Globalizacija, kintantys darbo rinkos poreikiai daro įtaką vyresnio amžiaus ( nuo 45 m.) moterų nedarbui, nes praradusios kvalifikaciją ir neturėdamos atitinkamo išsilavinimo dėl įvairių priežasčių: didesnio pasiaukojimo šeimai, visuomeninės nuomonės apie moters vaidmenį, mažesnių fizinių sugebėjimų, sveikatos problemų, materialinių sunkumų, joms sunkiau integruotis į šiuolaikinę darbo rinką. Analizuojant bedarbystės situaciją Lietuvoje, pastebima, kad darbo rinkoje moterų diskriminacija įgyja gan ciniškas formas. Atvira moterų diskriminacija pastebima, kai ieškančios darbo moterys neatitinka darbo skelbimuose plačiai taikomų amžiaus – lyties kriterijų. Moterims siūlomų užsiėmimų ratas ribojamas mažesnės kvalifikacijos ir prestižo darbais (sekretorė, auklė ir pan.), o pradedančioms verslininkėms dirbtinai sudaromos kliūtys gauti lengvatinius kreditus, licenzijas ir pan. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad dauguma moterų yra įgijusios specialybę, tačiau darbo pagal ją nesusirado ir mano, kad tai yra pagrindinė įsidarbinimo kliūtis. Vyresnio amžiaus (nuo 45 iki 55m) moterims yra svarbus mokymosi ir tobulinimosi motyvas, jos siekia mokytis naujos specialybės, atgaivinti prarastą kvalifikaciją ir dirbti, nes nenori būti bedarbėmis. Tyrimas parodė, žemą vyresnio amžiaus (nuo 55m.) bedarbių moterų mokymosi motyvaciją. Šio amžiaus moterys jaučiasi per senos mokytis, o tai neskatina jų tolesnio mokymosi ir sunkina sėkmingą integraciją į darbo rinką. Vyresnio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Globalization and developing changes of labour market are related with increase of unemployment of older women (above 45 years old). That happens because of several reasons like lack of correspondent education, lost qualification, self-denial for the sake of family, public prejudices about women’s social status, physical health peculiarities, material reasons, etc. The investigation revealed that although most women are educated enough and specialize in some area, the main problem was to acquire a job according to their specialization. Refresher courses for women are quite expensive and thus hardly available for those who need it most, and there are no free refresher courses in Lithuania. Older women (age range from 45 to 55 years) notice motive of professional self improvement or gaining a new profession because they don’t want to be unemployed. Older women also more often then younger ones register in the jobcenter to receive allowance and to get possibility to join free refresher courses for registered unemployed members. Older (above 55) unemployed women are less motivated to develop their skills or study new things and that also aggravate their situation in the labour market. One third part of the unemployed respondents (above 45 years old) of the recent investigation noticed that they work illegally in the households, children care, sewing, knitting, etc. The lack of education, low qualification, low motivation for self-improvement and older age were found as... [to full text]

