Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Francine_Cardozo_Madruga.pdf: 401845 bytes, checksum: 455f72341e671454f219f56884bf2224 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-21 / The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different functional monomer concentrations/HEMA in self-etching primers solvents on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of an experimental adhesive system. Seventy bonive incisors were allocated in seven groups (n=20). Six experimental self-etching primers were synthesized with different concentratios of acidic monomer (MPF); 0, 15, 30, 50, 70 and 100 (wt %)(Groups EMa0, EMa15, EMa30, EMa50, EMa70, EMa100 respectively). Adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB, Kuraray) was used as control. Coating adhesive resin AP-50 was prepared Seventy bovine incisors were randomized and allocate in seven groups. Vestibular enamel was grounded to expose the superficial coronal dentin, witch that was polished wet to create a standardized smear layer with 600 grit silicon paper. After rinsing, water was removed with a piece of absorbent paper, leaving the surface visibly dried. The prepared dentin surfaces were etched with primer and air-dried, after coating adhesive resin was applied and light activated with LED SDI Radii® (1400mW/cm2). The composite resin was inserted in two increments and were ligth activated for 20 s each. After storage for 24 hours, the specimens were sectioned with a refrigerated diamond saw at low-speed. To investigate immediate microtensile bond strength (μTBS) statistical analysis were performed (one-way ANOVA plus Tukey s post-hoc test, α=0.05). Fractographic analysis were performed using optical microscopy to describe failure patterns. The group EMa50 showed statistically higher (p<0.05) microtensile bond strength (55.1MPa) than others experimental groups but was similar with control (50.7MPa). Due total premature failure groups EMa0 and EMa100 were exclude form statistics. Groups EMa15, EMa30 and EMa70 were similar but different that control. Was possible conclude that concentration of acidic monomer/HEMA affects microtensile bond strength of self-etching adhesive systems. Primer composition of 50%MPF-20%HEMA- 30% water showed satisfactory microtensile bond strength as a self-etching adhesive system. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes composições variando as concentrações de monômero ácido/HEMA em primer autocondicionante de sistema adesivo dentinário experimental. Foram utilizados 70 incisivos bovinos, distribuídos aleatoriamente entre 7 grupos (n=20). Foram formulados seis primers experimentais com concentrações de 0; 15; 30; 50; 70%; e 100% de monômero ácido (MPF) em massa (Grupos EMa0, EMa15, EMa30, EMa50, EMa70, EMa100 respectivamente). O sistema adesivo Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB, Kuraray) foi utilizado como controle. Na face vestibular dos dentes foi realizado desgaste até a exposição de dentina com lixa d água granulação até 600. O primer foi aplicado vigorosamente sobre a dentina previamente seca com papel absorvente, sendo aplicado jato de ar e em seguida o adesivo foi aplicado e foto-ativado com aparelho fotopolimerizador LED SDI Radii® (1400mW/cm2). A restauração foi confeccionada utilizando 2 incrementos de 2 mm de compósito,fotoativados de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Após armazenagem por 24 horas em água destilada a 37°C, os dentes foram seccionados em cortadeira de precisão e a resistência de união (MPa) mensurada através do ensaio de microtração em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos. As amostras fraturadas do ensaio de microtração foram avaliadas por microscopia óptica e classificadas quanto ao modo de fratura. Análise de Variância segundo um critério e teste complementar de Tukey foram utilizados para detectar diferenças entre médias (α=5%). O grupo EMa50 apresentou o maior valor (p<0,05) de resistência de união à microtração em dentina (55,1MPa) entre os primers experimentais, sendo esse valor semelhante ao encontrado no controle comercial (50,7MPa). Os grupos EMa0 e EMa100 demostraram-se inviáveis por apresentarem totalidade de falhas prematuras e foram excluídos da estatística, os grupos EMa15, EMa30e EMa70 foram semelhantes e estatisticamente inferiores ao controle. Baseado na metodologia do presente estudo foi possível concluir que variações de concentração de monômero ácido/HEMA na composição de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes afetam os valores de resistência de união à dentina sendo que a composição 50%MPF-20%HEMA-30%Água demonstrou valores iniciais satisfatórios de resistência de união para o desenvolvimento de um sistema adesivo experimental autocondicionante.