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A nanoparticle (NP) doping technique was used for making erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) for high energy lasers. The nanoparticles were doped into the silica soot of preforms, which were drawn into fibers. The Er luminescence lifetimes of the NP-doped cores are longer than those of corresponding solution-doped silica, and substantially less Al is incorporated into the NP-doped cores. Optical-to-optical slope efficiencies of greater than 71% have been measured. Initial investigations of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) have indicated that SBS suppression is achieved by NP doping, where we observed a low intrinsic Brillouin gain coefficient, of similar to 1x 10(-11) m/W and the Brillouin bandwidth was increased by 2.5x compared to fused silica.

A tunable erbium-doped fiber ring laser using an intra-cavity Fabry-Perot filter as the tuning element is investigated. Tuning is achieved by varying the applied voltage which controls the FP cavity length. The laser's wavelength is monitored using an optical spectrum analyzer to determine the laser's spectral characteristics under static conditions at different wavelengths over its tuning range of approximately 50nm. When the laser is tuned rapidly, the frequency versus time characteristic is determined using a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with a photodetector to convert the optical signal to an electrical signal. The core of the research is to determine the degree of spectral broadening of the laser as a function of the spectral tuning rate. The fringe contrast of fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer transmittance curves decreases with increase in the tuning frequency. The gain at a certain wavelength becomes a function of time putting an upper limit on the tuning frequency of the system. The carrier lifetime of erbium ions dictates the maximum achievable tuning speed.

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M.Phil. / This dissertation describes the design and experimental realization of an all-optical active Q-switched Erbium-doped fibre ring laser. The aim of this research is to propose an approach of Q-switching mechanism for a fibre laser. The Q-switch device combines a fibre Bragg grating and a tunable fibre Fabry-Perot filter. The Q-switching principle is based on dynamic spectral overlapping of two filters, namely FBG based filter and tunable F-P filter. When the spectra overlap, the filter system has the maximum transparency, the laser cavity has minimal losses and it can release the stored power in the form of the giant impulse. A series of experiments are performed to optimize the all-optical active Q-switched Erbium-doped ring laser system in term of output peak power and time duration of laser pulses. Two different Erbium-doped fibres having different Erbium ion concentration are used in this experimental investigation. The first fibre, with an Erbium ion concentration of 2200 ppm and pump absorption of 23.4 at 980 nm is referred to as “high concentration” and the second with an Erbium ion concentration of 960 ppm and pump absorption of 12.4 at 980 nm is referred to as “low concentration” To optimize the Q-switched fibre laser system, different parameters were investigated such as the length of the Erbium-doped fibre, the output coupling ratio, the repetition rate of pulses and the concentration of the Erbium Doped Fibres. The achieved output laser pulse characteristics, peak power and time duration, were 580 mW and 13 μs respectively, at 1 kHz of repetition rate. These characteristics were obtained using a length of 3.5 m “low concentration” Erbium-doped fibre in a ring laser cavity; the output coupling is 90 %, for a pump power of 80 mW. Employing this all-optical Q-switching approach, a simple, robust all-optical active Q-switched Erbium-doped laser is demonstrated.

Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à la thématique de l’intégration de matériaux actifs en photonique silicium pour la réalisation de fonctions actives. L’accent a été mis sur des matériaux préparés en couches minces pouvant être dépose sur substrats silicium pour la réalisation de sources de lumière intégrées. L’approche classique en photonique silicium dans le fenêtre télécom (1.55μm) repose sur l’utilisation de guides strip fabriqués à partir de substrats silicium sur isolant, SOI). Le choix qui été fait dans ce travail repose en revanche sur l’utilisation de guides à cœur creux (‘slot waveguides’) en raison de l’excellent recouvrement qu’ils permettent entre leur mode optique fondamental quasi-TE et les matériaux de couverture utilisés. Les contributions de cette thèse ont porté à la fois sur les étapes de conception/simulation et sur celles liées à l’optimisation des étapes de fabrication en salle blanche. Des guides slot Si/SiO2 et SiN/SiO2 et des résonateurs en anneaux basés sur ces guides ont conduit à : - des pertes de propagation typiquement comprises entre 1dB/cm et 7dB/cm. - des résonateurs à facteur de qualité de quelques dizaines de milliers pour des structures couvertes par des liquides d’indice. Dans un deuxième temps, les travaux poursuivis ont visé à l’intégration de matériaux actifs dopés à l’Erbium dans les guides à fentes présentés en première partie en vue de la démonstration de gain optique sur puce dans la fenêtre télécom (1.55μm). Une première collaboration nous a amené à la démonstration de gain optique sur puce à partir d’une géométrie de guide en arête inversée fabriqué en polymère actif. Un gain interne de l’ordre de 25dB sur puce a été obtenu par cette approche pour une puissance de pompe optique de l’ordre de 70 à 80mW. Une seconde collaboration s’est focalisée, quant à elle, sur l’intégration d’oxyde Al2O3 dans des guides à fentes SiN fabriqués à Orsay. Les problématiques d’intégration des matériaux ont été étudiées dans un premier temps. Le résultat le plus marquant a été obtenu pour un guide de longueur 400μm, pour lequel un gain relatif de 1.5dB a été obtenu pour une puissance de pompe de l’ordre de 50mW à longueur d'onde 1480nm. De manière complémentaire, nous avons exploré une seconde voie destinée à la démonstration de structures émettrices/amplificatrices sur puce, exploitant l’utilisation de nanotubes de carbone semi-conducteurs. Notre équipe du C2N, en forte collaboration avec le CEA-Saclay, a développé une méthode de préparation de solutions riches en nanotubes de carbone semi-conducteurs (séparation par centrifugation). Au final, les couches minces qui en ont résulté ont constitué un milieu actif qui a pu être intégré de manière planaire sur des échantillons de silicium pour le développement de fonctions optiques intégrées par intégration hybride. Par cette approche, nous avons démontré : - qu’un pompage vertical des structures photoniques pouvait donner lieu à une extraction de photoluminescence (PL) en sortie guidée par la tranche, dans des guides à fentes, - qu’un renforcement significatif de la PL était obtenu par effet de recyclage des photons dans des résonateurs diélectriques à base de guides à fente. Pour conclure, l’ensemble des travaux présentés dans cette thèse apporte une contribution au développement d’une photonique hybride sur silicium exploitant les propriétés de la plateforme de guidage optique sur SOI et celles de matériaux actifs (polymères dopés à l’Erbium ou aux nanotubes de carbone). / This thesis is a contribution to the hybrid integration of active materials including Erbium-doped and carbon nanotubes rich layers on silicon for on-chip light emission.In a first step, we designed, fabricated, and characterized within the silicon-on-insulator and silicon nitride platforms a range of photonic structures including strip/slot waveguides, micro disks, strip/slot ring resonators, and micro cavities aiming at preparing a set of passive device building blocks needed for hybrid integration on Si. Silicon slot waveguides and slot ring add-drop resonators filled with index liquids with linear propagation losses 2-7 dB/cm and Q-factors up to 30,000, have been demonstrated around wavelength=1.55µm. Propagation loss of silicon nitride slot waveguides were minimized down to ~4dB/cm for compact spiral structures (2cm long, within ~500µm×500µm area). Air-band mode Nano beam cavities were also investigated, leading to Nano cavities with mode volumes V ~0.03(wavelength/n)^3 and Q-factors ~70,000 when filled with soft materials.In a second step, hybrid integration of Erbium doped materials and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was investigated for light emission under optical pumping.Integration of Erbium-doped materials was studied within the framework of two collaborations: Prof. Daming Zhang’s team, in State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Jilin University, China, and Prof. Zhipei Sun, in Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Finland. Erbium doped layers coming from Jilin were composed of Er3+ and Yb3+ co-doped core {shell} nanoparticles which were copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) to synthesize nanocomposite (PMMA-NPs: Er3+/Yb3+). We conducted the experimental characterization that led to the demonstration of an internal net gain up to 10-17dB/cm at wavelength=1.53µm in Erbium doped polymer rib waveguides fabricated in Jilin. The second Erbium doped material available during this thesis was based on Er2O3/Al2O3 atomic layers, grown in Aalto University. This collaboration was devoted to integrate high Erbium ion concentration (10E21/cm3) in oxide cladding layers on top of silicon nitride slot waveguides, which were fabricated in our group for the demonstration of on-chip optical net gain. The carried out experiments have conducted to the demonstration of 1.5-22.8dB/cm gain for sub millimeter length waveguides.In another direction, hybrid integration of SWCNTs emitting at wavelengths around 1.3 µm on ring resonators and Nano beam cavities has been investigated. First, we studied the coupling of SWCNTs photoluminescence (PL) in silicon micro-ring resonators and compared it with the PL intensity coupled into the bus waveguide . It has been shown that the pump beam polarization controls the light coupling into the straight bus waveguide. We demonstrated an enhancement of the PL intensity of 20dB at resonance. We also explored CNT hybrid integration with ultra-small mode volume Nano beam optical cavities, and hence with larger Purcell-like Q/V factors in comparison with the one obtained in micro-ring resonators. The results revealed that the PL resonance enhancement due to Nano beam cavity field confinement exhibited a nonlinear growth as a function of the pump power. It was also shown that the resonance of the PL peak intensity grows faster with the pump power than the PL background, which is accompanied by a line width narrowing of the resonance PL peak. This result is the first step to achieve an integrated laser based on carbon nanotubes.

