Ethical standards and principals are one of the most significant part of any professional field. Being an applied practice field, the application of ethical codes and conduct is a critical component for school psychologists. There have been numerous research studies on ethical decision making and ethical dilemmas in many applied fields to help update the ethics principles and codes, same is the case for the field of School Psychology (APA, 2017; NASP, 2010). The purpose of this study was to examine school psychologists’ professional characteristics with regards to managing critical incidents that pose potential ethical violations. An additional purpose was to investigate if the school psychologists’ ratings on the categories including experience, violation, harm, and legality would be able to predict the level of difficulty in solving an ethical dilemma. The perceptions of psychologists towards various ethical dilemmas have previously been studied by Pope and colleagues (1987), and the level of complexity of ethical incidents and their solution has been proposed by Bailey and Burch (2016) in a model for behavior analysts. The current study aimed to adapt the Pope and colleagues’ (1987) research study and modify it to apply for the field of school psychology and investigate if the Bailey and Burch (2016) model can be applicable for school psychologists as well. The results of the study indicate that the ratings of school psychologists on the scales of Personal Experience, Ethical Violation, Probability of Harm and Legal Implications was able to predict the Ease of Solution for a given critical incident. In addition, the ratings on the scale of Probability of Harm was significantly able to predict how easy it would be to resolve a particular dilemma for a practitioner in the field of school psychology.

Bakgrund: Varje år insjuknar cirka 25 000 personer i Sverige i någon form av demenssjukdom, och antalet personer med demens i Sverige beräknas 2014 vara cirka 160 000 personer (Socialstyrelsen, 2014). I omvårdnaden av personer med demens ställs sjuksköterskan inför etiska dilemman där hen hamnar i kläm mellan rättsligt läge, och sin skyldighet att bevara vårdtagarens värdighet och integritet (Lejman et al, 2013). Syfte: Att undersöka etiska dilemman sjuksköterskan upplevt i samband med att vårdtagare med demens motsatt sig omvårdnad. Studien avsåg även undersöka om situationer fanns då sjuksköterskan ansåg tvång vara berättigat, om strategier användes för att övertyga vårdtagare med demens som motsatte sig omvårdnad samt om strategier användes för att förekomma detta.Metod: En studie med kvalitativ ansats gjordes, bestående av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor som arbetade inom demensvård, alternativt hade en konsultativ roll inom demensvård i Malmö stad. En modifierad version av Burnards (1991) metod för innehållsanalys gjordes.Resultat: Ett tema, komponenter för en etiskt god omvårdnad, tre kategorier och sju underkategorier framkom i resultatet. Kategorin anhöriga innefattade underkategorierna anhöriga som del av teamet och när meningar går isär. Kategorin samarbete innefattade underkategorierna samverkan med arbetskamrater och andra professioner och behov av kunskap. Kategorin att göra gott och inte skada innefattade underkategorierna att handla mot vårdtagarens vilja, vårdtagarens självbestämmande och personcentrerad vård.Konklusion: I omvårdnaden av personer med demens hamnade sjuksköterskan ofta i etiskt svåra situationer. Dessa underlättades av en personcentrerad omvårdnad, ett tillåtande arbetsklimat samt en god relation med anhöriga. Etiskt svåra beslut försvårades då anhörigas åsikt gällande omvårdnad skiljde sig från den medicinska bedömningen. Behov av kunskap om demens ansågs finnas. Lagar ansågs inte alltid vara tillämpbara i verkligheten. Vårdtagarens självbestämmande förbisågs då denne utsatte sig själv eller andra för skada. / Background: Every year about 25 000 individuals in Sweden develop some form of dementia, and the number of people living with dementia in Sweden 2014 is estimated to be 160 000 (Socialstyrelsen, 2014). When caring for persons with dementia, nurses faces ethical dilemmas and get caught between the law and the obligation to preserve the care recipients’ integrity (Lejman et al, 2013).Aim: To examine ethical dilemmas nurses faced when caring for persons with dementia in connection to situations where care recipients opposed themselves to care. The study also aimed to examine whether situations occurred when nurses felt that coercion was justified, if strategies were used in situations where people with dementia opposed themselves to care, and if strategies were used to prevent those situations.Method: A qualitative study design was applied, consisting of six semi-structured interviews with nurses who were practicing in dementia care, or had a consultative role in dementia care, within the city of Malmö. A modified version of Burnard’s (1991) data analysis was used.Results: An overall theme, components of ethically good nursing, three categories and seven subcategories emerged. The category relatives contained the subcategories; relatives as part of the team and difference of opinion. The category collaboration contained the subcategories collaboration with colleagues and other health care professions and need for knowledge. The category to do good and not harm contained the subcategories to act against the care recipients’ will, care recipients’ self-determination and person-centred care.Conclusion: The study revealed that nurses in dementia care often experienced ethical dilemmas. Decision making in ethically difficult situations was facilitated by person-centred care, a permissive working climate and good relation with relatives. Ethically difficult decisions were complicated when the relatives’ opinion regarding nursing differed from the medical assessment. Respect for the care recipients’ self-determination was overlooked when the care recipients’ subjected himself or others to harm. A need for knowledge about dementia was identified among other health professions and government officials. Laws were not always considered to be applicable in reality.

