Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-17T14:17:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WELINGTON BEZERRA DE SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..doc: 80896 bytes, checksum: e85775163d4d2962e920662eef3223e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-17T14:17:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WELINGTON BEZERRA DE SOUSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..doc: 80896 bytes, checksum: e85775163d4d2962e920662eef3223e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11 / Considerando a escassez de água, associada aos problemas de qualidade, propõe-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a viabilidade do uso de água salina e diferentes fontes e doses de nitrogênio na produção do girassol em condições de sertão paraibano de modo a proporcionar benefícios econômicos e a sustentabilidade ambiental da atividade. O experimento foi instalado em condição de casa de vegetação do Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da UFCG, Pombal, PB, usando a cultura de girassol cv. Embrapa 122/V-2000 em experimento distribuído em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial (2 x 3 x 4) e três repetições, sendo duas condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (CEa) S1 - 0,3 e S2 - 3,0 dS m-1 três fontes de nitrogênio (uréia, sulfato de amônio e nitrato de cálcio) e do fator doses de nitrogênio conforme recomendação para a cultura, identificada como N1, N2, N3 e N4 sendo 40, 80, 120 e 160% da dose indicada para experimento. A condutividade elétrica de 3,0 dS m -1 interfere negativamente nas variáveis de crescimento, como número de folhas (NF), altura das plantas ( AP), diâmetro do caule (DC), massa fresca das folhas (MFF), massa seca das folhas (MSF) e área foliar (AF ) e nas de produção como diâmetro do capítulo externo (DCE), diâmetro do capítulo interno (DCI), massa das sementes viáveis (MsemV), número de sementes total (NsemT), massa seca do capítulo (MSCap), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e produção de aquênios (PAq ). As fontes de nitrogênio, uréia e nitrato de cálcio promoveram maior NF e AP. Já as doses de nitrogênio promoveram aumento no DC, MFF, AF, DCI, DCE, NsemT, MSC e na MSPA. A interação entre os fatores estudados, não promoveram efeito significativo para nenhuma variável estudada. / Considering the water deficit, associated with quality problems, proposes, with, this paper to evaluate the viability of the use of saline water and different sources and doses of nitrogen in the sunflower production at the Semiarit Paraíba conditions of the hinterlands in order to provide economic benefits and the environmental sustainability of the activity. The experiment was realized in greenhouse condition of the Center of Science and Agrifood Technology of UFCG, Pombal, PB using the sunflower cultivation cv. Embrapa 122/V-2000 in experiment distributed in randomized block design with factorial schene ( 2 x 3 x 4) and three repetitions, being two electric conductivities of the irrigation water (CEa) ( S1 – 0.3 e S2 – 3.0 dS m-1 ) three sources of nitrogen (Urea, Ammonium Sulfate and Calcium Nitrate) and the factor doses of nitrogen from crop recommendation for the cultivation, identified as N1, N2, N3 e N4 being 40, 80, 120 and 160% of the dose indicated for the experiment. The electric conductivity of 3.0 dS m-1 change negatively growth variables such as number of leaves (LN), plants height (PH), stem diameter (SD), fresh leaves matter (FLM), dry leaves matter (DLM), and leaf area (LA), and in the growth variables of production such as external capitulum diameter (ECD), internal capitulum diameter (ICD), viable seeds matter (VSM), total seeds number (TSN), capitulum dry mass (CDM), aerial part dry matter (APDM), and achene production (AP). The doses of nitrogen promoted an increase in the SD, FLM, LA, ICD, ECD, TSN, CDM and in the APDM.The interaction between the factors studied did not promote significant effect for none of the variables studied.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A salinidade à um dos estresses abiÃticos que mais limita a produÃÃo vegetal em razÃo de seus efeitos negativos no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Em Ãreas degradas por sais verifica-se que o estabelecimento de espÃcies arbÃreas nÃo à fÃcil, principalmente em cultivos de sequeiro e em regiÃes com precipitaÃÃes muito baixas. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em avaliar o estabelecimento de doze espÃcies de plantas lenhosas nativas da Caatinga em um gradiente de salinidade do solo, em ambiente protegido, com vistas à obtenÃÃo de subsÃdios para estabelecimento de espÃcies promissoras em condiÃÃes de campo. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: 1. Crescimento e grau de tolerÃncia à salinidade de doze espÃcies nativas da Caatinga em ambiente protegido - O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas tendo na parcela mudas de doze espÃcies nativas da Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, SabiÃ, Pau-mocÃ, Angico, Catanduva, Frei Jorge, Jurema branca, Tamboril, e Jurema preta) e na subparcela, os cinco nÃveis de salinidade do solo (1,2; 2,7; 4,7; 6,7; 8,4 dS m-1), com cinco repetiÃÃes. Para os nÃveis moderados de salinidade do solo verificou-se que todas as espÃcies se comportaram como tolerantes ou moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade. Considerando-se os graus de reduÃÃo na produÃÃo de matÃria seca total, no maior nÃvel de salinidade, observou-se que apenas a aroeira mostrou-se tolerante à salinidade (T); o ipà roxo e mulungu responderam como moderadamente tolerantes (MT); o mororà e o pau mocà moderadamente sensÃveis (MS); a maioria das espÃcies, sabiÃ, angico, catanduva, frei jorge, jurema branca, jurema preta e tamboril, foram classificadas como sensÃveis (S), com reduÃÃes superiores a 60%; 2. Trocas gasosas e teores de solutos orgÃnicos e inorgÃnicos em seis espÃcies nativas da Caatinga sob condiÃÃes de salinidade - O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas tendo na parcela seis mudas de espÃcies nativas da Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, Sabià e Pau-mocÃ,), as quais apresentaram diferentes graus de tolerÃncia à salinidade (etapa 1), e na subparcela os cinco nÃveis de salinidade do solo (1,2; 2,7; 4,7; 6,7; 8,4 dS m-1), com cinco repetiÃÃes. A salinidade provocou reduÃÃo nas trocas gasosas foliares, sendo esse efeito independente da espÃcie estudada. No entanto, se observa um maior