The purpose of this study is to investigate ethical dilemmas and ethical difficulties experienced by psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. The study is a replication of previous studies conducted by Colnerud (1997) and Slack and Wassenaar (1999). A sample of 295 psychologists in Sweden and 312 psychologists in South Africa were asked to describe situations that they identified as ethically difficult. 53 psychologists in Sweden described 61 incidents and 21 psychologists in South Africa described 24 situations. This corresponds to a response rate of 20% in Sweden and 8% in South Africa. The reported dilemmas were categorized according to a qualitative content analysis developed by Pope and Vetter (1992). The contribution of this study is that the results confirm that confidentiality is a prominent ethical dilemma for psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. This finding is consistent with findings in comprehensive international research. Furthermore, the results indicate that psychologists, especially in Sweden, experience ethical problems due to weakened legitimacy when conducting assessments. The results are discussed taking into consideration the different contexts in which psychologists work, the application of different ethics codes and different levels of ethical awareness. The weaknesses of the study and the method used are also discussed.

This study explores the factors that influence how three First Nations educators in the City of Saskatoon define ethics, identify ethical dilemmas, and resolve ethical dilemmas.<p> Using the case-study methodology guided by respectful inquiry with First Nations people, the study sought to identify influential factors affecting the ethical considerations among three Aboriginal educators. The research questions were: 1) How do three Aboriginal educators define ethics? 2) How do the three Aboriginal educators identify an ethical dilemma? 3) What factors do the three Aboriginal educators identify as influencing the resolution of ethical dilemmas? The study sought to identify how the educators perceive ethics, and was not meant to be built on a priori theory of ethics. The reliance on ethical theory beyond what was generated by the participants or through relevant and related studies was carefully selected so as not to impede the expression of the understandings of the participants and the interpretations and understandings of the researcher and readers.<p> The study found that the participants identified their definitions, instances, and resolution of ethical dilemmas as reflecting the experiences of the participants. Their histories are a part of the diversity of First Nations people, and it is their stories that illustrate the ethical frameworks of the participants. The study participants reported a connection to their First Nations cultures from which they drew. Their influential experiences, though, have diminished a concrete connection to their First Nations cultures. They maintain a sense of belonging to an Aboriginal collective, and it is this membership that frequently defines their ethical dilemmas.

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Abstract: In this study we have turned to the complex host-country environment of China to investigate Swedish companies doing business in a highly corrupt business context to see which dilemmas managers meet and their approaches to these dilemmas. The importance of adapting to the local culture and environment is something researchers stress in the business literature. In the beginning of our study we ask if the same statement is true when it comes to ethical decision making and from the findings one can see that this is true to a certain degree. Almost half of our respondents have in some way pushed their ethical limits for what is acceptable business practice despite of the uniform view that corruption is something the companies do not want to participate in. For the companies that have been able to create an organization which has been able to resist unethical host country pressures we have found several important factors. These have been the importance of senior management staying long periods of time, role models living the values, an understanding from HQ about the local subsidiary, realistic performance targets, reinforcement of ethics initiatives, and last but not least control. However we have also found that organizations need to be aware that different departments will meet different ethical dilemmas. Therefore the ethical initiatives need to be adapted to the foreign firms’ situation depending on where in the value chain the company is located. Keywords: corruption, ethical dilemmas, ethical approaches, local business culture, China, Sweden, managers

This study explores the factors that influence how three First Nations educators in the City of Saskatoon define ethics, identify ethical dilemmas, and resolve ethical dilemmas.<p> Using the case-study methodology guided by respectful inquiry with First Nations people, the study sought to identify influential factors affecting the ethical considerations among three Aboriginal educators. The research questions were: 1) How do three Aboriginal educators define ethics? 2) How do the three Aboriginal educators identify an ethical dilemma? 3) What factors do the three Aboriginal educators identify as influencing the resolution of ethical dilemmas? The study sought to identify how the educators perceive ethics, and was not meant to be built on a priori theory of ethics. The reliance on ethical theory beyond what was generated by the participants or through relevant and related studies was carefully selected so as not to impede the expression of the understandings of the participants and the interpretations and understandings of the researcher and readers.<p> The study found that the participants identified their definitions, instances, and resolution of ethical dilemmas as reflecting the experiences of the participants. Their histories are a part of the diversity of First Nations people, and it is their stories that illustrate the ethical frameworks of the participants. The study participants reported a connection to their First Nations cultures from which they drew. Their influential experiences, though, have diminished a concrete connection to their First Nations cultures. They maintain a sense of belonging to an Aboriginal collective, and it is this membership that frequently defines their ethical dilemmas.