This thesis presents a novel technique named "Core Suction" for fabricating optical fiber preforms for manufacturing highly doped fibers (HDFs) for optical amplification (Raman effect based or Erbium fiber based). The technique involves drawing the molten non-conventional core glass material into the silica cladding tube to form the preform. The developed technique is simple, inexpensive and shows great potential for fabricating preforms of highly nonlinear non-conventional multi-component glasses as the core material. Preforms were made with various core glasses such as Schott SF6, Lead-Tellurium-Germanate, Lead-Tellurium-Germanate- Neodymium -Erbium and MM2 in silica cladding tubes and then pulled into fibers. The fabricated fibers were measured for refractive index profile, loss spectrum and spontaneous Raman spectra. Elemental analysis of the fiber samples was also performed using an electron microprobe. Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) were setup using 30 cm, 5cm and 1 cm lengths of fabricated erbium doped fibers and their gain spectra measured. The distributed gain spectrum for an EDFA was also measured using an optical frequency domain reflectometery (OFDR) technique. Commercial dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) with very high GeO2 doping was used to setup a Raman amplifier and the gain spectrum measured. One of the needs of Raman amplification in optical fibers is to predict an accurate Raman gain, based on the fiber's refractive index profile. A method of predicting Raman gain in GeO2 doped fibers is presented and the predicted Raman gain values are compared with the measured ones in the same fibers. Raman gain issues like the dependence of the Raman gain on the GeO2 concentration, polarization dependence were taken into account for the gain calculations. An experimental setup for Raman gain measurements was made and measurement issues addressed. Polarization dependence of the Raman gain in one kilometer of polarization maintaining fiber was also measured. / Ph. D.

In recent years laser technology has increasingly developed with the use of fiber lasers and this has provided the possibility to implement different techniques in the defense industry. LADAR is at the forefront of these techniques. Fiber lasers constitute a perfect source for LADAR systems due to their excellent robustness, compact size and high-power generation capability. In this study we will explore the development of a pulsed fiber laser source for a LADAR system that can obtain high resolution 3D images in eye-safe region. A high power, all fiber integrated erbium system with strictly single mode operation in eye-safe region based on MOPA (master oscillator power amplifier) configuration with seed source and amplifier part was developed. Both the use of an actively mode locked laser with erbium doped fiber and fiber coupled modulated distributed feedback diode laser were investigated as seed sources for the amplifier part. Both erbium doped single clad fiber and erbium-ytterbium doped double clad gain fiber were used in this amplifier system. After amplification of the actively mode locked laser, 12 W of average optical power was obtained through single mode fiber with 1ns pulse duration at 10 MHz which corresponds to 1.2 kW peak power. For the fiber coupled DFB diode laser, 9.5W average power was obtained with around 8 ns duration pulses at 100 kHz and about 9.2 W average power was also obtained with around 700 ps duration pulses at 1 MHz through strictly single mode fiber at the output of the same amplifier system as was used in the actively mode locked seed source. In both cases calculated peak power was around 10 kW v which is estimated as the highest peak power for an all fiber integrated system with single mode operation. The development of such a fiber system with high power capability, compact size and free of misalignment is expected to be useful for LADAR application as well as other areas such as eye surgery, 3D silicon processing or any other material processing applications.