controle estomÃtico e maior eficiÃncia intrÃnseca no uso da Ãgua nas espÃcies que apresentaram maiores graus de tolerÃncia à salinidade, ou seja, aroeira, ipà roxo e mulungu. No presente estudo nÃo foi possÃvel estabelecer um relacionamento claro entre o acÃmulo dos solutos orgÃnicos estudados e a tolerÃncia à salinidade das seis espÃcies nativas da Caatinga. PorÃm, observou-se forte relaÃÃo entre a relaÃÃo Na/K e os teores de Na nas folhas e o grau de tolerÃncia das espÃcies estudadas, com as espÃcies mais tolerantes apresentando menores variaÃÃes e menores valores com o aumento da salinidade do solo. / Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that most limits crop production because of its negative effects on plant growth and development. In areas degraded by salts it appears that the establishment of tree species is not easy, especially in rainfed crops and regions with very low precipitation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the establishment of twelve species of woody plants native to the Caatinga in a gradient of soil salinity in greenhouse, in order to obtain grants for the establishment of promising species under field conditions. The work was divided into two steps: 1. Growth and degree of salinity tolerance of twelve native species of Caatinga in a protected environment - The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with seedlings in the plot of twelve native species of the Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, SabiÃ, Pau-mocÃ, Angico, Catanduva, Frei Jorge, Jurema branca, Tamboril, e Jurema preta) and subplots, the five levels of soil salinity (1.2, 2.7, 4.7, 6.7, 8,4 dS m-1), with five replicates. For moderate levels of soil salinity was found that all species are as tolerant or moderately tolerant to salinity. Considering the degree of reduction in total dry matter production, the highest level of salinity, it was observed that only the mastic proved to be tolerant to salinity (T); The Ipà and mulungu behaved as moderately tolerant (MT); the mororà and pau-mocà moderately susceptible (MS); most species, sabiÃ, angico, catanduva, frei jorge, jurema branca, jurema preta and tamboril, were classified as sensitive (S), with reductions of more than 60%. 2. Gas exchange and concentration of organic and inorganic solutes in six species native to the Caatinga under saline conditions - The design was randomized blocks in split plots with the plot six native species of Caatinga (Aroeira, Ipà roxo, MororÃ, Mulungu, Sabià e Pau-mocÃ,), which showed different degrees of salinity tolerance (step 1), and subplot five levels of soil salinity (1.2, 2.7, 4.7, 6.7, 8.4 dS m-1), with five replicates. Salinity caused reduction in leaf gas exchange, and this effect is independent of the species studied. However, observe a greater stomatal control and greater intrinsic efficiency of water use in species with higher degrees of salt tolerance, ie, aroeira, ipà roxo and mulungu. In the present study could not establish a clear relationship between the accumulation of organic solutes studied and salt tolerance of six species native to the Caatinga. However, observed a strong correlation between the Na/K and Na in the leaves and the degree of tolerance of species with species more tolerant of minor variations and presenting lower values ​​with increasing soil salinity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / There are many studies showing that the salinity may directly affect the nitrate uptake, from their osmotic effect, nature of the salt and its ionic composition. However, little is known about the mechanisms related to the salt ability to inhibit the nitrate acquisition indirectly. This study was carried with aim to induce inhibition of NO3- influx in cowpea roots of indirect form triggered by a negative feedback mechanism, caused by the increase in the pool of free amino acids in the tissue, induced by salt stress.For this, were done three isolated studies and continuous.The exogenous glutamine application promoted an increase in the free amino acids content.The presence of glutamine decreased significantly the nitrate acquisition.The free ammonium can also be listed as a key-compound in the role of nitrate influx regulation, since use of the MSX (Methionine sulfoximine) promoted the increase of NH4+ content and also reduced nitrate influx, but, in a lesser degree when compared to treatment with AZA (Azaserine). Salt stress caused a reduction in NO3- influx by decrease in the growth of plants induced by salt. The data indicated which this reduction in the influx is triggered by increase of amino acids content, mainly the glutamine, that is main likely compound to act as signal in the N-feedback regulation. / Existem muitos estudos mostrando que a salinidade pode afetar a absorÃÃo de nitrato de forma direta, a partir do seu efeito osmÃtico, da natureza do sal e de sua composiÃÃo iÃnica. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos relacionados com a capacidade do sal em inibir a aquisiÃÃo de nitrato de forma indireta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo induzir a inibiÃÃo do influxo de NO3- em raÃzes de feijÃo-caupà de forma indireta desencadeada por um mecanismo de feedback negativo, provocado pelo aumento no pool de aminoÃcidos livres no tecido, induzido por estresse salino. Para isso, foram realizados trÃs estudos isolados e contÃnuos. A aplicaÃÃo de glutamina exÃgena promoveu um aumento no conteÃdo de aminoÃcidos livres. A presenÃa de glutamina reduziu significativamente a aquisiÃÃo de nitrato. O amÃnio livre tambÃm pode ser listado como um composto-chave no papel da regulaÃÃo do influxo de nitrato, pois a utilizaÃÃo do MSO (Metionina sulfoximina) promoveu o aumento do conteÃdo de NH4+ e tambÃm reduziu o influxo de nitrato, porÃm em menor grau quando comparado ao o tratamento com AZA (Azaserina). O estresse salino causou uma reduÃÃo no influxo de NO3-, pela diminuiÃÃo no crescimento das plantas induzida pelo sal. Adicionalmente, estes dados indicaram que esta reduÃÃo no influxo està ligada ao aumento do teor de aminoÃcidos, principalmente a glutamina, que à o principal componente para atuar como sinal na regulaÃÃo por N-feedback.