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mabel Salas_DISSERTACAO.pdf: 6552657 bytes, checksum: 11efe494170784ff76d8fc2f0dff8e56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-10 / Actually different alternatives to restored teeth with endodontical treatment are propose, otherwise with the advented of adhesive systems their use as luting endodontical cements and bonding resin cement for fiber posts are common. However the inherent characteristics behavior of these materials and the different variances presented at root canal, turns them sensible to failure. The aime of the study was to evaluated: a) the influence of two luting cements: containing eugenol (Endofill) and containing resin materials (Ahplus) on dentin bonding strength using push-out test at cervical, medium and apical root dentin regions, using two different 37% phosphoric acid viscosities: gel and liquid: b) the effect of the total-etching acid process on the pattern observed of the conditioned dentine substrate, c) Characterize the dentinal surface at different root regions d) Classify the fracture patterns between the substrate and the resin cement at three root regions. One hundred and four uniradicular teeth without caries lesions, extracted by orthodontics or periodontal reasons, with 7mm of diameter and 14mm of length were selected, disinfected in 0,5% chloramine and storage in distillated water at 5ºC. Endodontical canal treatments were performed using the Step-back technique and obturated with Endofill and AHplus. The preparation of the post space was 11mm depth using standardized rotary instruments. The total-etching with the gel and liquid acid were performed. The fiber posts were marked at the same depth, cuted, dry and silanized. Then two coats of Prime&bond 2,1 previously mixed with the self-cure activator, were applied at the post surface and into de root canal, after 1 minute the post were photocured (halogen light intensity of 450mW). The resin cement was mixed and placed into de canal using a lentuloespiral instrument. The posts were placed and a static force of 5kg for 10 minutes were applied, after words both adhesive and cement were photocured for 40 seconds, storage for 24 h in 37ºC, and embedded in a poliestyren resin. Cross-sectional cuts were obtained for the push-out test. The test were performed at a crosshead speed of 0,5mm/min, and a plane 20 cylindrical point was applied at the post centre. The maxim load was calculated in Mpa. The adhesive area was calculated using a tapered-cone shaped formula. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using a ANOVA test for multiple variables and a Pos Doc test(p<0,05) Statistically significant differences were detected between all the evaluated criterias: acids, cements and regions, and when they were inter-relationated between them. It was concluded that the use of 37% of phosphoric acid in a liquid form, allows a better penetration into the root canal, a uniform decalcification, consequently enhancing the bonding strength of the root dentine, particularly at apical region. / Actualmente diversos tipos de alternativas para restaurar dentes submetidos a tratamento endodontico são propostos, dentre estes, sistemas adesivos resinosos cimentantes para uso endodontico e pinos de fibra. No entanto as carateristicas inerentes apresentadas por estes materiais e as diversas variáveis presentes em nível radicular os fazem sensíveis a falhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tipo de cimento endodôntico e da viscosidade do ácido sobre a resistência de união de um sistema adesivo utilizando pinos de fibra de vidro, mediante o teste push-out e MEV em três níveis radiculares: cervical, médio e apical. Foram selecionados 104 dentes uniradiculares sem cárie, extraídos por motivos periodontais ou ortodônticos. Os dentes foram desinfectados em cloramina 0,5% e armazenados em água destilada a 5ºC. Os tratamentos endodônticos foram padronizados com a técnica step-back, obturando-se com Ahplus ou com Endofill. Os preparos para os pinos foram de 11mm padronizando os instrumentos. O condicionamento com o ácido fosfórico a 37%, em gel ou em líquido, foi realizado em ambos grupos. Os pinos de vidro foram seccionados em 11 mm,, silanizados, cobertos com duas camadas de Prime&bond 2.1 misturado previamente com o ativador de autopolimerização. O cimento resinoso Enforce (Dentsply) foi misturado e aplicado no canal utilizando lentulo. O pino era inserido e aplicava-se uma força padronizada de 5kg durante 10 min e sendo polimerizados por 40 seg, e armazenados por 24 horas a 37ºC, incluídos em resina de polietileno, cortados em 6 discos transversais de 1,5mm e lixados. O teste de push-out foi com uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, a ponta ativa cilíndrica plana (0,9 mm de diâmetro) era aplicada no centro do pino. A carga máxima foi convertida em MPa.. As diferenças entre os grupos foram determinadas mediante a análise de variância de ANOVA de três critérios, teste de Post Hoc (p<0,05). De acordo com a análise de fratura foram observadas diferenças nos três terços estudados particularmente no terço apical. Segundo a análise de fratura, foram observados quatro padrões diferentes de fraturas. Todas as variáveis testadas influenciaram significativamente a 18 resistência de união. A região cervical produziu geralmente menores valores de união, quando era utilizado o ácido em gel. Por outro lado, quando era utilizado o ácido em líquido os valores de resistência aumentavam, podendo-se concluir que a utilização de ácido fosfórico 37% em líquido permite uma maior penetração do adesivo no canal radicular produzindo um aumento da resistência de união na dentina radicular, particularmente no terço apical.