multienzymatic one-pot system using nonane-2,6-dione (100 mM) as starting material for the syntheses of cis isomers of dihydropinidine in excellent diastereoisomeric excess.

O capítulo 1 descreve o estudo da biorredução do grupo carbonílico de cetoazidas e β-ceto-1,2,3-triazois para a produção de β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois enantiomericamente puros ou enriquecidos. Cinco linhagens de fungos de origem marinha foram avaliadas para a redução da 2-azido-1-feniletanona 1 e duas linhagens, A. sydowii CBMAI 935 e M. racemosus CBMAI 847, foram selecionadas também para a biorredução das 2-azido-1-feniletanonas 2-4 para a produção dos (R)- e (S)-2-azido-1-feniletanois 2a-4a. Os azidoálcoois enantiomericamente enriquecidos obtidos 1a-4a das reações biocatalíticas foram empregados como material de partida para a síntese dos β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois 7a-10a enantiomericamente enriquecidos através da click reaction entre a azida terminal e o alcino, fenilacetileno. Uma segunda abordagem para a obtenção de β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois enantiomericamente enriquecidos foi o estudo da biorredução de β-ceto-1,2,3-triazois, que são cetonas contendo dois substituintes volumosos. Uma triagem inicial para a biorredução do β-ceto-1,2,3-triazol 7 foi realizada com seis linhagens de fungos de origem marinha, na qual a linhagem do fungo P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 foi selecionada para estudos de otimização da reação biocatalítica. Estudos com variação do meio reacional, utilização de co-solvente e efeito do pH mostraram que as condições ótimas de reação foram utilizando-se tampão fosfato (Na2HPO4/KH2PO4, 0,07 M) em pH 5 e metanol 5% (v/v) como co-solvente. O fungo P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 foi empregado na biorredução dos β-ceto-1,2,3-triazois 8-12 com excelentes resultados de rendimento e seletividade para a produção dos (S)-β-hidroxi-1,2,3-triazois 8a-12a. O Capítulo 2 apresenta a síntese multienzimática da diidropinidina, um alcaloide de origem natural. A nonano-2,6-diona utilizada como material de partida foi obtida através da descarboxilação do dicetoéster, 2-butiril-5-oxo-hexanoato de etila. Estudos para a otimização tanto da síntese do dicetoéster quanto da etapa de descarboxilação foram realizados. Condições ótimas de produção do 2-butiril-5-oxo-hexanoato de etila foram obtidas através da reação da but-3-em-2-ona com o 3-oxo-hexanoato de metila catalisada por CeCl3/NaI. A descarboxilação do dicetoéster foi avaliada através do método de Krapcho empregando-se sais de cloro e água em altas temperaturas, entretanto, a elevada formação de subprodutos estimulou a busca por uma diferente metodologia para a obtenção da nonano-2,6-diona. Foram avaliadas diferentes lipases e esterases para a hidrólise enzimática do dicetoéster seguida por descarboxilação por HCl, na qual a esterase de fígado de porco foi selecionada e promoveu a hidrólise de até 1,6 M de dicetoéster para a produção da nonano-2,6-diona. Diferentes transaminases (TAs) foram estudadas para a aminação redutiva assimétrica da nonano-2,6-diona e duas linhagens foram selecionadas para a produção da (R)- e (S)-2-metil-6-propil-2,3,4,5-tetra-hidropiridina, as TAs de Arthrobacter sp. e Arthrobacter citreus, respectivamente empregando-se isopropilamina como amino doador. As (R)- e (S)-2-metil-6-propil-2,3,4,5-tetra-hidropiridina foram avaliadas pela redução assimétrica para a síntese da diidropinidina por imina redutases (IREDs) e duas linhagens foram selecionadas, a IRED de Mesorhizobium sp. e Norcardiopsis alba, respectivamente. TAs e IREDs foram acopladas em um sistema one-pot multienzimático utilizando como material de partida a nonano2,6-diona (100 mM) para a obtenção dos isômeros cis da diidropinidina com excelentes excessos diastereoisoméricos. / The Chapter 1 describes the bioreduction of the carbonyl group of ketoazides and β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles to produce enantiomerically pure or enriched β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles. Five marine-derived fungi strains were screened to perform the reduction of 2-azido-1-phenylethanone 1. The strains from A.sydowii CBMAI 935 and M. racemosus CBMAI 847 were selected for the bioreduction of the 2-azido-1-phenylethanones 2-4 to yield the (R)- and (S)-2-azido-1-phenylethanols 2a-4a. The enantiomerically enriched azidoalcohols 1a-4a obtained from biocatalytical reactions were used as starting materials for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles 7a-10a through the click reaction between the terminal azide and phenylacetylene. A second approach for obtaining enantiomerically enriched β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles was the bioreduction of β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles, which are ketones with two bulky substituents. The screening for the bioreduction of the β-keto-1,2,3-triazol 7 was performed with six marine-derived fungi strains and P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 was selected for the optimization studies for the biocatalytic reduction of