As pessoas em situação de rua (PSR) apresentam riscos aumentados de desenvolver ou agravar doenças e enfrentam muitas barreiras no cuidado à saúde, inclusive no âmbito da saúde bucal. Porém, existem poucos estudos, principalmente no Brasil, que investigam a saúde bucal dessa população. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar, sob diferentes ângulos, a condição de saúde bucal de adultos em situação de rua e a sua relação com os serviços odontológicos na cidade de Porto Alegre-RS. Foram produzidos dois artigos que se complementam para ampliar o olhar sobre a temática. O primeiro trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo que foi realizado com os profissionais de saúde bucal da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) de Porto Alegre, com o uso de questionários autoaplicáveis. O instrumento inclui questões socioeconômicas, sobre a formação e atuação profissional, além de questões sobre conhecimentos, experiências e opiniões dos profissionais com relação à população em situação de rua. Foi realizada a descrição das variáveis por meio de frequência absoluta e relativa. Participaram desse estudo 200 profissionais, correspondendo a um percentual de respostas de 62,5%. Viu-se que há pouca experiência das Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESB) com esse grupo, além de fraca equidade e baixa presença da PSR nos serviços de saúde bucal. Porém, os profissionais demonstraram interesse na temática e conhecem a legislação relacionada. O segundo artigo trata-se de um estudo transversal que foi realizado com adultos em situação de rua que acessam 5 serviços de assistência social da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre (1 albergue, 2 abrigos e 2 centro de atendimento-dia). Foram aplicados questionários contendo variáveis socioeconômicas, questões de saúde, uso de tabaco/álcool/drogas e dor dentária. Uma pesquisadora treinada e calibrada fez exame bucal, avaliando o índice CPOD. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado, teste-t e teste de Mann Whitney. Participaram do estudo 214 adultos em situação de rua, sendo a maior parte do sexo masculino, não branco, solteiro, com pouca escolaridade e baixa renda. Verificou-se que essa população apresenta muitas perdas dentárias e teve muitas experiências de dor dentária durante a vida, com impacto na realização das tarefas habituais. Mesmo com episódios de dor intensa, a maioria não procurou o dentista e preferiu fazer o auto manejo da dor, incluindo o uso de álcool ou drogas. Viu-se associação entre o tempo na rua com a frequência de dor dentária e com o modo de alívio da dor. Em ambas as metodologias a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do software SPSS v.21.0 e esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre. Antes de serem convidados, os participantes leram e assinaram os respectivos Termos de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Por ser o primeiro estudo no Brasil a pesquisar atitudes de ESB da APS com esse grupo e por descrever as condições bucais e de dor dentária, os dados dessa dissertação tem potencial para romper a invisibilidade da PSR, discutir a sensibilização dos profissionais para o cuidado qualificado em saúde bucal, e embasar o planejamento dos serviços. / Homeless people present increased risks of developing or aggravating diseases and face many barriers to health care, including in the field of oral health. However, there are few studies, mainly in Brazil, that investigate the oral health of this population. The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate, from different angles, the oral health condition of homeless adults and their relationship with dental services in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Two articles were produced that complement each other to broaden the view on the theme. The first is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was carried out with oral health professionals from Primary Health Care (PHC) in Porto Alegre, using self-administered questionnaires. The instrument includes socioeconomic questions, about training and professional exercise, as well as questions about professionals' knowledge, experiences and opinions regarding the street population. The variables were described by absolute and relative frequency. 200 professionals participated in this study, corresponding to a percentage of responses of 62.5%. It has been seen that there is little experience of Oral Health Teams (OHT) with this group, in addition to poor equity and low homeless people presence in oral health services. However, the professionals showed interest in the subject and know the related legislation. The second article deals with a cross-sectional study carried out with homeless adults accessing 5 services of Porto Alegre City Hall (1 shelter, 2 transitional housing and 2 day care centers). Questionnaires containing socioeconomic variables, health issues, tobacco / alcohol / drug use and dental pain were applied. A trained and calibrated researcher underwent oral examination evaluating the CPOD index. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t-test and Mann Whitney test. A total of 214 homeless adults participated in the study, most of them male, not white, single, with little schooling and low income. It was verified that this population presents many dental losses and had many experiences of dental pain during the life, with impact in the accomplishment of the habitual tasks. Even with episodes of intense pain, most did not seek the dentist and preferred to self-manage pain, including the use of alcohol or drugs. There was an association between the time on the street with the frequency of dental pain and the mode of pain relief. In both methodologies the data analysis was performed using the SPSS v.21.0 software and this research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Municipal Health Department of Porto Alegre. Before being invited, the participants read and signed the respective Terms of Free and Informed Consent. Because it is the first study in Brazil to research the OHT of PHC attitudes with this group and to describe oral conditions and dental pain, the data of this dissertation has the potential to break the homeless people invisibility, to discuss the sensitization of professionals to qualified care in oral health, and to base the planning of services.