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T13:33:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Percepções de um eletrogravador.pdf: 13125292 bytes, checksum: e3ddba1b8b53b0891f534de04e4764ae (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T14:24:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Percepções de um eletrogravador.pdf: 13125292 bytes, checksum: e3ddba1b8b53b0891f534de04e4764ae (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T14:27:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Percepções de um eletrogravador.pdf: 13125292 bytes, checksum: e3ddba1b8b53b0891f534de04e4764ae (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T14:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Percepções de um eletrogravador.pdf: 13125292 bytes, checksum: e3ddba1b8b53b0891f534de04e4764ae (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / Esta dissertação aborda questões referentes ao meu processo de criação, e assuntos que dialogam com as produções realizadas no mestrado em Artes Visuais da UFPel. As produções que compõem este trabalho tecem sutis relações entre o universo da gravura, as impressões e incisões no cotidiano. A dissertação é organizada de modo a sistematizar uma poética sobre o ato de gravar, que se desenvolveu paralelo as práticas com procedimentos eletrolíticos na gravura em metal, o que apresento são percepções de um eletrogravador. A prática é o ponto de partida dessa investigação que visa expor um olhar que excede o espaço do atelier, explorando questões e acontecimentos que me atravessaram durante os dois anos que compreende o mestrado. É reconhecido, neste texto, a importância do experimento para alcançar uma experiência intensa na produção artística. Correr riscos, explorar o acaso e permanecer atento sobre as coisas que me rodeiam são algumas das estratégias utilizadas durante essa pesquisa. Meus objetos de estudos correspondem a dez trabalhos processuais, são eles: Captador de Resíduos; Pequenos Naufrágios; Céu; Mapas Poéticos do Interior do Cubo Vermelho; Em Três Tempos; Paisagem Corroída; Contendo Sopro; Receptor de memórias; Projeto Matriz Compartilhada e Conexão Céu e Terra, os mesmos são dispositivos artísticos, projetos artísticos e/ou ações artísticas. No texto, os trabalhos aparecem em um discurso “rio” que percebe cada um deles em seu estado de formação, em que uma ação se une a outra, num desdobrar dos pensamentos que os formaram. Pretendo, em meio às palavras e imagens do processo de criação, apresentar as transformações deste, que pode ser interpretado como uma “fase de transição” que parte do atelier de gravura para o espaço. Nesse sentido, o que apresento são atos de corrosões que dividem em três fases, cada uma delas contém registros de ações realizadas no atelier de gravura, ações frente à paisagem e acontecimentos que me atravessam no cotidiano. Portanto, os conceitos operacionais desta investigação poética são: extrair, deslocar e fixar; estas ações sustentam as discussões sobre os processos alquímicos na produção artística e nas reflexões sobre a corrosão e o ato de gravar. Em dialogo com a minha produção e pesquisa sobre a corrosão, abordo determinados trabalhos e reflexões de artistas como: Marco Buti; Robert Smithson; Daniel Senise; Elida Tessler, Victor Gripp, Hans Haacke, Richard Long, Cinthia Marcelle, Paulo Damé, Carlos Filho e os teóricos Gaston Bachelard; Gilles Deleuze, Virgínia Kastrup, Michel de Certau, Francesco Careri, Georges Didi-Huberman, entre outros. Em fim, proponho uma reflexão sobre a corrosão como uma ação que produz gravura. / This paper intends to address topics that have been relevant to my creation process, along with other issues that influenced the work that i've been performing during my master's degree in Visual Arts UFPEL. The work i present here make subtle relations between the engraving process and the marks we see throughout our daily lives. The paper is organized in a way so that it makes understandable that the poetic that arises from the engraving process is parallel to the electrolytic procedures found in metal engraving. Here i present the perceptions of an engraver. The practice is the starting point of this investigation. It's aim is to focus on the act of seeing, implying that it goes beyond the atelier walls, exploring questions and events that trespassed my mind during the two year duration of my master's degree. I acknowledge during the text the vital importance of experimenting so you can reach a full comprehension of your artistic production. Take chances, exploit events that happen by chance and remain prepared to analyse your surroundings. Those are some of the strategies that have been used during this research. My study object is composed of ten processual works, those are: Captador de Resíduos; Pequenos Naufrágios; Céu; Mapas