β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles 8-12.Studies about the composition of reaction medium, use of cosolvent and pH effect showed that the optimal conditions was in phosphate buffer (Na2HPO4/KH2PO4, 0.07 M) at pH 5 and methanol 5% (v/v) as cosolvent. P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 was applied to the bioreduction of β-keto-1,2,3-triazoles 8-12 and good yields and selectivities were obtained for the (S)-β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles 8a-12a. The Chapter 2 describes the multienzymatic synthesis of dihydropinidine, a natural alkaloid. The nonane-2,6-dione used as starting material was obtained through the reduction of the diketoester, methyl butyryl-5-oxohexanoate, and the optimization studies for both diketoester synthesis and decarboxylation reaction were performed. Optimal conditions for the synthesis of methyl butyryl-5-oxohexanoate were obtained by the reaction between but-3-en-2-one and 3-oxohexanoate catalyzed by CeCl3/NaI. The diketoester decarboxylation step was evaluated by the Krapcho method using chlorine and water at high temperatures. However, because of the production of side products by this method, a different procedure for the synthesis of nonane-2,6-dione was studied. Different enzymes (lipases and esterases) were evaluated for the diketoester hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation by HCl. The porcine liver esterase was selected to promote the diketoester hydrolysis up to 1.6 M, yielding nonane-2,6-dione. Different transaminases (TAs) were applied to the asymmetric reductive amination of the nonane-2,6-dione and TAs from Arthrobacter sp. e Arthrobacter citreus were selected for the production of (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-6-propyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine, respectively, using isopropylamine as the amine donor. The asymmetric reduction of (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-6-propyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine by imine reductases (IREDs) was evaluated and the IREDs from Mesorhizobium sp. and Norcardiopsis alba were selected. TAs and IREDs were coupled in multienzymatic one-pot system using nonane-2,6-dione (100 mM) as starting material for the syntheses of cis isomers of dihydropinidine in excellent diastereoisomeric excess.

Biokatalys medför ett alternativt tillvägagångsätt för att kunna utforska och utveckla kemiskt syntetiserade vägar för produktionen av eftertraktade kemikalier, där hållbarhet och miljön tas till beaktan. I denna studie undersöktes potentialen av en enzymatisk kaskad för produktion av 5-hydroximetylfurfurylamin (HMFA). HMFA är en förening med tillämpningar inom flera industrier som till exempel jordbruks- och läkemedelsindustrin. Den enzymatiska kaskaden består av två reaktioner, varav den första involverar dekarboxylering av lysin med användning av lysindekarboxylas för att producera en så kallad ”smart amindonator” kadaverin. Den andra reaktionen i kaskaden består utav ett transaminas från Silicibacter pomeroyi (SpTA) som konverterarar 5-hydroximetylfurfuryl (HMF) till HMFA med hjälp av det framkallade kadaverinet från den första reaktionen i kaskaden. En enzymatisk kaskad tillåter mildare reaktionsbetingelser, mindre avfall och energisnål användning som därmed minskar miljöpåverkan samtidigt som det beaktar några av dem 12 principerna av grön kemi. Det uppstod utmaningar som hindrade slutförandet av den enzymatiska kaskaden, men trots detta erhölls värdefulla insikter. Denna studie belyser de invecklade reaktionsmekanismerna och några av de svårigheterna med immobilisering av enzym på EziG bärare. Trots att den avsedda kaskaden inte slutfördes, gav lärdomarna nya perspektiv samt potentiella områden att fortsätta undersöka för framtida framsteg inom biokatalys. / Biocatalysis is a promising alternative to chemical synthesis routes for high value chemicals which considers the sustainability and environmental aspect. In this study the feasibility of utilizing an enzymatic cascade for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfurylamine (HMFA) was explored. HMFA is a compound with diverse applications in industries such as agriculture and pharmaceuticals. The cascade consists of two main reactions, the first of which involves the decarboxylation of lysine using a lysine decarboxylase to produce cadaverine. The cadaverine produced will then be utilized as an amine donor in the second reaction, which involves the use of a transaminase derived from Silicibacter pomeroyi (SpTA) together with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). This cascade considers the principals of green chemistry such as milder reaction conditions and less waste, hence aiming to reduce the environmental impact. Although there were challenges preventing the completion of the enzymatic cascade, valuable insights were gained. The contribution of this study sheds light on the intricate reaction mechanisms and some of the key difficulties with enzyme immobilisation. While the intended cascade was not finalized, the lessons learned will provide for new perspectives and potential future advancements in biocatalysis.