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work were studied diverse physiological mechanisms, as the osmotic adjustment, photosynthesis, including gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, as well the oxidative responses in physic nuts submitted to different abiotic stresses as: salinity, drought and high temperature. The first experiment aimed to study the effects of increase of the NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) in the ions accumulate (Na+, Cl- and K+) and some growth variables, as well evaluate the water state and the principals solutes (organic and inorganic) involved on the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants under this stressful condition. Physic nuts plants showed sensibility to salt stress, presenting a reduction by 50% in dry matter from by 47 mM of NaCl concentration during 15-d. This sensibility should be due the leaf Na+ and Cl- high accumulation, associated a strong reduction in the K+ concentration, induced by high Na+ content. On the other hand, physic nuts plants were able osmotic adjust to salinity due a severe decrease on the osmotic potential and increase of leaf water state, principally in the higher NaCl levels. Of the solutes studied, was observed that salt ions (Na+ and Cl-) contributed with the most of the osmotic adjustment, while that the K+ contribution was decreased strongly by NaCl. The glycinebetaine compared to proline was more important to the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts leaves, as in the absence as in presence of different NaCl levels in the nutrient solution. The second experiment evaluated the resistance of photosynthetic apparatus of physic nuts plants submitted to different time of exposure (7-d and 14-d of treatment and 3-d of recovery) to salt stress (100 mM of NaCl).The changes caused on photochemistry activity and leaf gas exchange were evaluate by Na+ and Cl- accumulation and decrease of K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves. After 7-d of treatment was observed a major action of osmotic effects. However, after 14-d of treatment, the ionic effects caused by Na+ and Cl- excessive accumulation and by K+/Na+ ratio strong reduction in the leaves, caused permanent damages on the photosynthesis of physic nuts plants due as the stomatal limitations as non-stomatal ones. The third experiment aimed to study the comparative effects between the salt stress (50 mM of NaCl) and water stress (induced for PEG 6000), both with osmotic potential of â0.22 MPa on the photosynthesis, water relations and growth of physic nuts plants. The water stress effects induced for PEG in the leaf growth, electrolyte leakage and leaf gas exchange were more deleterious than by NaCl ones. In the both stresses was observed decrease in the leaf CO2 assimilation due the stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. However, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters did not affect. The fourth experiment aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of organic and inorganic solutes on the osmotic adjustment of leaves and roots physic nuts plants in different water restriction levels. Of the solutes studied, the K+ and soluble sugar were the most involved in the osmotic adjustment as in the leaves as in roots. Others solutes as, Na+, Cl-, total amino acids and glycibetaine, also presented a effective role in the reduction of osmotic potential in both organs. On the other hand, the leaf proline content, although has increased significantly, was not sufficient to promote an effective participation of this amino acid in the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants. The same experiment aimed to observe the isolated and combined effects of water stress and high temperature on the photosynthesis and evaluate the oxidative defenses system in physic nuts plants. The photosynthetic apparatus was more sensitive to water stress than heat ones, been that the combination of them caused deleterious effects yet large in this complex. Additionally, the oxidative damages also were more marked in the combined stress. In general, the data shown that physic nuts plants, although present ability to adjust osmotically to salinity and drought, have their photosynthetic apparatus very affected in this stressful conditions. Even as, the defense system against oxidative damages appears has not been efficient in plants exposure at the drought and heat isolated and combined stresses / In this work were studied diverse physiological mechanisms, as the osmotic adjustment, photosynthesis, including gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, as well the oxidative responses in physic nuts submitted to different abiotic stresses as: salinity, drought and high temperature. The first experiment aimed to study the effects of increase of the NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) in the ions accumulate (Na+, Cl- and K+) and some growth variables, as well evaluate the water state and the principals solutes (organic and inorganic) involved on the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants under this stressful condition. Physic nuts plants showed sensibility to salt stress, presenting a reduction by 50% in dry matter from by 47 mM of NaCl concentration during 15-d. This sensibility should be due the leaf Na+ and Cl- high accumulation, associated a strong reduction in the K+concentration, induced by high Na+ content. On the other hand, physic nuts plants were able osmotic adjust to salinity due a severe decrease on the osmotic potential and increase of leaf water state, principally in the higher NaCl levels. Of the solutes studied, was observed that salt ions (Na+ and Cl-) contributed with the most of the osmotic adjustment, while that the K+contribution was decreased strongly by NaCl. The glycinebetaine compared to proline was more important to the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts leaves, as in the absence as in presence of different NaCl levels in the nutrient solution. The second experiment evaluated the resistance of photosynthetic apparatus of physic nuts plants submitted to different time of exposure (7-d and 14-d of treatment and 3-d of recovery) to salt stress (100 mM of NaCl).The changes caused on photochemistry activity and leaf gas exchange were evaluate by Na+ and Cl- accumulation and decrease of K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves. After 7-d of treatment was observed a major action of osmotic effects. However, after 14-d of treatment, the ionic effects caused by Na+ and Cl- excessive accumulation and by K+/Na+ ratio strong reduction in the leaves, caused permanent damages on the photosynthesis of physic nuts plants due as the stomatal limitations as non-stomatal ones. The third experiment aimed to study the comparative effects between the salt stress (50 mM