Poéticos do Interior do Cubo Vermelho; Em Três Tempos; Paisagem Corroída; Contendo Sopro; Receptor de memórias; Projeto Matriz Compartilhada and Conexão Céu e Terra. Some of those focus on the idea of being artistic devices; artistic projects and/or artistic actions. During the text, the interpretation of those objects happens in a “river” like manner, perceiving each and every one of them in their conception, the moment in time where those pieces connect with each other through a fluid and continuous line of thought. I intend to present to you, through images and words, the moment where my artwork changes its shape, what can be understood as a “transition process” in which it leaves the atelier and invades the space. In this manner, i present acts of corrosion that divide in three phases. Each one of them contain not only records of actions that took place in the metal etching atelier but also actions made to interact with the landscape and events thar affected me in my daily life. After a while photography became a part of my work process, eventually becoming as important as engraving. The operational concepts of this poetic investigation are: to extract, to displace and to firm. Those three actions support the discussions that revolve around the alchemical processes that are needed in those artistic productions and reflections about the corrosion and etching action. To be able to advance the current researches i take as reference artists such as: Marco Buti; Robert Smithson; Daniel Senise; Elidada Tessler, Victor Gripp, Hans Haacke, Richard Long, Cinthia Marcelle, Paulo Damé, Carlos Filho and theorics such as: Gaston Bachelard; Gilles Deleuze, Virgínia Kastrup, Michel de Certau, Francesco Careri, Georges Didi-Huberman, among others.

Dans cette thèse, nous développons des micro-concentrateurs de lumière en vue d’applications dans l’infrarouge. Les optiques, plates, de dimensions comparables à la longueur d’onde, sont formées d’une couche micronique de métamatériau, constituée de polymère structuré par des trous d’air. Une focalisation dans la zone de Fresnel des structures est recherchée en réalisant un gradient d’indice, obtenu en variant le diamètre des inclusions d’air (de λ//20 à λ/8). Des simulations électromagnétiques sont d’abord effectuées pour valider un design. La fabrication de ces concentrateurs repose sur la structuration d’une couche de photorésine à l’aide d’une technique de lithographie optique 3D à deux photons. Les mesures obtenues par l’imagerie infrarouge des structures montrent l’obtention d’une focalisation en accord avec les simulations pour un volume de concentrateur de 1,5 λ³, en dépit de l’absorption résiduelle de la résine choisie. Les structures proposées sont invariantes dans la direction axiale et peu épaisses, et peuvent donc être transférées dans d’autres types de matériaux ayant des indices de réfraction plus importants, comme le silicium. Les structures proposées peuvent également servir de plateforme pour réaliser un confinement sub-longueur d’onde par l’ajout d’antennes plasmoniques / In this thesis, we develop flat light concentrators for infrared applications. The structures have dimensions comparable with the wavelength and are made of a metamaterial layer (few microns) made of polymer with air holes inclusions. Light focusing in the Fresnel zone of the structures is achieved by a gradient index profile obained by chirping the holes diameter (from λ//20 to λ/8). Electromagnetic simulations are first performed to validate a design. The fabrication of these concentrators is then made by direct laser writing using a 3D two-photon lithography technique. Infrared imaging of the structures reveals a clear focusing of the infrared light for concentrators volume as small as 1,5 λ³, in agreement with the electromagnetic simulations. Considering that the metamaterial concentrator slabs are invariant in the axial direction and not too thick, similar structures can be transferred in transparent substrates such as silicon using deep reactive ion etching. A subwavelength light confinement can also be exploited by adding plasmonic antenna on the top surface of the flat concentrators

Surface roughness exists at many length scales-from atomic dimensions to meters. At sub-micron scale, the distribution of roughness is largely dependent on the process that generates the surface through the mechanisms of material removal/addition involved and the process parameters. The focus of the research is to quantitatively characterize the evolution of sub-micron scale surface roughness in the mechanical, chemical and electrochemical material removal techniques and study the influence of roughness on the mechanical behavior of surfaces. High purity aluminum surfaces are subjected to surface dissolution techniques such as electropolishing, chemical etching and anodization. Owing to the lack of sufficient lateral resolution in conventional roughness measurement techniques and appropriate scale independent roughness characterization techniques, the effect sub-micron scale electrochemical inhomogeneities present on the