<p>The purpose of this study is to investigate ethical dilemmas and ethical difficulties experienced by psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. The study is a replication of previous studies conducted by Colnerud (1997) and Slack and Wassenaar (1999). A sample of 295 psychologists in Sweden and 312 psychologists in South Africa were asked to describe situations that they identified as ethically difficult. 53 psychologists in Sweden described 61 incidents and 21 psychologists in South Africa described 24 situations. This corresponds to a response rate of 20% in Sweden and 8% in South Africa. The reported dilemmas were categorized according to a qualitative content analysis developed by Pope and Vetter (1992). The contribution of this study is that the results confirm that confidentiality is a prominent ethical dilemma for psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. This finding is consistent with findings in comprehensive international research. Furthermore, the results indicate that psychologists, especially in Sweden, experience ethical problems due to weakened legitimacy when conducting assessments. The results are discussed taking into consideration the different contexts in which psychologists work, the application of different ethics codes and different levels of ethical awareness. The weaknesses of the study and the method used are also discussed.</p>

The aim of this study was to explore the therapists' personal religious and spiritual belief systems and the impact of these on their work. The literature reviewed included material regarding the role of religion and spirituality in relation to psychology and therapy, identity, and especially, the person of the therapist. The present qualitative investigation applies the theory of the Dialogical Self to the narratives of five practising Christian clinical and counselling psychologists. It draws on a narrative to allow for process-oriented, context-sensitive interpretation.

Background: According to the Swedish Social Board induced abortions are increasing in the modern day society. Nurses who work with in the gynecological department can come across patients seeking care for an induced abortion. Theoretical framework: The findings of the study will be discussed in relation to Peplau's nursing theory, ethical concepts and nursing concepts. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to illuminate the experiences of nurses working with induced abortion. Method: A systematic literature review with an inductive approach was chosen. The findings are based on seven qualitative and two quantitative studies. The articles were assessed through two different modified templates based on qualitative or quantitative design. Findings: Nurses and midwives experienced their work with induced abortions as emotionally stressful. However, it was highlighted that all women have the right whether to choose abortion or to proceed with the pregnancy. Difficulties were identified in coping with abortion work. Such difficulties could easily occur when ethical dilemmas were caused by religion, personal values and experiences. Several coping strategies were identified. However, nurses and midwives aired their views concerning the need of more support from colleagues and the department head. Conclusion: It is clear that nurses are in need of assistance in various forms to ventilate and manage their emotions, in order to promote the professional approach and be able to offer a patient-centered care.

Due to an increase of internationalization Swedish SMEs are faced with more issues regarding ethical dilemmas when entering foreign markets than they have been in the past. The ethical dilemmas, such as bribery and corruption, affect companies’ entry strategies in regards of moral standards and becomes an issue for markets that are characterised as being unstable. A common denominator for unstable markets is political instability which usually leads to an increase of ethical dilemmas. This thesis provides a deeper understanding to how Swedish SMEs enter politically unstable markets and how CSR can be used as a tool to identify and avoid ethical dilemmas. To enable this study a qualitative research was conducted to analyse the process of already established Swedish SMEs in politically unstable markets. By doing so, practical and theoretical implications could be identified, subsequently contributing Swedish SMEs with valuable information on how to enter politically unstable markets.   The outcome of this study suggests ethical dilemmas affect Swedish SMEs’ entry to politically unstable markets. In a market where ethical dilemmas are prominent SMEs ought to do a thorough risk analysis before entering the market and also select the mode of entry. This study concludes a trade based entry mode is most suitable for Swedish SMEs when entering politically unstable markets since local contact is crucial since it reduces the risks of entering the market. Furthermore, during the course of the study it became evident that CSR can be used as a moral framework to identify and avoid ethical dilemmas in politically unstable markets. CSR strategies provide moral and ethical guidelines for Swedish SMEs and thereby affect the selection process of markets and business partners. The findings of this thesis suggest there is a linkage between business ethics, CSR and entry strategies. Therefore, the research is valuable for Swedish SMEs who seek to enter politically unstable markets.

Throughout the last decade wars have created a certain interest in reflection upon rights, justice and the causes for which people may or may not be killed. Soldiers are expected to make decisions about life and death in extremely difficult circumstances and complex situations during war. With conflicting obligations, they are forced to choose between orders, duty and ethical values in situations where not all can be met at the same time. Scholars in military ethics argues that ethical challenges and dilemmas can be overcome by using ethical reasoning processes such as moral judgement, moral competence and through different moral principles in the conduct of war. This study investigates how Swedish soldiers reason between moral dilemmas they might encounter in their professional practice and aims to explore if there is a conflict between their moral obligations and duty. It aims to improve the understanding of how Swedish soldiers justify the use of lethal force and obeying orders, and what underlying ethical and moral factors that affect their judgements and justifications. Qualitative scenario-based results show that their moral judgements are based foremost on consequentialist grounds, with good moral competence to adapt their judgements when faced with moral dilemmas. Subconsciously they follow the rules and moral principles of war, putting great emphasis on their trust and dependence on fellow soldiers as well as higher military bodies, although they are likely to disobey orders when it doesn’t seem morally justified.