As pessoas em situação de rua (PSR) apresentam riscos aumentados de desenvolver ou agravar doenças e enfrentam muitas barreiras no cuidado à saúde, inclusive no âmbito da saúde bucal. Porém, existem poucos estudos, principalmente no Brasil, que investigam a saúde bucal dessa população. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar, sob diferentes ângulos, a condição de saúde bucal de adultos em situação de rua e a sua relação com os serviços odontológicos na cidade de Porto Alegre-RS. Foram produzidos dois artigos que se complementam para ampliar o olhar sobre a temática. O primeiro trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo que foi realizado com os profissionais de saúde bucal da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) de Porto Alegre, com o uso de questionários autoaplicáveis. O instrumento inclui questões socioeconômicas, sobre a formação e atuação profissional, além de questões sobre conhecimentos, experiências e opiniões dos profissionais com relação à população em situação de rua. Foi realizada a descrição das variáveis por meio de frequência absoluta e relativa. Participaram desse estudo 200 profissionais, correspondendo a um percentual de respostas de 62,5%. Viu-se que há pouca experiência das Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESB) com esse grupo, além de fraca equidade e baixa presença da PSR nos serviços de saúde bucal. Porém, os profissionais demonstraram interesse na temática e conhecem a legislação relacionada. O segundo artigo trata-se de um estudo transversal que foi realizado com adultos em situação de rua que acessam 5 serviços de assistência social da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre (1 albergue, 2 abrigos e 2 centro de atendimento-dia). Foram aplicados questionários contendo variáveis socioeconômicas, questões de saúde, uso de tabaco/álcool/drogas e dor dentária. Uma pesquisadora treinada e calibrada fez exame bucal, avaliando o índice CPOD. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado, teste-t e teste de Mann Whitney. Participaram do estudo 214 adultos em situação de rua, sendo a maior parte do sexo masculino, não branco, solteiro, com pouca escolaridade e baixa renda. Verificou-se que essa população apresenta muitas perdas dentárias e teve muitas experiências de dor dentária durante a vida, com impacto na realização das tarefas habituais. Mesmo com episódios de dor intensa, a maioria não procurou o dentista e preferiu fazer o auto manejo da dor, incluindo o uso de álcool ou drogas. Viu-se associação entre o tempo na rua com a frequência de dor dentária e com o modo de alívio da dor. Em ambas as metodologias a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do software SPSS v.21.0 e esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre. Antes de serem convidados, os participantes leram e assinaram os respectivos Termos de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Por ser o primeiro estudo no Brasil a pesquisar atitudes de ESB da APS com esse grupo e por descrever as condições bucais e de dor dentária, os dados dessa dissertação tem potencial para romper a invisibilidade da PSR, discutir a sensibilização dos profissionais para o cuidado qualificado em saúde bucal, e embasar o planejamento dos serviços. / Homeless people present increased risks of developing or aggravating diseases and face many barriers to health care, including in the field of oral health. However, there are few studies, mainly in Brazil, that investigate the oral health of this population. The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate, from different angles, the oral health condition of homeless adults and their relationship with dental services in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Two articles were produced that complement each other to broaden the view on the theme. The first is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was carried out with oral health professionals from Primary Health Care (PHC) in Porto Alegre, using self-administered questionnaires. The instrument includes socioeconomic questions, about training and professional exercise, as well as questions about professionals' knowledge, experiences and opinions regarding the street population. The variables were described by absolute and relative frequency. 200 professionals participated in this study, corresponding to a percentage of responses of 62.5%. It has been seen that there is little experience of Oral Health Teams (OHT) with this group, in addition to poor equity and low homeless people presence in oral health services. However, the professionals showed interest in the subject and know the related legislation. The second article deals with a cross-sectional study carried out with homeless adults accessing 5 services of Porto Alegre City Hall (1 shelter, 2 transitional housing and 2 day care centers). Questionnaires containing socioeconomic variables, health issues, tobacco / alcohol / drug use and dental pain were applied. A trained and calibrated researcher underwent oral examination evaluating the CPOD index. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t-test and Mann Whitney test. A total of 214 homeless adults participated in the study, most of them male, not white, single, with little schooling and low income. It was verified that this population presents many dental losses and had many experiences of dental pain during the life, with impact in the accomplishment of the habitual tasks. Even with episodes of intense pain, most did not seek the dentist and preferred to self-manage pain, including the use of alcohol or drugs. There was an association between the time on the street with the frequency of dental pain and the mode of pain relief. In both methodologies the data analysis was performed using the SPSS v.21.0 software and this research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Municipal Health Department of Porto Alegre. Before being invited, the participants read and signed the respective Terms of Free and Informed Consent. Because it is the first study in Brazil to research the OHT of PHC attitudes with this group and to describe oral conditions and dental pain, the data of this dissertation has the potential to break the homeless people invisibility, to discuss the sensitization of professionals to qualified care in oral health, and to base the planning of services.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Background: Standardized and evidence-based resource allocation frameworks for timely provision of primary dental services may support equitable distribution of comprehensive dental care. However, such frameworks, which can be applicable to primary care settings in Brazil, are not available. The purpose of this study was to explore the complex issue of equity allocation of dental staff for primary dental care services, by estimating time to dental disease progression in order to analyze costs when survival targets are set for patients waiting for primary dental care. The inclusion of wait time benchmarks for dental services in the design of the framework was an attempt to increase knowledge on the quality of access experienced by people living within catchment areas of the Family Health Strategy in Brazil. In view of ever scarce resources for public health services, ethical dilemmas arise in resource allocation when allocation choices require priority setting among individuals who face similar health needs. Since equity of access must be assured for all Brazilian citizens, the present study proposed a rational resource allocation model to help decision-makers in reconciling equity access and budgets. Aim: This study aimed to compare equity of access to dental services and costs of dental staff of two models for primary care settings. Additionally, staffing requirements and staff costs were projected over a three-year time period. Both models comprised three inter-related components: (i) universal access to oral health care, (ii) comprehensiveness of primary dental care and (iii) equity of access to primary dental services. Method: The present study was part empirical and part modeling in design. In the empirical phase, a set of maximum wait times for dental care determined by experts (Model 1) vs. wait times derived from survival analysis (Model 2) was compared. A one-year follow-up of a cohort of dental patients assigned to five primary health care clinics was conducted. The event of interest was clinical deterioration in the waiting time for dental visits. At each consultation with a dentist either for routine or emergency reasons, the oral quadrants of the patient were assessed and classified according to their urgency for dental care (from 1, less urgent to 5, more urgent). In the modeling phase, costs of dental staff were estimated on the basis of survival probabilities found in Model 1 and on survival targets simulated in Model 2. The amount of staff required as calculated by combining data on: dental service needs, activity standards for dental services, workload components in dental care, cost per working hour of dental staff, and probabilities of clinical deterioration in the wait for dental visits. Main Findings: In Model 1 (wait times determined by experts), survival probabilities were found to be unevenly distributed between diagnostic categories: category 4= 0.939 (SE 0.019); category 3= 0.829 (SE 0.035); category 2= 0.351 (SE 0.061) and category 1= 0.120 (SE 0.044). The cost of dental staff in Model 1 was estimated to be R$104 110.88 (BRL). In cost simulations of Model 2, where wait times were derived from the survival analysis study, a similar 0.900 survival probability target for all sampled quadrants (n=7 376) was found regardless of their final classification in the study year. The resulting cost of Model 2 was R$99 305.89 (BRL). Conclusions: From an equity-access perspective, the survival analysis concluded that wait times for dental visits determined by the experts may engender inequitable survival probabilities for oral quadrants classified in different diagnostic categories. From a dental-staff costs perspective, one concluded that less resources were required by setting an equitable 90% survival target for all oral quadrants studied.

