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The impact of state policies and strategies in Ethiopia's development challengesTessema, Amha Dagnew 03 1900 (has links)
No abstract / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Land tenure reform and socioeconomic structures in Dabra Marqos (Gojjam), Ethiopia : c1901-1974Daniel Dejene Checkol 02 1900 (has links)
In this doctoral thesis I advance a new interpretation of the social and economic history of
Ethiopia beginning with the turn of the twentieth century and ending with the third decade of
that century. One of my achievements in this study is the careful utilization of property
documents in the reconstruction of the modern social history of Ethiopia, more precisely
Däbrä Marqos (Gojjam) in northwestern Ethiopia. Besides original use of property
documents in my study, I have used new and less conventional genre of sources, viz.,
courtroom observation, images, biblical references, private documents, and old sayings.
Combining these genre of sources and oral data helped me to provide a plausible story and
advance a new interpretation of the property system and the socioeconomic and power
relations arising from modern Däbrä Marqos (Gojjam). I emphasize the continued relevance
of tax appropriation in contemporary Däbrä Marqos (Gojjam). This is to counter an adverse
claim to tribute in kind and services as well as the resilience of old practices relating to land
use, political power, exploitation, social domination, landholding and violence. All these
served as the background to impede changes, in the course of progress of the imperial policy,
mostly, between liberation in 1941 and revolution in 1974. As the main argument embedded
in my study is that despite the attempt of the imperial state to figure out what the content of
land tenure and surplus appropriation in Däbrä Marqos (Gojjam) was like, in actual fact
what the effort produced was the people's multiple reaction. New measures relating to
property reform which the imperial state tried to codify and fix failed to achieve stability and
order, precipitated a revolution leading to the end of the imperial rule with broadly similar
historical trajectory to what many scholars viewed on the subject. / History / D. Phil. (History)
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The impact of state policies and strategies in Ethiopia's development challengeTessema, Amha Dagnew 03 1900 (has links)
No abstract available / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Poverty alleviation through community development : the case of PRO PRIDE-EthiopiaAtfaye, Haile 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Misunderstanding of poverty and lack of sound poverty alleviating strategy, among
others, are problems of some of the few NGOs existing in Ethiopia. There is a
problem of understanding their roles in relation to the State and other stakeholders.
The principles they apply in their intervention are other problems. These are the issues
that were researched in the PRO PRIDE case study.
The legitimacy of PRO PRIDE as a poverty-alleviating programme in view of global
and Ethiopian poverty and the consequent policy focuses is justified.
The principles of PRO PRIDE - community participation, gender equity, intersectoral
collaboration, appropriate technology, focus on prevention, participatory
management, cost effectiveness and sustainability of programmes - are sound
principles. Reviewing the practices of PRO PRIDE as guided by the aforementioned
principles it is understood that the community development principles - human
orientation, public participation, empowerment, ownership, release, social learning,
adaptiveness and simplicity - are commendably achieved.
PRO PRIDE well dealt with understanding poverty and its interwoven nature. Issues
such as the deprivation trap that the poor are entangled in; the general explanation of
poverty that are given by different authors; vicious cycles of poverty and social,
economic and political causes of poverty which are operating at local, national and
international levels; and the rural-urban dynamics that work in exacerbating the urban
poverty are covered in its socio-economic study. The study of the programme areas
shows that they depict a dismal picture as a result of the operation of these poverty
dynamics.
Regarding the integrated rural-urban poverty alleviation strategy, the State has made
favourable policies and itself dwelled on rural poverty due to lack of financial
capacity to cover both rural and urban areas. The State's rural focus is accepted to
impact on the urban poverty through changing the migration pattern. PRO PRIDE is
operating in the urban setting to connect the nexus - the rural-urban strategy. PRO
PRIDE is operating with an integrated urban development strategy encompassing
income generation, basic education, primary health care, HIV IAIDS prevention and
control and environmental sanitation. Through integrating these areas of intervention
PRO PRIDE is improving the quality of life, promoting sustainable urban economic growth, creating income and employment generating opportunities, giving people
access to resources and opportunities, improving the distribution of income and
welfare, and applying sound developmental principles.