of NaCl) and water stress (induced for xv PEG 6000), both with osmotic potential of â0.22 MPa on the photosynthesis, water relations and growth of physic nuts plants. T e water stress effects induced for PEG in the leaf growth, electrolyte leakage and leaf gas exchange were more deleterious than by NaCl ones. In the both stresses was observed decrease in the leaf CO2 assimilation due the stomatal and nonstomatal limitations. However, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters did not affect. The fourth experiment aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of organic and inorganic solutes on the osmotic adjustment of leaves and roots physic nuts plants in different water restriction levels. Of the solutes studied, the K+ and soluble sugar were the most involved in the osmotic adjustment as in the leaves as in roots. Others solutes as, Na+, Cl-, total amino acids and glycibetaine, also presented a effective role in the reduction of osmotic potential in both organs. On the other hand, the leaf proline content, although has increased significantly, was not sufficient to promote an effective participation of this amino acid in the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants. The same experiment aimed to observe the isolated and combined effects of water stress and high temperature on the photosynthesis and evaluate the oxidative defenses system in physic nuts plants. The photosynthetic apparatus was more sensitive to water stress than heat ones, been that the combination of them caused deleterious effects yet large in this complex. Additionally, the oxidative damages also were more marked in the combined stress. In general, the data shown that physic nuts plants, although present ability to adjust osmotically to salinity and drought, have their photosynthetic apparatus very affected in this stressful conditions. Even as, the defense system against oxidative damages appears has not been efficient in plants exposure at the drought and heat isolated and combined stresses

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A salinizaÃÃo dos solos tem se constituÃdo um problema sÃrio para a agricultura, principalmente nas regiÃes Ãridas e semi-Ãridas em todo o mundo. O excesso de sais no solo afeta tanto as Ãreas irrigadas como as nÃo irrigadas, limitando, portanto o crescimento e a produtividade das culturas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inoculaÃÃo com fungo micorrÃzico arbuscular e da adubaÃÃo orgÃnica no desenvolvimento do sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), sob estresse salino. Portanto, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo do Departamento de CiÃncias do Solo da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, no Campus do Pici em Fortaleza. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, 2 (presenÃa e ausÃncia de fungos micorrÃzicos arbusculares) X 2 (presenÃa e ausÃncia de composto orgÃnico) X 5 nÃveis de condutividade elÃtrica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo (0,7, 1,2, 2,2, 3,2 e 4,2 dS m1), com 4 repetiÃÃes. Ao final de 60 dias apÃs a germinaÃÃo das plantas foi coletado o experimento, onde determinou-se os fatores de crescimento, as variÃveis microbiolÃgicas, o pH do solo apÃs o cultivo, os teores minerais (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl) e as relaÃÃes Raiz/Parte AÃrea (R/PA) e SÃdio/PotÃssio (Na/K). A salinidade promoveu maior reduÃÃo na produÃÃo de matÃria seca das plantas nÃo micorrizadas e nÃo adubadas. A inoculaÃÃo com fungo micorrÃzico arbuscular aumentou a produÃÃo de matÃria seca das plantas de sabiÃ. As plantas adubadas com matÃria orgÃnica apresentaram maior desenvolvimento, quando comparadas com as plantas nÃo adubadas. As plantas micorrizadas apresentaram maiores conteÃdos de nutrientes, quando comparadas com as plantas nÃo micorrizadas. / Salt affected soils management is an important subject to be studied, especially when irrigated arid and semi-arid regions are considered, as soil salt excess may limit growth and plant productivity. The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth of sabià plants (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.), cultivated under salt stress in the presence or absence of organic compost. Thus, an experiment was conducted under green-house conditions to evaluate the potential of inoculated and fertilized plant establishment submitted to salt stress, in a complete randomized factorial design 2 (inoculated or non-inoculated plants) X 2 (fertilized or non-fertilized with organic compost) X 5 levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity (0.7, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2 dS mâ), with 4 replications. After 60 days from germination, plants were harvested and then and analyzed to evaluate growth factors, microbiological variables, soil pH, shoot-root and sodium/potassium ratios and mineral nutrient content (N, P. Ca, Mg, Na and Cl). Salinity decreased growth and plant biomass of non-mycorrhizal fertilized plants. Inoculation with AMF increased plant dry matter production when compared with non-inoculated plants under salt stress. When compared with non-fertilized plants, organic compost fertilization increased plant growth, Nutrient contents were always much higher in inoculated plants and in organic compost fertilized plants.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A reduÃÃo da atividade fotossintÃtica em plantas sob estresse salino ocorre devido à restriÃÃo do influxo de CO2 no mesofilo foliar, causada em parte pelo fechamento estomÃtico. Nessas condiÃÃes, a reduÃÃo da fotossÃntese pode levar a danos oxidativos, os quais sÃo atribuÃdos, principalmente, a produÃÃo excessiva de perÃxido de hidrogÃnio devido o aumento da atividade fotorrespiratÃria. O aumento da pressÃo de CO2 no meio externo pode favorecer seu influxo no mesofilo, favorecendo a fotossÃntese e atenuando os danos oxidativos sob salinidade. Neste sentido, na presente pesquisa foi avaliada a eficiÃncia fotossintÃtica e danos oxidativos em plantas de cajueiro cultivadas sob salinidade quando expostas a condiÃÃes normais e elevadas de CO2. Para tanto, plÃntulas jovens (30 dias pÃs-plantio) foram cultivadas na ausÃncia (controle) ou presenÃa de salinidade (NaCl 100 mM), por oito dias, em casa de vegetaÃÃo, e em seguida foram expostas a pressÃes de CO2 atmosfÃrica (380 ppm) e elevada (760 ppm), em cÃmara de crescimento sob condiÃÃes controladas, durante 7 dias. Os resultados demonstram que o cultivo em altas pressÃes de CO2, em