Interpreters working in the Speech Interpretation Service clarify speech and language that is unclear due to voice-, speech-, or language disabilities as for example dysarthria and aphasia. Ethical guidelines of interpreting in general, demand the interpreter to function neutrally and impartially. In this study, four different ethically challenging situations are presented to speech interpreters through a questionnaire. The aim is to investigate how the interpreters would deal with the situations. Eleven speech interpreters from Sweden and eleven from Finland participated in the study. Results show that a majority of respondents do not follow a strict interpretation of ethical guidelines in three of the four situations. There is no significant difference between the responses of Swedish and Finnish participants in this study. The study finds that the speech interpreters are more personally involved in the interpreted event than ethical guidelines require. A discussion is needed, about the limit of what should be included in the professional role of speech interpreters.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of war journalism. The main aim of the work was to explore specific ethical quandaries that war correspondents face and how they approach them. In countries where conflict is taking places, war correspondents are under incessant pressure and they witness disasters, suffering and death. At the same time, they are under pressure from the media -⁠ their employers - to provide immediate information which should evoke the most intense emotions. Together with this issue, war correspondents also have to face scrunity coming from the public. The empirical part employs a qualitative research approach, more specifically in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with seven prominent figures of the czech war journalism field. The research proves that the war correspondents'approach towards ethical quandaries is affected by two aspects - motivation to elaborate the topic of war and the economical situation of media and journalists as well. At the same time, five fields of the most frequent ethical quandaries war correspondents may encounter were defined - objectivity, engagement, work with the information, social networking services and emotions.

Background Ethical dilemmas in palliative care is a common issue for nurses to handle. Nurses have the responsibility to provide care that is in the best interest for the patient and to enhance the quality of life in the end-of-life stage. Dilemmas occur when differing opinions exist about what is in the best interest for the patient. Previous research indicates that nurses play a significant and crucial role in managing ethical dilemmas in palliative care, many of them experience conflicts when their sense of what is right clashes with their perceived duties. Aim The aim of this study was to describe strategies that nurses use for dealing with ethical dilemmas in palliative care. Method A literature-based study where eleven articles have been analyzed according to Friberg's five-step model. Results The findings of this study indicates that the primary strategies nurses use for addressing ethical dilemmas in palliative care was to establishing trusting relationship with the patients and also with their relatives. Collaboration with colleagues is also crucial and fostering effective teamwork, creating an environment for collective reflection to exchange experiences and knowledge. Conclusion Effective teamwork and strong patient relationships are essential in palliative care, leadong to an increased well-being for the patient and the ability to tailor care needs individually. Nurses in palliative care require ongoing professional development to feel secure in their professional roles and to foster confident healthcare relationships. / I strävan att uppnå optimal vård för patienter i palliativ vård står sjuksköterskor inte sällan inför komplexa etiska dilemman. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva de strategier sjuksköterskor använder för att hantera etiska dilemman inom palliativ vård. Resultatet visar att genom att mötas i samtal och att lyssna noggrant uppstår tillitsfulla relationer till både patienter och närstående. Hanteringen av etiska dilemman underlättas när sjuksköterskorna skapar en personcentrerad vårdmiljö utifrån patienters och närståendes önskemål. En annan strategi var samarbete i det tvärvetenskapliga vårdteamet. Ett teams olika kompetenser behövs för att tillgodose patienters vårdbehov. Etiska dilemman har ingen enkel lösning och för att skapa en gemensam förståelse och strategi krävs att teamet kan diskutera samt reflektera tillsammans och dela med sig av erfarenheter. Studien identifierade behovet av kontinuerlig kompetensutveckling inom etik för sjuksköterskor inom palliativ vård. Att vara rustad med djupare kunskap inom etiska teorier och metoder gav sjuksköterskorna större trygghet att fatta svåra beslut och att agera som patientadvokater. Slutligen framkom det att tid för reflektion var viktigt när sjuksköterskor stod inför etiska dilemman. Regelbundna reflektioner ökade medvetenheten hos sjuksköterskor, hur deras egna etiska värderingar påverkade deras beslut i vården av patienter i palliativt skede. Studiens resultat grundades på en sökning av elva vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl. Efter noggrann granskning och analys av artiklarna sammanställdes resultatet i två huvudteman och sex subteman. Dessutom diskuterades personcentrerat förhållningssätt, samtalets betydelse, sjuksköterskors ansvar att hålla sig uppdaterade, teamarbetets betydelse och normmedvetet och hållbarhet. Slutsatsen indikerar att genom tillämpning av dessa strategier kan sjuksköterskor hantera etiska dilemman och därigenom öka välbefinnandet för patienter inom palliativ vård.

no / This case outlines the rationale and methods used when carrying out ethnographic fieldwork in a care home environment with research participants who were living with a dementia diagnosis. Although concerns had been raised at ethics approval about the use of such methods – visual ethnography in particular – we found that there were ethical benefits for the participants whose capacity for research participation, and for social participation generally, was, in every case, higher than anticipated at the outset. By comparison we found that formal methods for assessing ability to give informed consent often appeared to create excess disability, and to exacerbate ill-being for people with dementia. The case draws on specific examples to show how issues related to methods and to ethical conduct of research are frequently intertwined, and should be considered together rather than in isolation.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how international development organizations are working to communicate campaigns and photographs from one cultural context to another. Additionally, will challenges in making campaigns which are both ethical appropriate and engaging be highlighted and discussed in relation to today’s impatient media landscape where globalization and development are dominated by economic interests. This research follows the international development cooperation We Effect and explore their whole media production process while making external communication from the work in Kenya to the target group in Sweden. The researcher has done interviews with decision makers at the head office in Stockholm, regional communicators in Nairobi, independent photographers and farmers in the fields of Kenya, visible in We Effect’s campaigns in Sweden. Additionally, ethnographical observations and diary notes contribute to answer the question how international organizations are planning, creating and distributing ethical and engaging media about development organizations long-term development work. In theoretical discussions, anchored in concepts about global culture, cosmopolitanism and how to mediate distant others, together with previous literature by Lilie Chouliaraki, Roger Silverstone and Stuart Hall, will this research state that there are several challenges in communicating messages from one cultural context to another. The distance, both geographical and mental, makes it challenging for the media producers and spectators to understand the same message; this research states that both the media producers and spectators’ interpretations of photographs and messages are dependent on their cultural background.

