In this paper, we investigate if there is any ethnic discrimination towards Hispanics in the labor market for the US and how Donald Trump’s involvement has affected it. By comparing the income of Hispanics with White-Americans with data collected from IPUMS between the years 2010-2019. We investigated the period before and after 2016 when he got elected as the new president for the United States. We looked further into his different statements against the Hispanic population and how that might have affected the Hispanics overall. This paper result was obtained through the difference in difference model with the help of our linear probability model. From this model, a different coefficient and a dummy variable were created to get a result with accuracy for this study. The results showed that the logarithmic income for both ethnicities has decreased over time, but just slightly. Furthermore, our results indicated no increased ethnic discrimination in terms of income during our given time interval. However, we could see a difference in educational attainment. Those with higher education earned more after 2016 than previous years, which goes for Hispanics and White-Americans. We interpret the results by seeing no significant change in the Hispanic’s income level, meaning that Trump did not affect their income. However, we can conclude that there was an income gap before Trump's presidency started and that his time as president did neither increase nor decrease the gap between the two ethnicities in our research.

How did the Italian mafia affect honest Italian descendants on the American labor market? This is a study about how an exogenous shock to ethnic discrimination on the labor market affected a whole ethnic group. The goal with this study is to analyze how a massacre by Al Capone’s crew in 1929 affected Italian workers on the American labor market. Using linked census-data of all working-age men 1920-30, this paper studies the ethnic discrimination of second-generation Italian immigrants. The treatment group is Italian men, and the control groups are other immigrants and natives. Three different outcome variables will be used, employment, wage employment, and self-employment. The results suggest that Italians saw lower chances of being employed, lower chances of being wage employed, and higher chances of being self-employed post 1930 compared to other immigrants and natives. This suggest that Italians were forced into self-employment. A conclusion that the ethnic discrimination towards Italians is a result of the tragic massacre cannot be made due to no data on the news distribution. The news distribution system in America could give an indication on how the news were shown in surrounding areas and this could therefore reflect the employers’ attitudes towards Italians. Further studies are therefore required in order to conclude if the massacre gave Italians a harder time on the labor market or not but for now, we have an indication on that Italians were more affected post 1930 compared to other immigrants and natives.

What is the political significance of affiliation with voluntary associations for people with and without foreign backgrounds in Sweden? Does associational affiliation offer an opportunity to influence the political decision-making process for those otherwise disfavoured in terms of political resources? Or does it rather aggravate the political marginalisation of people with foreign backgrounds? This thesis is based on two large-scale surveys that have been designed explicitly to deal with questions of this sort. It is shown that there are substantial differences in associational affiliation between people with and without foreign backgrounds. Interestingly, these differences are strongly correlated with patterns of ethnification and ethnic discrimination in Swedish society. Individuals who have migrated to Sweden from Western Europe and North America participate in voluntary associations to the same extent as native Swedes. In contrast, the levels of associational affiliation are consistently lower among people who have migrated to Sweden from other parts of the world, even controlling for age, education, occupation and other potentially important factors. The study supports the widely held notion that there is a positive causal relation between associational affiliation and political participation. However, this seems to be true only with regard to certain forms of political participation and only seldom to such an extent that differences in associational affiliation can be said to strongly affect the relative levels of political engagement of people with and without foreign backgrounds. In particular, the observed differences in associational affiliation seem to have little to do with the often debated marginalisation of immigrants in the electoral arena. / Etnisk organisering och politisk integration i storstaden

Despite a consensus that psychosocial adversity plays a role in the onset of psychosis, the nature of this role and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined the complex relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) and paranoid ideation and its mediating factors, in individuals with Attenuated Psychotic Syndrome (APS) using a virtual reality paradigm to objectively quantify paranoia. Secondly, a sensory gating deficit, indexed by P50 Event Related Potential (ERP) abnormalities was examined, and the combined effect of electrophysiological sensory gating deficits and psycho-social adversity on the development of psychosis was explored. Results showed that perceived maternal neglect and antipathy in childhood, PED and perceived social support were key factors in young adults with APS. Also PED was positively correlated with persecutory paranoia. Furthermore, individuals with APS displayed sensory gating impairments. Therefore, perceived exposure to adverse experiences and sensory gating deficits observed in individuals with APS are present before the first episode and are consistent with current biopsychosocial models in which early psychosocial stress, later psychosocial adversity and neurocognitive functioning plays a key role in the development of psychosis.

Sweden has been criticized from the United Nations as well as from the European Union for not putting enough effort into discouraging ethnic discrimination on the labour market. At the same time discrimination can be problematic while it’s a personal experience that is to be judged by criterions of the law. This seems to be a particular problem in cases of harassments. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine the national labour law of ethnic discrimination in terms of harassments due to ethnicity. Aiming at creating a more interesting study, the Critical race theory is used to analyze legal judgements from the labour court. By using the legal dogmatic method relevant laws, prepatory works and legal judgements are carefully analyzed in order to answer the research questions of the essay. The results of the study points out a special problem when work places are influenced by a rough jargon. This while the consequences are that harassed workers seems to get problems explaining their feelings of being insulted. A rough jargon also makes it harder for both employers and employees who insults others to get awareness and insight about occurrence of eventual harassments. The Swedish labour court tend to judge cases of harassments due to ethnicity restrictive, which results in an inability to respect the exposed employee’s experience. The way of using the burden of proof in these cases is also shown to be handled in a classic way by the labour court. The restrictive judgements and the way of using the burden of proof can be criticized, especially from a critical race point of view, since the consequence is a difficulty for ethnic discriminated employees to win approval in the labour court. Taken together it appears as the Swedish labour court is a part of the structural ethnic discrimination in the working life of Sweden.