surfaces have on the roughness evolution at various length scales has not been understood. In this work, the power spectral density method of roughness characterization is used to quantitatively evaluate the roughness length scales affected in the surface generation processes as a function of time. Results indicate that in the case of electropolishing, roughness is not uniformly reduced at all length scales. Further, cut-off frequencies are suggested to optimize the electropolishing process. In chemical etching, the nature of roughness produced is found to be dependent on the nature of the starting surface. The nature of surface and sub-surface structures produced in the initial stage of the anodization process, and the transition from a disordered to an ordered structure are studied. In order to study the mechanical behavior of surfaces as a function of surface roughness, a single asperity indentation is modeled using nanoindentation of micropillar produced by focused ion beam machining of aluminum surfaces. Load-displacement curves are constructed to show the transition from a single asperity deformation to bulk deformation as function of indentation depth. Additionally, indentation responses of polymer coated surfaces with varying degree of roughness that were produced by the aforementioned surface generation processes are studied. it is shown how high interface roughness gives rise to high scatter both in loading and unloading portions of the load-displacement curves. Finally, porous alumina surface generated by the anodization process discussed above is indented to simulate a multi-asperity interaction.

In the initial stage, the sample preparation was done by using the techniques of Anodic etching and anodic forming processes where a repeated trial and error method of sample preparation headed towards making out a suitable sample set for characterization. After this step, the set of 2 different industrial samples were introduced and anodic oxide forming process was carried out in different electrolytes.    In the sample preparations, 4 different electrolytes were used 15% wt. Ammonium Adiphate, 1.5% wt. Ammonium Phosphate, 7% wt. Boric acid and 15% Penta Borate at different stages for performing the anodic oxide forming process. Minimum forming voltages of 20V to a maximum of 100V was employed in the sample preparation and to overcome the waiting time in forming the etched samples a higher current of 0.5A was used.   After the samples preparation, Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy was used as a tool for characterising the various groups of samples and for observing the micro structures of various samples, they were fractured and the observed on the cross section by SEM.   After the analysis of the etched samples was made, an attempt to compare the results of the data of these samples to that of the 2 set of industrial samples was made and found that the resultant data wasn’t stable enough to characterize since huge scattering were occurring and whereby the simulation of the CPE circuit for the chosen circuit in the analysis was not possible.   Under the analysis, a randomly chosen industrial sample was also used and the resultant data was utilised in understanding the response of the system to different electrolytes. / Sammanfattning   Avhandlingsarbetet har genomförts på KEMET AB i samarbete med yttekniklaboratoriet vid JTH i syfte att karakterisera den etsade anodiska aluminiumfolien som grundprov med anodisering och etsning för ytbehandling.   I inledningsskedet gjordes provberedningen med användning av teknikerna för anodisk etsning och anodbildande processer där en upprepad provnings- och felmetod för provberedning ledde ut mot att utarbeta en lämplig provuppsättning med avseende på karakterisering. Efter detta steg infördes uppsättningen av 2 olika industriella prover och anodoxidbildande process utfördes i olika elektrolyter.   I provpreparaten användes 4 olika elektrolyter 15 % vikt Ammoniumadiphat, 1,5 vikt% Ammoniumfosfat, 7 vikt% Borsyra och 15 % Penta-borat vid olika steg för utförande av anodoxidbildningsförfarandet. Minimala formningsspänningar på 20V till ett maximum av 100V användes i provframställningen och för att övervinna väntetiden vid bildning av de etsade proven användes en högre ström av 0,5A.   Efter provberedningen användes elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi som ett verktyg för att karakterisera de olika grupperna av prover och för att observera mikrostrukturerna i olika prover, de bröts och de observerades i tvärsnittet av SEM.   Efter att analysen av de etsade proverna gjordes ett försök att jämföra resultaten av data från dessa prover till den för de två uppsättningarna av industriella prover. Det är konstaterat att de resulterande data inte var stabila nog att karakterisera eftersom stor spridning inträffade och varigenom simuleringen av CPE-kretsen för den valda kretsen i analysen inte var möjlig.   Under analysen användes också ett slumpmässigt valt industriellt prov och de resulterande data användes för att förstå systemets respons till olika elektrolyter.