L'une des voies principales du métabolisme cellulaire est la voie des Pentoses Phosphates (PPP). Cette voie métabolique est composée de deux cascades enzymatiques, une voie oxydative et une voie non oxydative. La voie oxydative de la PPP produit un cofacteur, le NADPH, qui est responsable du processus de détoxification de la cellule par son activité réductrice et un précurseur de diverses biosynthèses comme la lipogenèse. Un dysfonctionnement des trois enzymes qui composent cette étape de la PPP peut engendrer la mort cellulaire. Grâce à une nouvelle technique, la Polarisation Dynamique Nucléaire suivie par Dissolution (D-DNP), qui permet d’obtenir un gain de sensibilité par un facteur > 10 000, la quantification des paramètres cinétique dans les conditions physiologiques in cell est possible.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous utilisons un nouveau modèle de quantification des paramètres cinétiques qui offre la possibilité d’étudier une cascade enzymatique composée de 3 enzymes par D-DNP. Grâce à ces expériences, la sélectivité de la première enzyme de la voie oxydative, la G6PD, pour l’un des deux anomères de glucose-6-phosphate, ainsi que le rôle antioxydant de la deuxième enzyme de la PPP, la 6PGL, ont été observés. Pour réaliser ces études, une méthode de synthèse et de purification des différents substrats de chaque enzyme a été développée. Le tout premier inhibiteur de la 6PGL a été testé. Des études préliminaires réalisées sur des Trypanosoma brucei, parasite responsable de la maladie du sommeil, indiquent que la pénétration du glucose dans les cellules est l'étape cinétiquement limitante pour sa conversion enzymatique. / The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is one of the main pathways of cellular metabolism. This metabolic pathway is composed of two enzymatic cascades: one is an oxidative pathway, and the other is non-oxidative. The oxidative branch of PPP produces a cofactor, NADPH, which is responsible for the detoxification process of the cell due to its reducing activity, and is also a precursor of various biosynthesis such as lipogenesis. A dysfunction of one of the three enzymes that make up this step of PPP can lead to cell death. Thanks to a new method, Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (D-DNP), which features a sensitivity gain by a factor 10,000 compared to standard liquid-state NMR, the quantification of kinetic parameters under physiological conditions, in cell, becomes possible.In this thesis, we add to the scientific library a new model of quantification of kinetic parameters, and the possibility of studying an enzymatic cascade composed of 3 enzymes by D-DNP measurements. Based on these experiments, the selectivity of the first enzyme in the oxidative pathway, G6PD, for one of the two glucose-6-phosphate anomers, was confirmed. The antioxidant role of the second PPP enzyme, 6PGL, was equally studied. To carry out these studies, a method of synthesis and purification of the different substrates of each enzyme has been developed. The very first inhibitor of 6PGL has also been tested. Preliminary experiments on Trypanosoma brucei, a parasite responsible for sleeping sickness, indicate that glucose penetration inside cells is the limiting kinetic step for its conversion.