um curto perÃodo, induziu a iniciaÃÃo de um processo de aclimataÃÃo em plÃntulas de cajueiro. Essa aclimataÃÃo inicial està associada a reduzidas taxas de assimilaÃÃo do carbono e elevados conteÃdos de carboidratos. Durante o cultivo salino, em CO2 ambiente, as mudas apresentaram respostas tÃpicas a plantas estressadas, com maiores nÃveis de TBARS, H2O2, superior relaÃÃo Na+/K+, atividade da APX e, induÃÃo do mecanismo antioxidativo nÃo enzimÃtico, com maiores acÃmulos de prolina e antocianinas. Enquanto que o cultivo em alto CO2 refletiu em respostas conflitantes, principalmente, quanto Ãs alteraÃÃes oxidativas. As plÃntulas submetidas à combinaÃÃo da salinidade e de altas pressÃes de CO2 estimularam a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica, a dissipaÃÃo nÃo- fotoquÃmica (NPQ), o acÃmulo de aminoÃcidos, flavonÃides e antocianinas, superiores ao cultivo salino em CO2 ambiente. Por outro lado o conteÃdo de H2O2 e, variÃveis relacionadas a fotorrespiraÃÃo, como a atividade da GO e o conteÃdo de glioxilato reduziram. Esses resultados sugerem que altas pressÃes de CO2 induziram danos aditivos à salinidade, reflexo de uma interaÃÃo que se mostrou complexa, durante um perÃodo inicial de aclimataÃÃo. Adicionalmente, pelo cajueiro ser um modelo nativo e contrastante, mais estudos serÃo necessÃrios, principalmente avaliando seu comportamento ao longo do tempo, em um perÃodo mais extenso. / The reduction of photosynthetic activity in plants under salt stress occurs due to the restriction of the influx of CO2 in the leaf mesophyll, caused in part by stomatal closure. Under these conditions, the reduction of the photosynthesis can lead to oxidative damage, which are assigned, mainly, the excessive production of hydrogen peroxide due to increased activity photorespiratory. Thus, the increase of CO2 pressure in the external environment may favor the influx in the mesophyll, favoring photosynthesis and attenuating the oxidative damage under salinity. In this sense, the present study was to evaluate the photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative damage in cashew plants grown under salinity when exposed to normal and elevated CO2. To this end, young seedlings (30 days after planting) were cultured in the absence (control) or presence of NaCl (100 mM NaCl) for eight days, in a greenhouse, and then were exposed to atmospheric pressure of CO2 (380 ppm) and elevated (760 ppm) in a growth chamber under controlled conditions, for seven days. The results show that cultivation at high pressures of CO2, in a short period, induced the initiation of a process of acclimation of cashew seedlings. This initial acclimation is associated with reduced rates of carbon assimilation and high carbohydrate contents. During cultivation saline, CO2 ambient, the seedlings showed typical responses to salt stress, with higher levels of TBARS, H2O2, higher Na + / K +, APX activity and induction of antioxidant non-enzymatic mechanism, as proline and anthocyanin. Whereas the culture in high CO2, reflected in conflicting responses, mainly related to oxidative changes. Seedlings subjected to a combination of salinity and high pressures of CO2 stimulated lipid peroxidation, non-photochemical dissipation (NPQ), the accumulation of amino acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins, higher cultivation in saline CO2 environment. On the other hand, have reduced the content of H2O2 and variables associated with photorespiration, as GO activity and content of glyoxylate. These results suggest that high pressures of CO2 induced damage additives to salinity, reflecting a complex interaction that was shown during an initial period of acclimation. In addition, the cashew to be a model native and contrasting, more studies are needed, especially be evaluating behavior over time, in a longer period

Os manguezais estão localizados na interface entre o continente e o oceano em regiões intertropicais, possuindo condições ambientais únicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade e o potencial biotecnológico da comunidade de Pseudomonas spp. em sedimentos de manguezais com diferentes estágios de preservação, no Estado de São Paulo. A diversidade de Pseudomonas spp. foi avaliada por meio da detecção do gene 16S rRNA e do gene gacA de isolados de Pseudomonas, como também por métodos independentes de cultivo. Dos 83 isolados obtidos, 55 foram positivos para o gene gacA. De acordo com as análises de DGGE e da biblioteca de clones, os diferentes manguezais apresentam comunidades de Pseudomonas bem distintas. Entre as espécies caracterizadas, P. nitroreducens e P. fluorescens foram predominantes. Pseudomonas de manguezais halotolerantes produzem AIA, ACC deaminase, NH3, solubilizam fosfato e fixam nitrogênio. Estudos demonstraram o potencial de Pseudomonas para promoção de crescimento de milho e redução dos efeitos do estresse salino sobre a planta. / Mangroves are located at the interface of continent and ocean in intertropical regions, possessing unique environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and biotechnological potential of Pseudomonas spp. community in mangrove sediments under different stages of preservation in the São Paulo state. Pseudomonas spp. diversity was analyzed through the detection of 16S rRNA gene and gacA gene of Pseudomonas isolates, as well as through cultive independent methods. Of the 83 isolates, 55 were positive for gacA gene. According to DGGE and clone library analysis, the different mangroves showed very distinct Pseudomonas communities. Among the characterized species by 16S rRNA gene, P. nitroreducens and P. fluorescens were dominant. Pseudomonas mangrove halotolerant produce IAA, ACC deaminase, NH3, solubilize phosphate and fix nitrogen. Studies demonstrated the potential of Pseudomonas for maize growth promotion and reduce the effects of salt stress on the plant.