Le développement d'un procédé de détection de gaz atmosphériques à l'état de traces en temps réel, fiable, robuste, sélectif, sensible et portable, est impératif pour répondre à des enjeux sanitaires, écologiques et industriels. La spectroscopie par diodes laser accordables est une des voies envisagées pour pourvoir à ce besoin. Elle nécessite le développement de diodes lasers mono-fréquences émettant en régime continu à température ambiante entre 2 µm et 3.3 µm. Nous reportons ici les modélisations et développements technologiques nécessaires à la fabrication de lasers à contre-réaction répartie – à couplage par l'indice, réseau du 1er et 2nd ordre, sur substrat antimoniure – ainsi que les résultats obtenus. Dans la première partie de ce document, après avoir dressé le contexte de l'étude, nous introduirons la théorie des lasers à contre-réaction répartie et présenterons les modélisations qui ont permis de décrire nos structures. La seconde partie est dédiée aux développements des procédés technologiques qui ont permis de mettre en place deux filières de fabrication de composants – à savoir des lasers DFB à ailettes et lasers DFB à réseau enterré. La troisième partie expose les performances des composants fabriqués et présente les premières mesures d'analyse de gaz effectuées. Ces travaux ont conduit au développement de deux nouvelles filières de fabrication de composants : des diodes lasers mono-fréquences présentant une puissance élevée et une forte sélectivité modale. Les prototypes fabriqués seront utilisés sur des systèmes de spectroscopie. / Development of a reliable, real-time, selective, sensitive and suitable technique for atmospheric trace gas spectroscopy is a critical challenge in science and engineering, for sanitary, ecological and industrial issues. Tunable single-frequency lasers in the 2µm to 3.3µm wavelength range, working in continuous regime at room temperature, can be used in absorption spectroscopy to identify and quantify several atmospheric gases. We report here on the design, the technological development and the performances of 1st and 2nd order index-coupled distributed-feedback (DFB) antimonide-lasers diodes in the 2µm to 3.3µm wavelength range. The first part of this document establishes the context of the thesis, introduces the DFB theory and our modelisation. The second part presents the technological fabrication of the two different components: the side wall corrugated DFB lasers and the buried DFB lasers. The third part shows the performances of the components and the first tests on gas measurement.This work has led to the development of two different kinds of single-frequency laser diodes with high optical power and spectral purity. The fabricated prototypes will soon be used on gas spectroscopy set-up.

Ces travaux de doctorat proposent d’apporter une contribution à l’identification et à la compréhension des phénomènes limitant les performances de détecteurs de rayon X à base de CdTe:Cl développés pour des applications en radiographie. En effet, des inhomogénéités spatiales non-stables dans le temps sont observées dans la réponse de ces capteurs. Les défauts des cristaux utilisés pour la détection ont été caractérisés. Notamment, les dislocations révélées par attaque chimique et par topographie X présentent des arrangements en mur à la surface des échantillons, ces défauts sont majoritairement traversant dans toute l’épaisseur du cristal. Il a ensuite été montré que ces murs de dislocations sont responsables des inhomogénéités de photo-courant sous irradiation par des rayons X et de courant de fuite d’un détecteur à base de CdTe:Cl. De plus, les niveaux pièges dans le gap du CdTe ont été investigués par des méthodes de spectroscopie optique à basse température : les images de cathodoluminescence mettent en évidence le caractère non-radiatif des murs de dislocations, mais ne montrent pas l’apparition de la luminescence Y au niveau de ces défauts, normalement attribuée aux dislocations dans la littérature. Enfin, l’influence des murs de dislocations sur les propriétés de transport des porteurs de charge a été étudiée par la méthode « Ion Beam Induced Current » (IBIC) montrant qu’ils entraînent une diminution de la valeur du produit mobilité-temps de vie des électrons et des trous / In the present Ph.D. thesis, we investigate microstructural defects in a chlorine-doped cadmium telluride crystal (CdTe:Cl), to understand the relationship between defects and performance of CdTe-based radiation detectors. Characterization tools, such as diffraction topography and chemical etching, are used for bulk and surface investigations of the distribution of dislocations. Dislocations are arranged into walls. Most of them appear to cross the whole thickness of the sample. Very good correlation is observed between areas with variations of dark-current and photo-current, and positions of the dislocation walls revealed at the surface of the sample. Then spectroscopic analysis of these defects was performed at low temperatures. It highlighted that dislocation walls induce non-radiative recombination, but it didn’t show any Y luminescence usually attributed to dislocations in the literature. Ion Beam Induced Current (IBIC) measurements were used to evaluate the influence of dislocation walls on charge carrier transport properties. This experiment shows that they reduce the mobility-Iifetime product of the charge carriers. A very clear correlation was, in fact, established between the distribution of the dislocation network and the linear defects revealed by their lower CIE on the device