As pessoas em situação de rua (PSR) apresentam riscos aumentados de desenvolver ou agravar doenças e enfrentam muitas barreiras no cuidado à saúde, inclusive no âmbito da saúde bucal. Porém, existem poucos estudos, principalmente no Brasil, que investigam a saúde bucal dessa população. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar, sob diferentes ângulos, a condição de saúde bucal de adultos em situação de rua e a sua relação com os serviços odontológicos na cidade de Porto Alegre-RS. Foram produzidos dois artigos que se complementam para ampliar o olhar sobre a temática. O primeiro trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo que foi realizado com os profissionais de saúde bucal da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) de Porto Alegre, com o uso de questionários autoaplicáveis. O instrumento inclui questões socioeconômicas, sobre a formação e atuação profissional, além de questões sobre conhecimentos, experiências e opiniões dos profissionais com relação à população em situação de rua. Foi realizada a descrição das variáveis por meio de frequência absoluta e relativa. Participaram desse estudo 200 profissionais, correspondendo a um percentual de respostas de 62,5%. Viu-se que há pouca experiência das Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESB) com esse grupo, além de fraca equidade e baixa presença da PSR nos serviços de saúde bucal. Porém, os profissionais demonstraram interesse na temática e conhecem a legislação relacionada. O segundo artigo trata-se de um estudo transversal que foi realizado com adultos em situação de rua que acessam 5 serviços de assistência social da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre (1 albergue, 2 abrigos e 2 centro de atendimento-dia). Foram aplicados questionários contendo variáveis socioeconômicas, questões de saúde, uso de tabaco/álcool/drogas e dor dentária. Uma pesquisadora treinada e calibrada fez exame bucal, avaliando o índice CPOD. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado, teste-t e teste de Mann Whitney. Participaram do estudo 214 adultos em situação de rua, sendo a maior parte do sexo masculino, não branco, solteiro, com pouca escolaridade e baixa renda. Verificou-se que essa população apresenta muitas perdas dentárias e teve muitas experiências de dor dentária durante a vida, com impacto na realização das tarefas habituais. Mesmo com episódios de dor intensa, a maioria não procurou o dentista e preferiu fazer o auto manejo da dor, incluindo o uso de álcool ou drogas. Viu-se associação entre o tempo na rua com a frequência de dor dentária e com o modo de alívio da dor. Em ambas as metodologias a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do software SPSS v.21.0 e esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre. Antes de serem convidados, os participantes leram e assinaram os respectivos Termos de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Por ser o primeiro estudo no Brasil a pesquisar atitudes de ESB da APS com esse grupo e por descrever as condições bucais e de dor dentária, os dados dessa dissertação tem potencial para romper a invisibilidade da PSR, discutir a sensibilização dos profissionais para o cuidado qualificado em saúde bucal, e embasar o planejamento dos serviços. / Homeless people present increased risks of developing or aggravating diseases and face many barriers to health care, including in the field of oral health. However, there are few studies, mainly in Brazil, that investigate the oral health of this population. The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate, from different angles, the oral health condition of homeless adults and their relationship with dental services in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Two articles were produced that complement each other to broaden the view on the theme. The first is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was carried out with oral health professionals from Primary Health Care (PHC) in Porto Alegre, using self-administered questionnaires. The instrument includes socioeconomic questions, about training and professional exercise, as well as questions about professionals' knowledge, experiences and opinions regarding the street population. The variables were described by absolute and relative frequency. 200 professionals participated in this study, corresponding to a percentage of responses of 62.5%. It has been seen that there is little experience of Oral Health Teams (OHT) with this group, in addition to poor equity and low homeless people presence in oral health services. However, the professionals showed interest in the subject and know the related legislation. The second article deals with a cross-sectional study carried out with homeless adults accessing 5 services of Porto Alegre City Hall (1 shelter, 2 transitional housing and 2 day care centers). Questionnaires containing socioeconomic variables, health issues, tobacco / alcohol / drug use and dental pain were applied. A trained and calibrated researcher underwent oral examination evaluating the CPOD index. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t-test and Mann Whitney test. A total of 214 homeless adults participated in the study, most of them male, not white, single, with little schooling and low income. It was verified that this population presents many dental losses and had many experiences of dental pain during the life, with impact in the accomplishment of the habitual tasks. Even with episodes of intense pain, most did not seek the dentist and preferred to self-manage pain, including the use of alcohol or drugs. There was an association between the time on the street with the frequency of dental pain and the mode of pain relief. In both methodologies the data analysis was performed using the SPSS v.21.0 software and this research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Municipal Health Department of Porto Alegre. Before being invited, the participants read and signed the respective Terms of Free and Informed Consent. Because it is the first study in Brazil to research the OHT of PHC attitudes with this group and to describe oral conditions and dental pain, the data of this dissertation has the potential to break the homeless people invisibility, to discuss the sensitization of professionals to qualified care in oral health, and to base the planning of services.

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of 244 school- and district-based administrators who were employed in a Florida school district from 2003- 2011 regarding superintendent second-order change leadership decisions and events to achieve equity and access to excellence for all students in the school district. Interviews were also conducted with 11 active and retired school-based and district-based administrators to specifically address any factors that led to equity and access to excellence as well as any challenges the school district faced when implementing those actions and decisions. Quantitative data were used for a historical comparison of the targeted school district prior to and after 2003 to further understand the impact of equity and access to excellence within the school district. Two superintendent decisions were believed to be extremely educationally significant by respondents: High school reading centerpiece and International Baccalaureate program launch at Seminole High School. Respondents were least familiar with Central Florida Public School Boards Coalition established and Established Principal Forum. Three events were largely believed to be extremely educationally significant by respondents: District rated A each year of accountability, District designated academically high- performing, and Unitary status achieved. Respondents were least familiar with Florida Center for Reading Research project in high schools and Superintendent Leadership transition. iv Responses to open-ended questions indicated that equity and access to excellence were achieved in the school district between 2003 to 2011. The decision to attain unitary status led to other actions and decisions to achieve equity and access to excellence, e.g., the creation of magnet schools, the introduction of open access to Advanced Placement courses. The superintendent’s greatest challenge was perceived by respondents as lack of funding. Interviewees cited poverty as a limiting factor in achievement of equity and excellence. All respondents agreed that working with the lowest achieving 25% of students to improve performance on the Florida Comprehensive Achievement Test was key to achieving equity and excellence in the school district. Most of the interviewees believed that all students have access to equity and excellence. In offering advice to other districts, most of the interviewees stressed the importance of focusing on data, demographics, and academic programs, stating that leaders should be committed to achieving equity and excellence and there needs to be total buy-in from the whole district. Further, superintendent success depended on a clear focus, a set of core values and the willingness and courage to implement second-order change.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-22T19:59:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloRodrigues.pdf: 8995271 bytes, checksum: 112019fbb382d1d188823f17595346f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T19:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloRodrigues.pdf: 8995271 bytes, checksum: 112019fbb382d1d188823f17595346f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Programa de Apoio à Núcleos de Excelência (PROCEX) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introduction: the inequities in access to health care have directly interfered in infant mortality’s indicators and also have changed the dynamic of health’s system. Despite the importance of the issue, most studies did not analyses with details the factors associated with the difficulty of access at regions that have different socioeconomic characteristics. Objective: analyze the factors associated with the difficulty of access to child’s health services at São Luis/MA and Ribeirão Preto/SP. Methods: a prospective cohort study which involved 3308 children at São Luís and 3128 children at Ribeirão Preto, 13-35 months old. The prevalence rate (RP) was estimated by the Poisson regression with robust error variance in a hierarchical modeling, based on the adaptation of the Behavioral Model of Andersen. Results: the rate of difficult access at São Luís was 29,4%, while at Ribeirão Preto, the rate was 9,0%. At São Luís, the hierarchical