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T15:13:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_italo_lucas_de_moraes.pdf: 1288993 bytes, checksum: 921918a3fd720e3d56ce4313c7f6942c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T20:37:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_italo_lucas_de_moraes.pdf: 1288993 bytes, checksum: 921918a3fd720e3d56ce4313c7f6942c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T20:37:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_italo_lucas_de_moraes.pdf: 1288993 bytes, checksum: 921918a3fd720e3d56ce4313c7f6942c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Na cultura do arroz irrigado, a utilização do controle químico se constitui na tática mais adotada no manejo de plantas daninhas, porém, algumas respostas fisiológicas da planta sob condições de estresse salino não são bem elucidadas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação e em laboratório pertencente à Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão/RS, durante o ano agrícola de 2013/14 e 14/15. Os herbicidas utilizados foram Aura® 200 (profoxidim 170 g.i.a ha-1), Clincher® (cialofope butílico 315 g.i.a ha-1), Nominee® (bispiribaque sódico 50 g.i.a ha-1) e Gamit® (clomazona 600 g.i.a ha-1), aplicados no estádio V3-V4, antes do estabelecimento da lâmina de água, a qual foi mantida na presença ou ausência de 7,5 dS m-1 de salinidade. No primeiro ensaio, as variáveis analisadas foram fitotoxicidade, conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), atividade das enzimas antioxidantes (CAT, APX e SOD), peroxidação lipídica e peróxido de hidrogênio. Objetivou-se com esse experimento inferir sobre os efeitos fisiológicos desencadeados pela ação de herbicidas seletivos a cultura do arroz aplicados em pós-emergência sob condições salinas da água de irrigação. O herbicida clomazona mostrou a maior fitotoxicidade para o tratamento não salino, no entanto para o tratamento com sal houve recuperação, e o maior valor de CRA, associado a maior atividade da CAT, menor atividade para APX e baixa atividade para SOD. A baixa peroxidação lipídica e conteúdo de peróxido indicam que a CAT é efetiva na eliminação de EROs impedindo assim, o dano as membranas. O herbicida profoxidim quando aplicado de forma isolada manteve baixa fitotoxicidade, porém o CRA foi o mais afetado nas duas condições de salinidade. O alto valor de atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e de peroxidação lipídica indicam que o estresse oxidativo também está associado a ação deste herbicida. O herbicida bispiribaque-sódico não alterou a fitotoxicidade e o CRA, estando os valores de atividade enzimática associados a baixa peroxidação lipídica, o que indica ocorrência de estresse oxidativo em menor grau para o herbicida inibidor de ALS. Para cialofope-butílico houve alta fitotoxicidade e a maior redução no CRA para o tratamento não salino. No segundo experimento objetivou-se investigar os parâmetros fisiológicos índice de clorofilas, flavonoides, antocianinas, índice de balanço de nitrogênio e potencial osmótico em plantas de arroz irrigado. O herbicida clomazona apresentou recuperação no índice de clorofila, índice de balanço do nitrogênio e potencial osmótico sob estresse salino, mostrando maior produção de antocianinas, provavelmente devido a maior ativação do mecanismo de defesa. Todos os tratamentos que combinaram os dois estresses apresentaram redução no índice de balanço do nitrogênio e índice de clorofila aos 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação, respectivamente. O herbicida clomazona aplicado sob condições estresse salino mostrou recuperação da maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, constituindo-se este, uma alternativa ao controle químico de plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz nestas condições. Estas alterações sugerem que os herbicidas interferem nos parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados, provavelmente por uma elevação nos custos energéticos de metabolização. / In irrigated rice, the use of chemical weed control constitutes the most adopted tactic in the management of these, however, some physiological responses of plant under salt stress conditions are not well elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate physiological variables in irrigated rice in response to the effect of selective herbicides to the crop in salinity conditions of irrigation water. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and laboratory belonging to the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão/RS, during the agricultural year of 2013/14 and 14/15. The herbicides were used Aura® 200 (profoxydim 170 g.i.a. ha-1), Clincher® (Cyhalofop-butyl 315 g.i.a. ha-1), Nominee® (bispyribac sodium, 50 g.i.a. ha-1) and Gamit® (clomazone 600 g.i.a ha-1). All of these have been applied in the V3-V4 growth stage, prior to the establishment of the water layer, which was maintained in the presence or absence of 7.5 dS m-1 NaCl. In the first trial, the variables analyzed were phytotoxicity, relative water content, activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX and SOD), lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide.The objective of this experiment infer about the physiological effects triggered by the action of selective herbicides the rice crop applied post-emergence under salt conditions in irrigation water. The clomazone herbicide showed the highest phytotoxicity for non saline treatment, however to treat with salt there was a significant recovery, and the highest value of CRA associated with increased activity of CAT, APX to lower activity and low activity for SOD. The low lipid peroxidation and peroxide content indicating that CAT is effective in the elimination of ROS thus preventing damage the membranes. The profoxidim herbicide when applied in isolation kept low phytotoxicity, but the CRA was the most affected in both conditions of salinity. The high-value activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation indicate that oxidative stress is also associated with the action of this herbicide.The herbicide bispyribac-sodium did not change the phytotoxicity and the CRA. The values of the antioxidant activity of enzymes associated with low lipid peroxidation indicate that oxidative stress occurs to a lesser extent to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. To cyhalofop butyl was high phytotoxicity and the greatest reduction in CRA for non saline treatment. In the second experiment aimed to investigate the physiological parameters chlorophyll index flavonoids, anthocyanins, nitrogen balance index and osmotic potential of rice plants. The clomazone herbicide showed recovery of chlorophyll index, nitrogen balance index and osmotic potential parameters, under salt stress, showing higher production of anthocyanins, probably due to increased activation of defense mechanism. All treatments that combined the two stress showed a reduction in the nitrogen balance index and at 21 and 28 DAA respectively. The clomazone herbicide applied under salt stress conditions showed recovery of most of the evaluated parameters, being this, an alternative to chemical weed control in rice cultivation in these conditions. These changes suggest that herbicides modifies physiological parameters evaluated, probably by an elevation in energy costs to metabolization.