O presente estudo teve por objetivos conhecer a percepção de enfermeiros sobre dilemas éticos existentes na assistência de enfermagem a pacientes terminais no contexto da UTI de um hospital geral do município de São Paulo e o que é considerado para a tomada de decisão frente a esses dilemas. O estudo foi realizado numa abordagem qualitativa, sendo utilizada a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Foram realizadas entrevistas com dez enfermeiros atuantes na UTI. Após análise, emergiram as seguintes categorias e subcategorias: Categoria 1– Fatores geradores de dilemas. Subcategorias - valores e crenças, responsabilidade profissional e a relação com a família do paciente terminal; Categoria 2- Fatores que influenciam a tomada de decisão Subcategorias - o esclarecimento da família e do paciente terminal, a postura profissional de enfermeiros e médicos, as dificuldades referidas por enfermeiros, valores e princípios dos profissionais; Categoria 3- Participação no processo de tomada de decisão. Subcategorias - o paciente terminal, a família do paciente terminal, a equipe médica e os enfermeiros.; categoria 4- Interferências na assistência de enfermagem ao paciente terminal; Subcategorias - a organização do cuidado e os valores pessoais; categoria 5- Considerações sobre a terminalidade e sentimentos relacionados ao paciente terminal e categoria 6 - Constatação da obstinação terapêutica. O estudo mostrou que os enfermeiros deparam-se com dilemas éticos decorrentes da internação de pacientes terminais em UTI gerados por diversos fatores: a diversidade de valores; a presença dos pacientes terminais na UTI; os princípios religiosos; os valores pessoais; as incertezas a respeito da terminalidade do paciente e dos limites de intervenção para prolongar a vida; a responsabilidade profissional relacionada à sobrecarga de tarefas; a discordância de tomadas de decisão; a necessidade de priorizar o atendimento entre pacientes terminais e outros com possibilidades terapêuticas; a não aceitação do processo de morte pela família do paciente e a falta de esclarecimento sobre o seu quadro clínico. Foi constatado que os enfermeiros não participam ativamente das tomadas de decisão relacionadas às condutas com o paciente terminal, mas consideram importante a participação da família, o respeito pelo desejo do paciente e a participação de outros profissionais nesse processo. Além disso, para tomar decisão frente aos dilemas éticos, ele leva em conta os seus valores, a ética profissional, a empatia e o diálogo com os colegas. / The aims of the present study are twofold: to know the nurses perception about the existing ethical dilemmas during nursing assistance to terminal patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) context of a general hospital in São Paulo city, and what is considered in the decision-making when facing those dilemmas. The study was carried out with a qualitative approach, utilizing the content analysis proposed by Bardin. Interviews were made with ten practicing nurses in the ICU. After analysis, there emerged the following categories and subcategories: Category 1– Dilemma-generating factors. Subcategories - values and beliefs, professional responsibility, and the relation with terminal patient’s family; Category 2- Factors that influence the decision-making. Subcategories - the explanations to the family and to the terminal patient, the professional posture of nurses and doctors, the difficulties referred to by nurses, and the values and principles of these professionals; Category 3- Participation on process of decision-making. Subcategories - the terminal patient, the family of the terminal patient, the medical team, and the nurses; Category 4- Interferences in nursing support to the terminal patient; Subcategories - care organization and personal values; Category 5- Considerations on the terminality and feelings related to the terminal patient, and category 6 – therapeutic obstinacy verification. The study showed that the nurses face ethical dilemmas resulting from the terminal patient’s admission in the ICU generated by several factors: diversity of values; presence of terminal patients in the ICU; religious principles; personal values; uncertainties regarding the terminality of the patient and the limits of intervention to prolong life; the professional responsibility related to the overload of tasks; decision-taking discord; the necessity to prioritize care between terminal patient and others with therapeutical possibilities; non-acceptance of the death process by the patient’s family, and the absence of explanations about their clinical status. It was verified that the nurses do not participate actively in the decisions for dealing with the terminal patient, but they consider important the family participation, the respect for the patient’s wishes and the participation of other professionals in the process. In addition to that, they take into account their values, professional ethics, the empathy, and the dialogue with colleagues when taking decisions in the face of ethical dilemmas.

The diploma thesis focuses on the dilemmas of the social and legal guardians of children working with families where violence is present on children. The work deals with the ethical aspects of social work with families where family violence is committed and also with what dilemmas the workers of the institution of social and legal protection of children deal with this target group. Dilemma situations are illustrated by case studies. The selected dilemma is subjected to an analysis using the ethical theory of I. Kant. The thesis seeks to thoroughly reflect the principles of I. Kant's ethical theory, which can be helpful in solving this dilemma that arises when working with a family in which child violence is present.