analysis showed that the difficult of access was associated with the following variables: male child, more than a brother at home, lower maternal education, lower maternal age, be registered in the Family Health Strategy (ESF), has morbidity and wore perception of health’s state. At Ribeirão Preto, the difficulty of access was associated with the highest number of brothers at home, higher maternal education, lower economic class and be registered in the ESF. Conclusions: social inequalities in access to health were more prevalent at São Luis. The demographic’s predisposing and need factors were more expressive at São Luís, while the social structure’s predisposing and the enabling factors were more expressive at Ribeirão Preto. / Introdução: as iniquidades no acesso aos serviços de saúde têm interferido diretamente nos indicadores de morbimortalidade infantil, além de alterar a dinâmica do sistema de saúde. Apesar da importância do tema, a maior parte dos estudos não analisa detalhadamente os fatores associados às dificuldades de acesso em regiões socioeconômicas distintas. Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde infantil em São Luís/MA e Ribeirão Preto/SP. Métodos: estudo de coorte prospectivo do qual participaram 3308 crianças em São Luís e 3128 crianças em Ribeirão Preto, de 13 a 35 meses de idade. Foram estimadas as razões de prevalência (RP) por meio da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta em uma modelagem hierarquizada, baseada na adaptação do Modelo Comportamental de Andersen. Resultados: a taxa de dificuldade de acesso em São Luís foi de 29,4%, enquanto que a de Ribeirão Preto foi de 9,0%. Em São Luís, na análise hierarquizada, dificuldade de acesso associou-se às seguintes variáveis: criança do sexo masculino, mais de um irmão no domicílio, baixa escolaridade materna, menor idade da mãe, ter cadastro na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), presença de morbidade e pior percepção do estado de saúde. Em Ribeirão Preto, a dificuldade de acesso foi associada ao maior número de irmãos no domicílio, maior escolaridade materna, classe econômica mais baixa e ter cadastro na ESF. Conclusões: as desigualdades sociais no acesso à saúde foram mais prevalentes em São Luis. Os fatores predisponentes demográficos e de necessidade em saúde foram mais expressivos em São Luís, ao passo que os fatores predisponentes de estrutura social e capacitantes o foram em Ribeirão Preto.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Summary:The aim of this study was to produce a preliminary assessment of the DRAF by determining its face validity, testing reliability and usability of its diagnostic classification tool, and to produce a set of preliminary recommendations on the viability of the DRAF before it is released for use within the Family Health Programme.

The purpose of this mixed-method, descriptive study was to determine the teachers' perceptions who were employed in the target school district from 2003 to 2011, regarding school district second-order change leadership decisions, events, and challenges, and the extent to which equity and access to excellence for all students were achieved. Also investigated was the relationship, if any, that existed in achieving equity and access to excellence based on school district second-order change leadership from 2003 to 2011. Teacher perception data were analyzed from a survey presented to teachers in over 16 schools who had been consecutively employed in the target school district from 2003 to 2011. The findings of this research suggest that teachers' perceptions of specific school district leadership decisions, events, and challenges contributed to improving opportunities for students who historically were not provided equitable opportunities for academic achievement and post high school career advancement. Beginning in 2003, the target school district underwent a leadership transition period in which a new superintendent established history-making goals and objectives for the school district. The findings suggest that based on teachers' perceptions, school district efforts provided for greater access to technology, high quality instruction, specific programs of study such as the implementation of magnet programs, and college preparation courses. The greater access provided the opportunity for equity and access to excellence for all students, especially those who historically lacked access and investment with respect to their demographics (race, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity). There were limitations iv to this study. Objectivity may be questioned since the participants were employees of the school district. It was assumed that participants in the study responded accurately and honestly to the questions asked in the interviews and survey. Future research is recommended that would include a larger and more diverse sample. Further recommendations include separate studies to examine the differences between student achievement as a result of school district leadership efforts to attain access to equity and excellence based on college readiness assessment exam scores such as the SAT and/or the ACT, and college or technical school entrance and completion, with regard to student subgroups such as race, ethnicity, and family income.