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-20T18:17:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Jaislanny Lacerda e Medeiros.pdf: 909590 bytes, checksum: 0e95c9fcfcaf2b83dfef908431276982 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T18:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Jaislanny Lacerda e Medeiros.pdf: 909590 bytes, checksum: 0e95c9fcfcaf2b83dfef908431276982 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Sugarcane is one of the main agricultural products in the economic and social scenario Brazilian and maintenance, as well as increased production and productivity is linked to genetic improvement with selection of new genotypes that have the characteristics of agronomic interest. The techniques of tissue culture can be used in studies of selection or evaluation of the tolerance of plants contributing to clarify the changes from the conditions of stress. The productivity of sugarcane is influenced by several environmental factors such as salinity that limits production due to osmotic effects and ion toxicity by absorption of Na+ and Cl-. Salt stress increase the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), may promote oxidative stress and cause injury to lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and DNA. To minimize the damage caused by the accumulation of ROS, plants possess the antioxidant defense system involving substances of nature enzyme (catalase-CAT, peroxidase-POD, ascorbate peroxidase-APX and polyphenoloxidase, PPO) and not enzyme as the proline. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of exogenous proline in cultivation in vitro of sugarcane submitted to salt stress and analyze the biochemical changes that occur in these conditions. Plants were micropropagated genotypes RB931011 and RB872552. Plants were grown, for 20 days, in the absence or presence of 20 mM proline with or without 100 mM NaCl, totaling five treatments. We used a completely randomized design with 2x5 factorial (genotype x treatment). Leaf samples were collected proceeding to analysis of endogenous levels of proline and total soluble proteins, percentage of electrolyte leakage, concentration of Na+ and K+ and activity of enzymes CAT, POD, APX and PPO. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. In the saline treatments, both genotypes showed an increase in electrolyte leakage, caused possibly, by lipid peroxidation. Plants grown under salt stress showed a reduced content of total soluble protein and in parallel maintenance or increase in the endogenous proline content. The salt also promoted the increase in the concentration of Na+ and decreased K+ generating thus a high ratio Na+/K+. The activity of CAT, POD, APX and PPO, responsible for the elimination of ROS, increased with increasing salinity in both genotypes. The RB931011 genotype had a greater acclimation compared to genotype RB872552 due to the largest increase in endogenous proline content and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes resulting in minor membrane damage. / A cana-de-açúcar é um dos principais produtos agrícola no cenário econômico e social brasileiro e sua manutenção, bem como o aumento de produção e produtividade está ligado ao melhoramento genético com seleção de novos genótipos que apresentem características de interesse agronômico. As técnicas de cultura de tecidos podem ser utilizadas em estudos de seleção ou avaliação da tolerância de plantas contribuindo no esclarecimento das alterações provenientes das condições de estresse. A produtividade da cana-de-açúcar sofre influência de diversos fatores ambientais como a salinidade que limita a produção devido aos efeitos osmóticos e de toxidade iônica pela absorção de Na+ e Cl-. O estresse salino aumenta a concentração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), podendo promover estresse oxidativo e provocar injúrias aos lipídeos, proteínas, carboidratos e DNA. Para minimizar os danos causados pelo acúmulo de ROS, as plantas possuem o sistema antioxidativo de defesa que envolve substâncias de natureza enzimática (catalase-CAT, peroxidase-POD, ascorbato peroxidase-APX e polifenoloxidase-PPO) e não enzimática como a prolina. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar a ação de prolina exógena no cultivo in vitro de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar submetidos ao estresse salino e analisar as alterações bioquímicas que ocorrem nessas condições. Foram utilizadas plantas micropropagadas dos genótipos RB931011 e RB872552. As plantas foram cultivadas, durante 20 dias, na ausência ou presença de 20 mM de prolina associada ou não a 100 mM de NaCl, totalizando cinco tratamentos. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com fatorial 2x5 (genótipo x tratamento). Amostras de folhas foram coletadas procedendo-se análises dos teores de prolina endógena e proteínas solúveis totais, porcentagem de extravasamento de eletrólitos, concentração dos íons Na+ e K+ e atividade das enzimas CAT, POD, APX e PPO. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Nos tratamentos salinos, ambos os genótipos apresentaram aumento no extravasamento de eletrólitos, causado, possivelmente, pela peroxidação lipídica. As plantas cultivadas sob estresse salino apresentaram redução no teor de proteínas solúveis totais e paralelamente ocorreu uma manutenção ou acréscimo no teor de prolina endógena. O sal também promoveu o aumento na concentração de Na+ e diminuição de K+ gerando, consequentemente, uma elevada relação Na+/K+. A atividade das enzimas CAT, POD, APX e PPO, responsáveis pela eliminação de ROS, aumentaram em função da salinidade em ambos os genótipos. O genótipo RB931011 apresentou uma maior aclimatação ao estresse salino quando comparado ao genótipo RB872552 devido ao maior aumento do teor de prolina endógena e maior atividade das enzimas antioxidantes o que resultou em um menor dano de membrana.