A corrosão seletiva de fases de dois tipos de aços inoxidáveis fundidos foi analisada, ao serem submetidos a vários valores constantes de potencial, a partir da região catódica para a anódica da curva de polarização. Os aços estudados foram: austenítico (ACI CF-3M) solubilizado e martensítico (ACI CA-6NM) normalizado e revenido. As curvas de polarização foram traçadas potenciodinamicamente, a uma velocidade de varredura de 0,16 m.V.s-1 em solução aerada contendo H2SO4 1M e NaCl 1M, pH 0,35, à temperatura ambiente. Vários valores de potencial foram selecionados, previamente localizados nas regiões catódica, ativa, passiva e transpassiva da curva de polarização. Potenciostaticamente, foram atingidos os valores de potencial selecionados, sendo eles mantidos fixos por 1800 s. Após o ataque potenciostático, as aparências metalográficas dos aços foram verificadas, desde a região catódica até a anódica. Por microssonda eletrônica, foram quantificados os elementos químicos presentes nas fases dos aços. Para melhor avaliar o início de propagação de pite, foi determinada a porcentagem de íons liberados para o eletrólito, após a imposição de valores de potencial críticos de pite predeterminados pelas curvas de polarização, pelas aparências metalográficas e pelas curvas de densidade de corrente em função do tempo. / The selective corrosion of phases present in two types of cast stainless steels was analyzed, when submitled to several constant values of potential, starting from the cathodic to the anodic regions of the polarization curve. The cast stainless steels were: austenitic (ACI CF-3M) solubilized and martensitic (ACI CA-6NM) normalized and tempered. The polarization curves were obtained at a scanning rate of 0.16 mV.s-1 in 1M H2S04 and 1M NaCI solution, pH 0.35 and at room temperature. Several potential values were selected, previously located in the cathodic, active, passive and transpassive regions of the polarization curve. The values of the selected potential were maintained fixed for 1800 s. After the potentiostatic etching, the metallographic appearances of the steels were verified, from the cathodic to the anodic region. Through electronic microprobe analysis, the present chemical elements were quantified in the phases of the steels. For betler evaluating the beginning of pitling propagation in the studied steels, liberated ion percentage for the solution was determined, after the imposition of critic pitting potential values predetermined from the polarization curves, through the metallographic appearances obtained after potentiostatic etching of the samples and the current density curves as a function of time.

Afin de répondre aux demandes constantes de l’industrie micro-électronique pour la réduction des tailles des dispositifs électroniques, de nouvelles techniques de lithographie sont mises au point. Une de ces techniques est l’auto-assemblage dirigé des copolymères à blocs (DSA). Cette technique consiste à utiliser la capacité des copolymères à blocs à s’auto-assembler en nanodomaines (cylindres ou lamelles) pour former des motifs de type contact ou ligne / espace. En l’absence de motifs directionnels, les copolymères à blocs ne possèdent pas d’ordre à longue distance, nécessaire pour toute application type CMOS. Ainsi, deux approches différentes de DSA sont utilisées: la grapho-épitaxie, qui génère une orientation par guidage physique, et la chemo-épitaxie, qui génère une orientation par affinité chimique. Cette dernière permet plus de flexibilité lors de la conception des masques de lithographie puisque les zones actives sont définies à postériori par l’approche « cut last », et est de fait la plus recherchée aujourd’hui pour aligner les copolymères à blocs. Toutefois, les procédés de chemo-épitaxie actuels ont montré leurs limitations pour l’utilisation de copolymères à blocs de haute résolution dit high , dont la période est inférieure à 20 nm, due aux limitations des outils de lithographie conventionnelle utilisés en production.Dans cette thèse, un nouveau procédé de chemo-épitaxie, nommé ACE (Arkema-CEA) spécialement conçu pour l’intégration de copolymères à blocs high  est présenté. Dans ce procédé, les guides de chemo-épitaxie sont formés en combinant la lithographie standard et le procédé de lithographie