Ces travaux de thèse pluridisciplinaires à l‘interface entre biocatalyse et nanomatériaux visent la conception de matériaux biohybrides innovants par assemblage dans des conditions douces de matériaux inorganiques de type hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (HDL) avec des enzymes. La première partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à la caractérisation des interactions physico-chimiques entre les HDL et la fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) catalysant la formation stéréosélective de liaisons C-C pour conduire à des polyols chiraux. Les structures lamellaires HDL permettent un confinement efficace de systèmes enzymatiques grâce à leur structure bidimensionnelle poreuse, leurs propriétés physico-chimiques favorables à l‘échange ionique et leur biocompatibilité. Différentes stratégies d‘immobilisation de la FSA dans des matrices d‘HDL ont été explorées, le taux d‘immobilisation et l‘activité biocatalytique étant fortement dépendant de la méthode d‘assemblage et de la nature des phases HDL. Le taux d‘immobilisation de l‘enzyme obtenu par coprécipitaton est supérieur à celui obtenu par adsorption. Dans une deuxième partie, un bioréacteur a été élaboré par un assemblage hiérarchisé constitué de la FSA, de nanoplaquettes d‘HDL et de billes de polysaccharide, ce dernier jouant le rôle de matrice macrostructurante. De façon notable, le taux d‘encapsulation de l‘enzyme dans la matrice macroscopique est amélioré lorsque le biocatalyseur est pré-encapsulé dans les nanoplaquettes d‘HDL. Ceci est attribué aux interactions électrostatiques favorables entre les chaînes de polysaccharide et les HDL, facilitant une charge de matière plus importante. L‘efficacité catalytique du bioréacteur obtenu et sa recyclabilité ont été démontrés. Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, nous décrivons pour la première fois la conception de bionanoréacteurs enzymes@HDL par co-immobilisation de systèmes bi- ou tétra-enzymatiques dans les HDL permettant de réaliser des cascades multienzymatiques biomimétiques. L‘immobilisation des différentes enzymes prises séparément a d‘abord été optimisée afin de déterminer les conditions de co-immobilisation et de réaliser les cascades biocatalytiques en phase hétérogène. Ces bionanoréacteurs, dont nous avons démontré la recyclabilité, ont été appliqués pour la synthèse de sucres phosphorylés de série D. Enfin, une cascade multienzymatique a été conçue de novo en solution aqueuse et optimisée pour synthétiser différents sucres phosphorylés rares de série L. / This multidisciplinary thesis at the biocatalysis/nanomaterial interface perfectly aims at designing innovative biohybrid materials by the assembly of inorganic materials the Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) with enzymes under mild conditions. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the characterization of physico-chemical interactions between the LDH and the fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) catalyzing the stereoselective C-C bond formation to provide chiral polyols. LDH structures allow the effective confinement of enzymatic systems thanks to their opened two-dimensional structure as well as their chemical surface properties at the nanoscale and their biocompatibility. The FSA immobilization in different LDH matrices by different methods was studied. Biocatalytic activity is highly dependent on the method of assembling, modulating the final amount of FSA. The retaining activity rate of co-precipitated material was higher than that obtained for the adsorbed enzyme. In a second part, a bionanoreactor was developed based on a hierarchized assembly of FSA, LDH nanoplatelets and polysaccharide beads acting as a macrostructuring matrices. Significantly, the encapsulated enzyme rate in the beads was improved when the biocatalyst was pre-encapsulated in LDH nanoplatelets. This is attributed to favorable electrostatic interactions between the polysaccharide chains and LDH, facilitating a higher catalyst loading. The catalytic efficiency of the prepared bioreactor and its recyclability were demonstrated. In the third part of this thesis, we describe for the first time the design of bionanoreactors ―enzymes@LDH‖ by co-immobilisation of two and four enzymes in LDH allowing biomimetic multienzymatic cascades. We first studied the immobilization of the different enzymes taken separately. Then we worked on the optimization of the biocatalytic cascades in heterogeneous phase. These bionanoreactors, for which we have shown the recyclability, have been applied to the synthesis of D-series phosphorylated sugars. Finally, a multienzymatic cascade was de novo designed in aqueous homogeneous solution. It was optimized for the synthesis of rare L-phosphorylated sugars.