The functioning of PRO PRIDE is proven to be in a well compliance with the
requirement for organisations alike. It is functioning in collaboration and participation
with the popular sector - the people themselves and their community leaders. It
operates with the agreement of the State bodies such as FRDCB and with other line
bureaus such as Health, Education, Environmental Development, and Labour and
Social Affairs. It collaborates with donors the major being ActionAid - Ethiopia
(AAE). Internal components of PRO PRIDE such as the Board and the staff as well as
its organisational development influence its operation. All the programmes and the
projects are managed through PRO PRIDE's interaction with its internal and external
stakeho lders.
PRO PRIDE as an agent of development has played as a catalyst to initiate
development, focused on empowerment and using the people's latent potential,
materialised capacity building and facilitation. These are basically the requirements
that the current NGOs should fulfill, which PRO PRIDE commendably did.
The study has indicated that although PRO PRIDE is an organisation of overall
success, there are some areas of future focus both by the State and PRO PRIDE.
Recommendations are made as to what both parties should do in their future focuses. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanopvattings oor armoede en die gebrek aan gesonde strategieë vir die verligting
van armoede, onder andere, is swakhede van sommige van die paar bestaande NGO's
in Ethiopië. Verder ondervind hulle ook probleme om hulle rol met betrekking tot die
Staat en ander deelhouers te verstaan; ook die beginsels wat hulle by intervensie
beoefen, is problematies. Hierdie is die kwessies wat deur die PRO PRIDE
gevallestudie ondersoek word.
Die legitimiteit van PRO PRIDE as 'n armoede-verligtende program, gesien in die lig
van die globale en Ethiopiese armoede en die voortspruitende beleidsfokusse, word
geregverdig.
Die beginsels van PRO PRIDE - gemeenskapsdeelname, geslagsgelykheid,
intersektorale samewerking, geskikte tegnologie, fokus op voorkoming, deelnemende
bestuur, koste-effektiwiteit en die volhoubaarheid van programme - is gesonde
beginsels. Oorweging van die praktyke van PRO PRIDE aan die hand van
voorgenoemde beginsels toon dat die beginsels van gemeenskapsontwikkeling -
menslike oriëntasie, openbare deelname, bemagtiging, eienaarskap, bevryding, sosiale
leer, aanpasbaarheid en eenvoudigheid - noemenswaardig verwesenlik is.
PRO PRIDE het goed daarin geslaag om armoede en die verweefde aard daarvan te
verstaan. Kwessies soos die ontberingsvalstrik waarin die armes vasgevang is; die
algemene verklarings vir armoede deur verskillende skrywers; die bose kringloop van
armoede en die sosiale, ekonomiese en politieke oorsake van armoede, aangetref op
plaaslike, nasionale en internasionale vlakke; asook die landelik-stedelike dinamika
wat meewerk tot die verergering van stedelike armoede word gedek in die sosio-ekonomiese
studie. Die bestudering van die programareas verbeeld 'n droewige
prentjie te wyte aan die operering van hierdie armoede- dinamiek.
Betreffende die geïntegreerde landelik-stedelike armoede-verligtingstrategie, het die
Staat gunstige beleide gemaak en oorheersend gefokus op landelike armoede vanweë
'n gebrek aan finansiële kapasiteit vir die aanspreking van die probleem in beide
landelike en stedelike gebiede. Die Staat se landelike fokus is aanneemlik gevind vir
die impak wat dit op stedelike armoede kon hê deur verandering van die migrasiepatroon.
PRO PRIDE opereer vanuit 'n stedelike omgewing om die verbinding, landelik-stedelike strategie, te bewerkstellig. Dit opereer binne 'n geïntegreerde
stedelike ontwikkelingstrategie behelsende inkomstegenerering, basiese opvoeding,
primêre gesondheidsorg, VIGS-voorkoming en -beheer, asook omgewingsanitasie.
Deur integrering van hierdie tussenkomsgebiede verbeter PRO PRIDE
lewenskwaliteit, bevorder dit volhoubare stedelike ekonomiese groei, genereer dit
inkomste- en indiensnemingsgeleenthede, maak dit hulpbronne en geleenthede
toeganklik vir mense, verbeter dit die distribusie van inkomste en welvaart en pas dit
gesonde ontwikkelingsbeginsels toe.