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar os efeitos da Ãgua de baixa salinidade (0,8 dS m-1) e de alta salinidade (2,2; 3,6 e 5,0 dS -1) nos atributos quÃmicos do solo, no desenvolvimento de plantas de milho (Zea mays l.) e feijÃo-de-corda (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp), nos teores de elementos minerais e nos totais extraÃdos de Na, de macronutrientes (Ca, K, Mg, P,) e de micronutrientes (Cl, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn), cultivadas em um ciclo de rotaÃÃo cultural milho e feijÃo-de-corda. O experimento foi conduzido no campo em um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo EutÂrofico (Santos et al., 2006) obedecendo a um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4) e cinco repetiÃÃes. Na rotaÃÃo cultural o milho foi plantado no espaÃamento de 0,8 m entre linhas e 0,2 m. na estaÃÃo seca (Set a Dez/2007) irrigados com Ãgua de alta salinidade. Os tratamentos aplicados no cultivo do milho foram os seguinetes: T1 (Ãgua de baixa salinidade com condutividade elÃtrica de 0,8 dS m-1); T2 (condutividade elÃtrica de 2,2 dS m-1); T3 (condutividade elÃtrica de 3,6 dS m-1) e T4 (condutividade elÃtrica de 5,0 dS m-1). Os tratamentos (T2, T3 e T4) representam as Ãguas de alta salinidade. Na estaÃÃo chuvosa (Jan a Abr/2008) sucedendo o milho, cultivou-se o feijÃo-de-corda. Nesse cultivo utilizou-se apenas irrigaÃÃes suplementares com Ãgua de baixa salinidade (0,8 dS m-1). O delineamento estatÃstico aplicado na rotaÃÃo cultural foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetiÃÃes, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. Cada parcela com 3 m de comprimento e 5 linhas de plantio, sendo utilizado milho na estaÃÃo seca e feijÃo-de-corda na estaÃÃo chuvosa. Durante a rotaÃÃo cultural foram avaliadas as seguintes caracterÃsticas: atributos quÃmicos do solo, crescimento vegetativo, partiÃÃo de matÃria seca e produtividade. Na cultura do milho foram tambÃm avaliadas os teores dos elementos minerais e os totais extraÃdos de Na, Ca, K, Mg, P, Cl, fe, Cu, Zn e Mn em funÃÃo da salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo. A irrigaÃÃo com Ãguas salinas aumentou a salinidade e a sodicidade do solo durante o perÃodo da estiagem, e as precipitaÃÃes no perÃodo chuvoso foram eficientes para a lavagem do excesso de sais do perfil do solo, enquanto a salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo acima 2,2 dS m-1 inibiu o crescimento vegetativo e a capacidade produtividade do milho, jà o acÃmulo de sais no solo durante o cultivo do milho na estaÃÃo seca nÃo afetou a produtividade do feijÃo-de-corda e a um a predominÃncia do crescimento vegetativo do feijÃo-de-corda em detrimento da produÃÃo de grÃos ocorreu pelo excesso de chuvas. Aos 90 dias apÃs a semeadura os teores de elementos minerais foram afetados pela salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo, o aumento da salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo, aos 90 dias apÃs a semeadura inibiu a absorÃÃo de potÃssio nas folhas, de magnÃsio e fÃsforo nos grÃos, a extraÃÃo dos nutrientes e sÃdio pelas plantas irrigadas com Ãgua de baixa salinidade obedeceu à ordem: K > Mg > Cl > Ca > P > Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, e com Ãguas salinas: K > Cl > Ca > Na > P > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu e a salinidade provocou reduÃÃo da extraÃÃo dos elementos minerais: K, Ca, Mg e P. O estresse salino proporcionou a seguinte distribuiÃÃo de elementos minerais: Na e K permaneceram nas partes vegetativas, Ca, Mg e P foram exportados em maiores proporÃÃes para os ÃrgÃos reprodutivos, Cl, Mn e Cu permaneceram preferencialmente nas partes vegetativas, Fe e Zn foram exportados em maiores proporÃÃes pelos grÃos. / Aiming to assess the effects of salinity in the chemical characteristics of the soil, growth, partition of dry matter and productivity, and the effects of soil salinity on the levels mineral elements contend and the total extracted Na, macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, P) and micronutrients (Cl, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn), according to the salinity of the water irrigation, an experiment was carried out in the field according with randomized block design, with four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and five repetitions. In the cropping rotation was planted the maize in the spacing between lines of 0.8 m and 0.2 m between plants irrigated with water from high salinity and cowpea in the spacing between lines of 0.8 m and 0.3 m between plants irrigated with water with low salinity. The treatments used in the dry season maize crop in were: T1 (plants irrigated with water with low salinity), T2 (saline water with ECw of 2.2 dS m-1); T3 (saline water with ECw of 3.6 dS m-1); T3 (saline water with ECw ds of 3.6 m-1) and T4 (saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1). For cropping of cowpea in the rainy season the plots were demarcated. During the rotation croppoing were assessed the following characteristics: chemical characteristics of soil, vegetation growth, partition of dry and productivity. They were also evaluated the levels of elements and minerals extracted from the total nutrients in the corn crop at 90 days after sowing. The application of saline waters caused increased salinity and sodicity soil during the dry period, and rainfall in the rainy season have been effective in washing the excess salts in the soil profile,increasing salinity of irrigation water above 2,2 dS m-1 reduced the vegetative growth, productivity and rate of harvest of maize, the accumulation of salts in the soil for the cultivation of maize in the dry season did not affect the productivity of cowpea, which was due to the high volume of rain that occurred just before and after the cultivation, this excess of rain, however, caused an no normal growth of cowpea with predominance vegetative of shares to the detriment of the production of grains. The levels of mineral elements varied in the maize crop to 90 days after the planting, being affected by salinity of irrigation water, as the higher the level of salinity irrigation water to 90 days after sowing as lower the levels of potassium in the leaves, magnesium and phosphorus in grains, and the plants of maize under low salinity irrigation water, extract nurtrient in the following order: K> Mg> Cl> Ca> P> Na> Fe> Zn> Mn> Cu however under salinity estress the maize crop extract the minerals to higher salinity level in the following order: K> Cl> Ca> Na> P> Mg> Mn> Zn> Cu and the salt decreases the extraction total the following minerals: K, Ca, Mg e P. The salinity has the following distribution of mineral elements: Na and K remained in the vegetative parts, Ca, Mg and P was exported in larger proportions to the reproductive organs, Cl, Mn and Cu were mainly in the vegetative parts, Fe and Zn was exported in larger proportions by grain.