Objetivo: Analisar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde das equipes de Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) sobre o conhecimento, a utilização, as vantagens e dificuldades encontradas na aplicação das escalas existentes sobre classificação das famílias (CF). Casuística e Métodos: A percepção dos profissionais foi analisada por meio da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada a 35 profissionais atuantes nas equipes da ESF das Unidades de Saúde da Família vinculadas a uma universidade em Ribeirão Preto/SP. O roteiro de entrevista possuía variáveis relacionadas ao perfil do serviço de saúde e seus profissionais; o conhecimento e a utilização de instrumentos para a CF e vantagens, críticas e sugestões para a adequação deste instrumento. A análise das variáveis quantitativas foi realizada a partir da estatística descritiva, e para as associações entre variáveis categóricas foram aplicados os testes de Fisher, Mann-Whitney e de Kruskal-Wallis. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo na vertente temática, sendo identificados 16 Núcleos de Sentido e três Grandes Temas: \"Característica da Assistência Domiciliar na Perspectiva dos profissionais da ESF\", \"A experiência dos profissionais de saúde na utilização da CF\" e \"Sistema de Informação em Saúde na prática na ESF\". Resultados: O estudo revelou predominância do sexo feminino, com profissionais qualificados para atuar na ESF e médicos e agentes comunitários de Saúde com maior tempo de atuação nessas equipes. Todos os membros da equipe realizavam visitas domiciliares e referiram se utilizarem de alguma estratégia para priorizar os usuários e suas famílias nos seus atendimentos de forma não sistematizada, fosse por lista de pacientes acamados, necessidade de procedimentos, prioridades estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde, ou pelo levantamento das necessidades durante as reuniões de equipe. A maioria conhecia a CF por cores (91%) e 52% dos profissionais utilizavam na prática. \"Dificuldades da aplicação\" foi o Núcleo de Sentido mais citado, devido à inexperiência de sua utilização e limitações do próprio instrumento. O segundo Núcleo de Sentido mais encontrado foi \"vantagens de sua utilização\", relacionado à priorização do cuidado favorecendo a equidade. Com isso, o estudo revelou fortalezas quanto ao processo de trabalho na ESF e fragilidades relacionadas à utilização das CF. Dentre as fortalezas, está a identificação das vulnerabilidades da população favorecendo o acesso do usuário na Atenção Primária em Saúde, sem necessariamente o uso de uma escala formal para classificar as famílias. Já em relação às fragilidades, cita-se a pouca utilização das CFs pelos profissionais de saúde, visto que se tratam de Unidades de Saúde da Família vinculadas à Universidade e com espaços reservados para a Educação Permanente e para o matriciamento das equipes. Conclusão: O estudo, por meio de seus resultados, poderá contribuir para a adequação de novas CFs e também para a melhor formação dos profissionais / Objective: This dissertation aimed to analyze the perception of health professionals of the Family Health Strategy teams regarding the knowledge, use, found in the application of the existing scales on family classification. Casuistic and Methods: The professionals\' perception was analyzed through the application of a semi-structured interview to 35 professionals working in the FHS teams of the Family Health Units linked to a university in Ribeirão Preto-SP. The interview script had variables related to the profile of the health service and its professionals; the knowledge and use of instruments to classify families and advantages, criticisms and suggestions for the adequacy of this instrument. Quantitative variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher\'s tests and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed for associations between categorical variables. The qualitative approach was carried out by the content analysis in the thematic area and 16 Core of Sense and three Main Themes were raised: \"Characteristics of Home Care in the perspective of FHS professionals\", \"The experience of health professionals in the use of Classification of Families \"and\" Health Information System in the practice of the FHS\". Results: The result of the study revealed a female predominance, with professionals qualified to