Die funksionering van PRO PRIDE is bewys te voldoen aan die vereistes gestel vir
ooreenstemmende organisasies. Dit funksioneer met die samewerking en deelname
van die volksektor - die mense en hulle gemeenskapsleiers. Dit opereer met die
instemming van Staatsorgane soos FRDCB en ander lynstaatsinstansies soos dié van
Gesondheid, Opvoeding, Omgewingsontwikkeling en Arbeid en Sosiale
Aangeleenthede. PRO PRIDE werk ook saam met donateurs van wie die vernaamste
ActionAid-Ethiopië (AAE) is. Interne komponente soos die Raad en personeel, asook
die organisatoriese ontwikkeling van PRO PRIDE beïnvloed die operering daarvan.
Alle programme en projekte word bestuur deur PRO PRIDE se interaksie met sy
interne en eksterne deelhouers. PRO PRIDE as 'n ontwikkelingsagent het as 'n
katalisator opgetree om ontwikkeling te inisieer, het gefokus op bemagtiging en
gebruik van die mense se latente potensiaal en het kapasiteitsbou en fasilitering
bewerkstellig. Hierdie basiese vereistes waaraan NGO's behoort te voldoen is
noemenswaardig deur PRO PRIDE gerealiseer.
Die studie het getoon dat hoewel PRO PRIDE in die geheel geslaag het as
organisasie, daar tog sommige gebiede is wat toekomstige aandag van beide die Staat
en PRO PRIDE verdien. Aanbevelings word gemaak oor wat beide partye in hul
toekomstige fokus behoort te onderneem.
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Poverty and Conflict: A Self-Perpetuating Cycle in the Somali Regional State (Region 5), Ethiopia: 1960-2010Teshome, Bisrat 01 January 2011 (has links)
Region 5 is one of the most impoverished and insecure regions of Ethiopia. For decades, the region has suffered from a multitude of armed conflicts involving state and non-state actors. Region 5 is also one of the most underserved states of Ethiopia with some of the lowest levels of human development indicators nationwide. Although the adversities of poverty and conflict are widely acknowledged in their own respect, there has been little or no inquest into why poverty and conflict have prevailed under the same space for decades. Poverty and conflict have often been seen as separate phenomena that are dealt with using different sets of theories and practices in the real world. Nonetheless, a closer look at poverty and conflict in Region 5 reveals that both are strongly connected to each other. The poverty-conflict trap has been an on-going cycle in the region for the last five decades. The main intent of this research paper is analyzing the two-way relationship between poverty and conflict in Region 5. By studying this relationship, this analysis seeks to contribute to a new framework that brings peacebuilding and development closer.
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Coping mechanisms of food insecure households in urban EthiopiaTilahun Girma Argaw 01 1900 (has links)
With an increasing rate of urbanisation in East Africa, and with the highest prevalence rate of
undernourished population than any region in the developing world, the issue of food access
insecurity in urban areas has received considerable attention. While there are noticeable differences
between big, medium- and small-sized towns, the variation in the household’s response to food access
insecurity across urban hierarchies remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the
social, economic and demographic factors in coping with food access insecurity among households in
urban slum areas of Ethiopia.
The study used both secondary and primary data sources. The national surveys of household
consumption and expenditure survey and welfare monitoring surveys of 2004/5, 2010/11, and
2015/16 was used to analyse the food security situation in Ethiopia across time and urban hierarchies.
Primary data of 500 households and three focus group discussions were conducted from slum areas of
Addis Ababa, Hawassa, and Sheki representing a big city, medium- and small-sized town,
respectively. The household survey data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and a
standard regression model to investigate the relationship between factors such as household structure
and composition, economic resources, social protection programmes and projects, and urban-rural
linkages with coping with food access insecurity across urban hierarchies. A global model and three
site-specific regression models were constructed.