La transcétolase thermostable de Geobacillus stearothermophilus (TKgst, EC 2.2.1.1) permet de synthétiser efficacement à haute température des cétoses à 4, 5 et 6 atomes de carbone de configuration d-thréo (3S, 4R), par formation stéréosélective d’une liaison C-C, à partir d’aldéhydes α-hydroxylés (2R) à courte chaîne. L’objectif de ces travaux est d’utiliser la TKgst à 60°C pour gagner en efficacité et étendre son spectre de substrats à de nouveaux donneurs et accepteurs par Evolution dirigée, selon une approche semi-rationnelle, basée sur la mutagenèse par saturation de site. Ainsi, à l’issue du criblage des banques générées, les TKgst mutées les plus performantes (L382D/D470S, L191I, L382F/F435Y, R521Y/H462N et R521V/S385D/H462S) ont été sélectionnées pour leurs activités spécifiques supérieures à celle de la TKgst sauvage (gain de 3,3 à 5) vis-à-vis d’aldéhydes α-hydroxylés (2S) et d’aldéhydes α-hydroxylés (2R) à longue chaîne polyhydroxylée (C5-C6). La TKgst sauvage, ainsi que ces TKgst mutées performantes ont permis d’obtenir, à 60°C, onze cétoses, dont neuf de configuration l-érythro (3S, 4S) à 5 à 6 atomes de carbone et de configuration d-thréo (3S, 4R) de 4 à 8 atomes de carbone d’intérêt biologique, avec de très bons rendements, quatre étant inaccessibles avec les TKs microbiennes utilisées jusqu’alors. D’autres TKgst mutées ont par ailleurs conduit à une amélioration significative de l’activité de la TKgst vis-à-vis d’aldéhydes aliphatiques et aromatiques, mais également vis-à-vis d’un nouveau substrat donneur, l’acide pyruvique et d’analogues, ouvrant le champs des applications aux 1-désoxycétoses. De plus, ces travaux ont permis de développer un procédé multi-enzymatique innovant et éco-comptatible, dans lequel les substrats donneurs et accepteurs de la TKgst sont générés par voie enzymatique, via l’utilisation d’une transaminase ou d’une d-aminoacide oxydase et d’une aldolase, à partir de composés naturels et peu coûteux. Cette stratégie pourra être appliquée aux TKgst mutées, afin d’accéder efficacement et à moindre coût, à d’autres cétoses rares hautement valorisables. / Thermostable transketolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (TKgst, EC 2.2.1.1) catalyzes efficiently the synthesis of d-threo (3S, 4R) ketoses having 4, 5 and 6 carbon atoms, by the stereoselective formation of a new C-C bond, from short chain (2R)-α-hydroxylated aldehydes. The aim of this work is to use TKgst at 60°C, in order to increase reaction rates and to broad its substrate scope to new donors and acceptors by Directed Evolution, according to a semi-rationnal approach, based on site saturation mutagenesis. Thus, the screening of the libraries led to TKgst variants (L382D/D470S, L191I, L382F/F435Y, R521Y/H462N and R521V/S385D/H462S) having significantly improved specific activities towards (2S)-α-hydroxylated aldehydes and (2R)-α-hydroxylated aldehydes having a long polyhydroxylated chain (C5-C6), compared to wild type TKgst (3,3 to 5-fold increased activity). Wild-type TKgst as well as these TKgst variants were used, at 60°C, to obtain eleven, including nine l-erythro (3S, 4S) ketoses having 5 and 6 carbon atoms and d-threo (3S, 4R) ketoses having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms of biological interest, with good yields, four being inaccessible using common TK sources. Besides, other TKgst variants led to significantly improved activities towards hydrophobic aldehydes and towards a new donor substrate, pyruvic acid and derivatives, extending TKgst product scope to 1-deoxyketoses. In addition, a multienzymatic innovative and environmentally friendly process, in which TKgst substrates are generated through enzymatic pathways, using a transaminase or a d-aminoacid oxidase and an aldolase, from non-expensive and natural compounds was developed, in the presence of wild-type TKgst and will be able to be applied to TKgst variants, in order to synthesize efficiently and at lower cost, other highly valuable rare ketoses.