Les recherches menées dans cette étude se situent dans le cadre de l’analyse du volontarisme étatique dans l’accélération du processus d’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes. Notre postulat de départ est que l'émancipation de la femme en Tunisie émane d'une volonté politique impulsée depuis le haut par le pouvoir tunisien par le biais d’une réforme juridique. Nous défendons l’idée selon laquelle le rapport entre l’État et la question féminine en Tunisie demeure indissociable. La libération des Tunisiennes ayant été portée par le dirigisme étatique dans le cadre d’un régime de type autoritaire, il nous a semblé important de chercher à comprendre et à expliquer les paradoxes de ce projet autoritaire de modernisation ainsi que les dynamiques sociales et les tensions qui en résultent. Notre réflexion s’est constituée autour d’un deuxième axe, à savoir le rapport complexe qu’entretient le régime autoritaire tunisien avec la question féminine. Nous avons ainsi émis l’hypothèse que les raisons de l’engagement du régime dépassent la simple émancipation des femmes ou l’instauration d’une égalité entre les sexes pour s’inscrire dans une logique de contrôle, de répression, et dans un rapport clientéliste. Cette partie constitue une critique du féminisme d’État en Tunisie et de la manière avec laquelle il monopolise la question féminine. Nous en sommes venus à analyser la monopolisation de la cause féminine par le régime tunisien ainsi que les réactions et/ou les mobilisations des femmes et leur opposition à cette politique féministe autoritaire. / The research conducted in this study is part of the analysis of state voluntarism in accelerating the process of equality between women and men. Our starting postulate is that the emancipation of women in Tunisia comes from a political will, driven from the top by the Tunisian power through a legal reform. We are defending the idea that the link between the state and the women's issue in Tunisia remains inseparable. The liberation of Tunisian women has been directed by state as part of an authoritarian regime, therefore we thought it was important trying to understand and explain the paradoxes of this authoritarian project of modernization along with social dynamics and tensions resulting from it. Our reflection was built around a second approach, that is the complex link between the Tunisian authoritarian regime and the women’s issue. We thus hypothesized that the reasons for the regime's commitment go over the simple emancipation of women or the establishment of gender equality in order to fit into a logic of control, repression, and in a clientelist relation. This part forms a criticism of the state feminism and of the way it monopolizes the women’s issue. We finally analyzed how the Tunisian regime monopolize the women's cause and we studied the reactions and / or mobilizations of women as well as their opposition to this authoritarian feminist policy.

In my diploma thesis on subject The wiew of man´s and woman´s role in present Czech society I aimed to gender analyse of the value orientation, among others regarding spending free time ? with the view to find out mechanisms and possible reasons of a gender aspect. The aim of my work is to map out and to analyse the researches that have already been done in this field and to find answers to the following questions: what are the differences between man and woman role in the present Czech society? What is the difference between man´s and woman´s value orientation? What can cause these differences? How do the differences come out? The first chapter is dedicated to the definition of the basic concepts, this part introduces the problems of values, theories of value orientation and leasure time spending, it characterises family from the view of living values including leasure time, it explains the gender aspect. The second chapter maps out the researches done in the field of women´s and men´s roles in the family including the leasure time, it also introduces their results. The third chapter interprets the reasons for gender differencies in the view of structural functionalism and feminist sociology, it brings general overwiev of analysis results.

The thesis deals with the history of feminism both in the world and in the Czech Republic, its trends and waves. Some distinguished male and female feminism representatives whose works and opinions have influenced the development of feminist ideology are introduced. It also gives a survey of permeation as well as influence of feminism and gender on certain areas of private and social life in the European Union and in the Czech Republic. In the thesis legitimacy or illegitimacy of feminist demands and possibilities to meet those demands are discussed. The terms such as equality, discrimination, agenda on equality between men and women and family politics are mentioned, because they refer to areas of a prominent concern of feminism.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse how the concept of work-life balance (and reconciliation policies in general) is constructed and defined at the European Union level. In order to analyse these often implicit definitions, the European Commission's working documents from 1995 to 2016 are gathered and subjected to category and content analysis. Reconciliation policies and work-life balance are stable concepts, occurring in 152 documents over the studied 22 years period. Annual Reports on gender equality and documents connected to the European Employment Strategy are specifically analysed. Even though the "reconciliation policies are part of equality policies" argumentation is often stressed, the expressed goals are usually connected to the goals of employment policies and economic policies, with economic growth being behind this argumentation. The most represented policy areas are leave policies, mainly parental leave, and services for childcare and other dependants, usually connected to the same goal - bringing more women into the labour market.

This dissertation is a case study of Česká spořitelna, a. s. It shows the significance of gender audit by asserting equal opportunities for women and men. The theoretical part introduces how gender equality could be asserted and also summarizes how the concept has (not) been practically fulfilled (particularly in the area of labour market). It emphasizes the gender audit as one of the possible tools of change when asserting the gender equality. The empirical part of this dissertation is investigating the significance of gender audit for asserting the equal opportunities in Česká spořitelna, a. s. Therefore it analyzes a final report of the first gender audit and compares its design with another final report that came out of the second implemented gender audit. It also analyzes the processes the company adopted after the first gender audit to promote the equal opportunities for women and men. The impacts and the efficiency of the measures (either proposed or implemented) are analyzed critically with regard to their influence on the gender equality.