Descriptive results from both the primary and the secondary data sources have revealed that the
proportion of the households affected by food shortage varies across the urban hierarchy that food
insecurity was highest in the small-sized town as compared with the medium-sized town and the big
city. The quality of food consumed was consistently low among female-headed households regardless
of their socio-economic characteristics when compared with male-headed households. The result of
the regression analysis for the global model has shown that economic resources (asset and source of
income) predict nearly half of the variability in coping with food access insecurity. Household
structure and composition such as gender and education of the head of the household, family structure
(nuclear/extended), and the ratio of young children in the household predict a quarter of the variability
in coping. Social protection programs and services predict one-tenth; the remaining variability in
coping is explained by the combined effect of all the factors involved.
The significance of these factors in predicting coping with food access insecurity, however, varies
across the urban hierarchies. The contribution of economic factors in predicting coping is the highest
at the big city (Addis Ababa); household structure and composition took the leading role in predicting
coping at the small-sized town (Sheki); the significant factors in predicting coping at the mediumsized
town (Hawassa) was the combined effect of all the factors involved. Household characteristics
such as female headship, a higher ratio of young children, low education of the household head, lack
of access to the financial loan, asset and income poverty, and weak linkages with kin structure at rural
areas increase vulnerability to food insecurity and put households under stress to cope with food
access insecurity.
The study results show that the traditional urban-rural dichotomy may not suffice to portray the
degree of food insecurity, as well as the mechanisms how food insecure households strive to cope
with food access insecurity, which varies across the continuum of urban hierarchies. Those who wish
to support food insecurity challenges need to be sensitive to the variability of factors in coping with
food access insecurity across urban hierarchies. During policy, design and program implementation
policymakers and international partners need to consider that the needs and coping mechanisms of
urban households vary across urban hierarchies besides the other social, economic and demographic
variables. / Development Studies / Ph. D. (Development Studies)
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Participatory development communication in Ethiopia : a local development organization in focusAdem Chanie Ali 01 1900 (has links)
This research explores the perception and practice of participatory communication for development. To this end, the study focuses on a leading local Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) named Organisation for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara (ORDA), Ethiopia. This qualitative case study was based on the participatory development communication model which has been assumed to bring about sustainable socio-economic change of a country (Melkote & Steeves, 2001; Mefalopulos, 2008; Servaes, 2008). The data were collected using in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), document analysis and field observation. The collected data were organised and analysed in the form of content and thematic analysis. The results revealed economic oriented and top down approach to development communication as the dominant conceptions, and majority of the research participants perceived the concept ‘participation’ as mere contributions of labour and materials which are not real participation, but co-option. Only a few of the management members of ORDA conceptualized the idea of ‘participation’ as an empowerment process in which the organisation’s official document is also stated. Besides, the results showed no genuine participation of the local community in ORDA’s development process. Generally, these results could lead us to conclude that participatory communication was the missing link in the development process. That is, communication was perceived as a transmission of development information and an image building activity, not a process of empowerment. The major communications practices of ORDA were also best described as one-way top down which could reveal the legacy of modernisation and dependency theories of the development literature. The study further indicated pressing factors such as individual, organisational and environmental related affecting the implementation of ORDA’s participatory development communication.
The results of study further indicated that participatory development communication was not used a means of liberation from the chain of poverty, dependency syndrome and other underdevelopment problems which deeply persist in the region. Based on the findings, the study commends the mainstreaming of participatory development communication both at the perceptual and practical level for achieving sustainable development in rural Amhara region, Ethiopia. / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication) / Communication
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Livelihoods and coping strategies of rural households in Abela Lida Peasant Association of Shebedino District, Southern EthiopiaKemeria Barsenga Kedir 05 1900 (has links)
Executive summary: last page (unnumbered) / The Sustainable Livelihood framework approach is a comprehensive method for determination of food insecurity and poverty at household level. The objective of this study was to determine the livelihood strategies and the coping mechanisms used by rural households in Abela Lida PA, Shebedino district, Southern Ethiopia. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to estimate the contribution of different resources to total food access and cash income, detailing expenditure patterns, asset holdings and capacity to cope with shocks. Simple random sampling was used for selecting 72 households for the survey. The data was collected during the hunger season using the checklists designed for livelihood and coping strategies.