During the last decade, Sweden has experienced an increase in number of immigrants. In the north of Sweden, Umeå is one of the municipalities with most constant increases. Their working situation is often related to businesses with lower thresholds and the hotel industry is one of these branches. The hotel market is at the same time rising which makes it of interest to describe the hotel industries attitude towards immigrants as working labor.   The aim of this study is to see how immigrants are treated by a service-based labor market in Sweden. This will be examined through semi- structured interviews with support from previous studies and theories. The respondents will be recruitment staffs from hotels in Umeå municipality and the interviews will focus on their point of view.   The results indicate what an immigrant is facing in the Swedish labor market and has been divided into four themes: part time workers labor market, treatment at the working place, cooperation and competence. The study also compares Sweden with England, as previous studies have shown that England has a large number of immigrants working in hotel business.

To investigate whether there is unequal treatment for ethnic minorities in the sharing economy this paper conducts a field experiment on Airbnb in Sweden. The key findings report that inquiries from guests with Arabic-sounding names are 17 percentage points less likely to receive a booking invitation compared to guests with Swedish-sounding names. The discrimination is robust across host and listing characteristics. Furthermore, the results show that being associated with a lower social class decreases the probability of receiving a booking invitation for guests with Arabic-sounding names but not for guests with Swedish-sounding names, suggesting that the signal of social class is stronger for guests with Arabic-sounding names.

This thesis presents a field experiment on the topic of ethnic discrimination in the contact between citizens and local Swedish politicians. A correspondence technique was used to investigate whether ethnicity affects how responsive Municipal Commissioners are to questions regarding school politics. By sending an email to each Municipal Commissioner, randomising whether a putative Arabic or Swedish alias was used, it aimed to find potentialpatterns in how different groups of citizens are treated by their local political representatives. In total, eight fictitious individuals were created which each contained a unique mixture of ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic status. In general, the result shows no statistically significant signs of discrimination of individuals with Arabic-sounding names. Evidence of gender disparities among Arabic individuals was neither found. However, Arabic females are significantly less likely to receive a reply than Swedish females. Furthermore, the result indicates that socioeconomic status affects political responsiveness toward individuals with Arabic background. This should be considered problematic and noteworthy in the case of Sweden, given its reputation of being a highly egalitarian and well-functioning democracy. The findings further stress the importance to acknowledge that different categories of social identities may interact with ethnic discrimination. This consequently calls upon appropriate approaches to study it.

The goal of this study is to understanding ethnic discrimination by employing a complex theoretical approach which allows for an understanding of ethnic relations and ethnic discrimination as a social process. The study includes a case study at Volvo Torslandaverken in Gothenburg, and focuses on ethnic discrimination against the background of both structural conditions and situational factors. The analysis results from studying personnel statistics and interviews with salaried employees, union elected representatives, and workers. The study includes two technical and organizational environments. The first environment, manual systems, demands loyalty of individuals to the technical and organizational system. The other environment, integrated mechanization, has a decentralized group organizational structure. Both environments are studied with consideration taken to recruiting, leadership, and solidarity among workers. The results show that ethnic discrimination appears to be a very complicated phenomena, the expression of which is a consequence of dynamic interplay between structure and action. New forms of work have meant that workers' professional skills are now organized to compliment one another and they work more in groups. This has resulted in an increased need for familiar cultural and social skills within the groups. Such a development risks encouraging varying degrees of negligence, aversion, and exclusion of ethnic views. / digitalisering@umu

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka ifall invandrare och svenskfödda med utländsk bakgrund någon gång har utsatts för etnisk diskriminering under deras liv i Sverige och hur denna etniska diskriminering i så fall sett ut. Följande frågeställningar har använts för att besvara syftet: har respondenterna någonsin utsatts för etnisk diskriminering i Sverige, om ja hur har diskrimineringen kommit till uttryck samt upplever de respondenter som utsatts för etnisk diskriminering att den på något sätt påverkat deras hälsa? I studien användes en kvalitativ metod med individuella intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Respondentgruppen bestod av två invandrare bosatta i Sverige och tre svenskfödda med annan etnisk bakgrund. Tolkningen av det insamlade intervjumaterialet utfördes med hjälp av de hermeneutiska principerna. Resultaten visade bland annat att samtliga respondenter hade utsatts för etnisk diskriminering i Sverige, varav majoriteten av dessa hade utsatts under en längre period samt vid upprepade tillfällen. De flesta respondenterna som diskriminerades, blev det genom bland annat orättvist behandling, nedvärderande blickar och kommentarer, vilket samtidigt har påverkat deras psykiska hälsa negativt. Den respondent som hade utsatts mest för etnisk diskriminering var av utomnordiskt ursprung, medan respondenten som hade utsatts minst var av europeiskt ursprung. / This study has the purpose to examine if immigrants living in Sweden and Swedish-born with foreign backgrounds have ever been subjected to ethnic discrimination during their residency in Sweden and how the ethnic discrimination would come to look like. In order to answer the purpose, the following questions have been used: have the respondents ever been subjected to ethnic discrimination in Sweden, if yes how has the discrimination been expressed and has this subjection in any way impacted the respondents’ health. In this study a qualitative method was used, with individual interviews as a data collection method. The respondent group consisted of two immigrants residing in Sweden and three Swedish-born with other foreign backgrounds. The interpretation of the obtained interview material was carried out using the hermeneutic principles. The results show that all the participating respondents have been subjected to ethnic discrimination, of which the majority for an extended period of time and repeatedly. Most respondents that were discriminated against were among other things subjected to unfair treatment, disparaging glances and comments, with a negative impact on their mental health. The respondent that had been affected the most where of non-Nordic descent, the least affected respondent was of European descent.