Master of Science / Department of Physics / Brian R. Washburn / This thesis reports our attempt towards achieving a phase stabilized free-space nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) mode locked erbium doped fiber laser frequency comb system. Optical frequency combs generated by mode-locked femtosecond fiber lasers are vital tools for ultra-precision frequency metrology and molecular spectroscopy. However, the comb bandwidth and average output power become the two main limiting elements in the application of femtosecond optical frequency combs. We have specifically investigated the free-space mode locking dynamics of erbium-doped fiber (EDF) mode-locked ultrafast lasers via nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) in the normal dispersion regime. To do so, we built a passively mode-locked fiber laser based on NPR with a repetition rate of 89 MHz producing an octave-spanning spectrum due to supercontinuum (SC) generation in highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). Most significantly, we have achieved highly stable self-starting NPR mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser based frequency comb which has been running mode locked for the past one year without any need to redo the mode locking. By using the free-space NPR comb scheme, we have not only shortened the cavity length, but also have obtained 5 to 10 times higher output power (more than 30 mW at central wavelength of 1570 nm) and much broader spectral comb bandwidth (about 54 nm) compared to conventional all-fiber cavity structure with less than 1 mW average output power and only 10 nm spectral bandwidth. The pulse output from the NPR comb is amplified through a 1 m long EDF, then compressed by a length of anomalous dispersion fiber to a near transform limited pulse duration. The amplified transform limited pulse, with an average power of 180 mW and pulse duration of 70 fs, is used to generate a supercontinuum of 140 mW. SC generation via propagation in HNLF is optimized for specific polling period and heating temperature of PPLN crystal for SHG around 1030 nm. At last, we will also discuss the attempt of second harmonic generation (SHG) by quasi phase matching in the periodically polled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal due to nonlinear effect corresponding to different polling period and heating temperature.

Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux applications nécessitant des sources laser impulsionnelles : l'imagerie active et l'usinage laser. L'imagerie active nécessite des sources laser efficaces émettant dans la gamme de sécurité oculaire (entre 1,5 µm et 1,7 µm) à des cadence de l'ordre du kilohertz et produisant des énergies par impulsion de plusieurs millijoules. Les sources efficaces émettant dans la gamme de sécurité oculaire utilisent l'ion erbium. Cependant la structure électronique complexe de l'ion erbium entraîne de nombreux effets parasites qui limitent fortement l'énergie accessible lors d'un fonctionnement à haute cadence. Pour diminuer l'influence de ces effets parasites nous avons utilisé le concept de fibres cristallines dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre le Laboratoire Charles Fabry et l'entreprise Fibercryst. La géométrie des fibres cristallines, combinant les propriétés des cristaux massifs et les avantages des fibres en verre nous a permis de dépasser les limites des sources actuelles. L'usinage de matériaux requière des sources laser impulsionnelles émettant dans le proche infrarouge (1 µm) et alliant forte énergie, forte puissance crête et forte puissance moyenne. Pour réaliser de telles sources, il est nécessaire d'utiliser des milieux à gain permettant de limiter les phénomènes thermiques et les effets induit par la puissance crête (effets non-linéaires). Pour cela nous avons utilisé à nouveau le concept de fibre cristalline, dopée cette fois ci par l'ion néodyme. Ces fibres cristallines ont été utilisées comme amplificateur de puissance pour amplifier des micro-lasers fonctionnant à haute cadence (de 1 à 100 kHz) et produisant des impulsions courtes (< 1 ns). / In this thesis we investigate two different pulsed laser sources for two specific applications : remote sensing and material processing. On the first part, remote sensing require efficient laser source emitting in the eye-safe range (1.5 – 1.7 µm) and producing several millijoules per pulse at a few kilohertz. Efficient eye-safe laser sources use erbium doped gain media. Nevertheless, the complex electronic structure of the erbium ion leads to several parasitic effects which limit the energy at high repetition rate. In order to minimize those effects we have used the concept of single crystal fibers developed in a close collaboration between the Laboratoire Charles Fabry and the company Fibercryst. The specific geometry of single crystal fibers, merging the advantages of bulk crystals and optical fibers, allows us to overcome limits of current laser sources. On the other part, material processing require near-infrared pulsed laser sources (1 µm) with high pulse energy, high average power and high peak power. In such laser sources, the amplifying medium must be design to avoid both thermal effects and non liner effects. For this purpose, we used neodymium doped single crystal fibers as power amplifier to enhance the performance of passively q-switched microlasers operating at high repetition rate (1 to 100 kHz) and emitting short pulses (< 1 ns).