The study showed only 30% households had all the adults as working members, due to poor work skill, low awareness and lack of job opportunities. The main sources of income are sale of cash crops mainly coffee (55.6%) followed by sale of cash crops plus livestock (18%), labour (12.5%), PSNP (8.3%). The average annual income for the households was found to be birr 4,727.92 (~$293.34) and agriculture is the main livelihood strategy.
Awareness and access to basic social services has improved and escalated price of staple foods, has negatively affected poor households and safety net beneficiaries who rely on purchase. Seasonality has also affected agricultural activities, prices and employment opportunities. The increase in fuel price was found to be the main shock followed by coffee price fluctuations and failure in purchasing power of money. About (63%) households faced shortage of food or money to buy food, medical expenses, cooking fuel and school fees. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M.A. (Human Ecology)
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Livelihoods and coping strategies of rural households in Abela Lida Peasant Association of Shebedino District, Southern EthiopiaKemeria Barsenga Kedir 05 1900 (has links)
Executive summary: last page (unnumbered) / The Sustainable Livelihood framework approach is a comprehensive method for determination of food insecurity and poverty at household level. The objective of this study was to determine the livelihood strategies and the coping mechanisms used by rural households in Abela Lida PA, Shebedino district, Southern Ethiopia. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to estimate the contribution of different resources to total food access and cash income, detailing expenditure patterns, asset holdings and capacity to cope with shocks. Simple random sampling was used for selecting 72 households for the survey. The data was collected during the hunger season using the checklists designed for livelihood and coping strategies.
The study showed only 30% households had all the adults as working members, due to poor work skill, low awareness and lack of job opportunities. The main sources of income are sale of cash crops mainly coffee (55.6%) followed by sale of cash crops plus livestock (18%), labour (12.5%), PSNP (8.3%). The average annual income for the households was found to be birr 4,727.92 (~$293.34) and agriculture is the main livelihood strategy.
Awareness and access to basic social services has improved and escalated price of staple foods, has negatively affected poor households and safety net beneficiaries who rely on purchase. Seasonality has also affected agricultural activities, prices and employment opportunities. The increase in fuel price was found to be the main shock followed by coffee price fluctuations and failure in purchasing power of money. About (63%) households faced shortage of food or money to buy food, medical expenses, cooking fuel and school fees. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M.A. (Human Ecology)
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Socio-economic impacts of Villagisation and large-scale agricultural investment on the indigenous people of Gambella, South West EthiopiaAfera Alemu Desta 12 1900 (has links)
Villagisation and large-scale agricultural investments in Gambella region has been a major concern of human right groups. The Ethiopian government argues that Villagisation program is voluntary and part of Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) which attempts to bring
development to indigenous communities and nothing to do with large-scale agricultural investment. On the contrary, human right groups and local civil society organizations claim that the Ethiopian government is forcefully relocating indigenous people from their ancestral
land under the disguise of development while the true motive of the government is to expand agricultural investment in the region at the expense of the livelihood of the local communities.
This research is an attempt to investigate the controversial Villagisation and large-scale agricultural investment in Gambella regional state by looking into the link between large scale agricultural investment and Villagisation. The main focus of the research is to examine
the impacts of agricultural investment and Villagisation in Gambella region the light of the Ethiopian government policy in the region and the alleged development induced human right violations.
The research is based on a qualitative method to capture data from 32 Villagisation sites using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. For the purpose of this study, 241 participants were selected from the study sites to participate in the research.
Out of the 241 participants 75 of them were participated in in-depth interviews and the rest were included in focus group discussions and informal discussions based on the participants’ knowledge, views, experience and feelings associated with Villagisation and
large-scale agricultural investment in the region. The findings of this study show no indication of involuntary Villagisation, no significant
relationship between Villagisation and investment, or no evidence of previously occupied land being leased to investors. However, the study reveals that there has been serious lack of communication and misinformation from the government side in the process of planning
and implementing the Villagisation program. Owing to this, suspicion and lack of trust between government officials and the local communities characterized implementation of the Villagisation project. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)
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