par espaceur. Une sous-couche neutre, permettant l’orientation perpendiculaire du copolymère à blocs, est dans un premier temps déposée entre les espaceurs. Après le retrait des espaceurs, une étape de greffage sélectif a lieu pour obtenir un guide affine. Dans le procédé ACE, la taille finale du guide n’est plus directement définie par lithographie mais elle est plutôt déterminée par la taille de l’espaceur, obtenue en contrôlant l’épaisseur de dépôt. Cette technique permet de s’affranchir des contraintes de la lithographie au niveau des hautes résolutions.Afin de démontrer la faisabilité du procédé ACE, la thèse est divisée en deux axes de recherches. Le premier axe consiste à valider les points critiques du procédé, à savoir le greffage sélectif du guide directionnel entre les motifs formés par la sous-couche neutre et le retrait des espaceurs. Une étude approfondie sur les différentes sous-couches polymères disponibles et les effets des procédés sur celles-ci est réalisée. Le second axe s’intéresse à l’alignement du copolymère à blocs par le procédé ACE. Des fenêtres de procédé permettant d’étudier la stabilité et la reproductibilité du procédé sont obtenues en mesurant la défectivité du copolymère à blocs en fonction de la commensurabilité des motifs de lithographie. L’influence des différents paramètres (conditions de recuit et d’épaisseur du copolymère à blocs, hauteur et CD des espaceurs, …) est étudiée afin d’optimiser le procédé mis en place.Au vu des essais réalisés, le procédé mis en place est un procédé hybride chemo-grapho-épitaxie : la combinaison des guides physiques et chimiques permet l’alignement à longue distance des copolymères à blocs. L’absence de topographie ou la modification de l’affinité chimique du guide entraine une absence ou une modification de l’alignement des blocs. L’optimisation des paramètres permet l’alignement des copolymères à blocs sur de longues distances (plusieurs dizaines de micromètres carré), qui pourront permettre la définition de zone active par l’approche « cut last ». / In order to offer a solution to constant micro-electronics fab requirements in terms of lithography resolution, new lithography approaches are under study. One of this technic consist of using Block Copolymer capabilities to self-assembled in micro-structures, forming patterns structures like contact (cylinders) and line / space (lamellae). In the absence of any constraint, block copolymer do not own a long range order, useful for any CMOS-type application. Thereby two technics are used to obtain a block alignment: the grapho-epitaxy which align the block copolymer thanks to a physical guide, and the chemo-epitaxy, which align block copolymer thanks to a chemical affinity. Chemo-epitaxy, contrary to graph-epitaxy, offers space saving by aligning the blocs all over the studied field. Today, it is the most used technic. However, the current lithography requirements lead to the integration of high  block copolymers whose period are below 20 nm. With this dimension, the current chemo-epitaxy processes are not adapted anymore, due to the resolution limit of the standard lithography tools defining the guides.This thesis aims to introduce a new chemo-epitaxy process flow, called Process ACE,by using LETI 300mm process capability and Arkema’s block copolymer advanced materials. In this new process, chemo-epitaxy guides are formed by combining standard lithography and established spacer patterning process. Spacer patterning technique is an option which, thanks to its aggressive dimensions, allows the integration of high  block copolymers. A neutral underlayer, allowing perpendicular bloc copolymer orientation is located between the spacers. After the spacer removal, a selective grafting takes place to obtain an affine guide for one of the block. The final guide size corresponds to the one of the spacer earlier processed.In order to validate the process feasibility the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part investigates the critical process steps, that is to say the affinity guide selective grafting between the patterns form by the neutral underlayer and the spacers removal, by means of an in-depth polymer underlayer study and the process effects on these one’s. The second part focuses on block copolymer alignment with process ACE. Process windows validating the process stability and reproducibility are obtained by measuring block copolymer defectivity as a function of the lithography patterns commensurability. The different parameters effect (block copolymer baking, spacer height and width) is studied in order to optimise the process set up.On the basis of the testis undertaken, the process set up is a hybrid chemo-grapho-epitaxy process. It allows block copolymer long range order thanks to physical and chemical guides involved at the underlayer – block copolymer interface all by allowing a full space occupation of the available space.