work in the FHS and physicians and community health workers with a longer time working in these teams. All the members of the team made home visits and reported using some strategy to prioritize users and their families in their non-systematized care, either by list of patients in bed, need for procedures, priorities established by the Ministry of Health by surveying the needs during team meetings. The majority knew the classification of families by color (91%) and 52% of professionals used in practice. The \"Difficulties of application\" was the Center of Sense most cited, referring to difficulties related to the inexperience of its use and limitations of the instrument itself. The second most found Core of Sense was \"Advantages of its use\" related to the prioritization of care favoring equity. Thus, the study revealed strengths regarding the work process in the FHS and weaknesses regarding the use of Classifications of Families. Among the strengths is the identification of vulnerabilities of the population favoring the access of the user in the Primary Health Care, without necessarily using a formal scale to classify the families. Regarding the weaknesses, there is little use of health professionals as the Classification of Families, since these are Family Health Units linked to the University and with spaces reserved for Continuing Education and for the matrix support of the teams. Conclusion: The study, through its results, may contribute to the adequacy of new Classification of Families and contribute to a better training of the professionals

OBJETIVO: Analisar como o Poder Judiciário vem garantindo o direito social à assistência farmacêutica e qual a relação do sistema jurídico e político na garantia a esse direito. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os processos judiciais de fornecimento de medicamentos pelo Estado de São Paulo, de 1997 a 2004. Utilizou-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo para identificar os discursos dos atores que compõem os processos judiciais. RESULTADOS: Os discursos dos juízes subsidiaram a condenação do Estado em 96,4% dos casos analisados. O Estado foi condenado a fornecer o medicamento nos exatos moldes do pedido do autor, inclusive quando o medicamento não possuía registro na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (9,6% dos casos analisados). Observou-se que 100% dos processos estudados foram propostos por autores individuais; em 77,4% o autor requer o fornecimento de medicamento específico de determinado laboratório farmacêutico e; em 93,5% dos casos, o medicamentos são concedidos judicialmente ao autor em caráter de urgência, por meio de medida liminar. CONCLUSÕES: O Poder Judiciário, ao proferir suas decisões, não toma conhecimento dos elementos constantes na política pública de medicamentos, editada conforme o direito para dar concretude ao direito social à assistência farmacêutica. E assim, vem prejudicando a tomada de decisões coletivas pelo sistema político nesse âmbito, sobrepondo as necessidades individuais dos autores dos processos às necessidades coletivas. / OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how the Judicial Power safeguards the social right to pharmaceutical assistance as well as the relationships between the legal and political systems to safeguard this right. METHODS: There were assessed decisions in lawsuits of drug supply in the state of São Paulo, Southern Brazil, between 1997 and 2004. Discourse of the Collective Subject of procedural actors was the methodological approach used. RESULTS: In 96.4% of the cases analyzed, judges discourse sentenced the State. these cases, the State was obliged to provide drugs exactly as requested by the plaintiff, even when drugs were not registered in the National Health Surveillance Agency (9.6% of cases). Also, 100% of the lawsuits were proposed by individual plaintiffs; in 77.4% of the cases the plaintiff requested an specific drug of a specific pharmaceutical company; and in 93,5%, the drugs were provided to the plaintiff through an urgent preliminary order. CONCLUSIONS: The Judicial Power is not taking into account in its decisions political elements of drug policies, established to enforce the social right to pharmaceutical assistance. The Judicial Power is hindering the collective decision making process by the political system, prioritizing plaintiffs individual needs over community interests.