This doctoral thesis considers how factors from the home country, the family, and the individual impact the risk for criminal offending among young males from a foreign background residing in Stockholm. I use Swedish register data to examine the risk for police registered suspicion of criminal offending. The introductory chapter presents an historical overview of immigration in Sweden, theories of criminal offending, and details about analysis of register data. It is followed by three empirical studies that consider unique risk factors for crime among children of immigrants while controlling for factors encountered within Sweden. The first study shows that young male children of immigrants do not seem to be inherently violent as a result of coming from a war-torn country. The second study indicates that it is not the age at immigration, but the family situation that seems to dictate criminal propensity. The final study suggests that threats of deportation and stricter immigration policies do not seem to deter criminality. The most interesting result was probably that high home country human development was a protective factor against crime. This is the first known work to uncover such a result. Future theoretical development may be best aimed at unpacking and empirically evaluating the human development index as a risk factor. Together, these three studies suggest that some previously unconsidered uniquely immigrant factors are related to risk for criminality. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

In Sweden, children and adolescents with two foreign-born parents constitute 17% of all children in the Swedish population. AIMS: The aims of this thesiswere to collect knowledge of the prevalence of gingivitis, caries and caries associated variables, in the 3-, 5-, 10- and 15-year age groups with two foreign born parents compared with their counterparts with Swedish-born parents in a ten-year perspective (Study I). To investigate the prevalence of caries and caries-associated variables in 15-year-olds in relation to foreign backgrounds and to examine differences in the prevalence of caries in adolescents with foreign backgrounds according to their length of residence in Sweden (StudyII). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 1993 and 2003, cross-sectional studies with random samples of individuals in the age groups of 3, 5, 10 and 15 years were performed in Jönköping, Sweden. The oral health status of all individuals was examined clinically and radiographically. The children or their parents also answered a questionnaire about their attitudes to, and knowledge of, teeth and oral health care habits. The final study sample comprised 739 children and adolescents, 154 with two foreign-born parents (F cohort) and 585 with two Swedish-born parents (S cohort) (Study I). In Study II, all 15-year-olds(n=143) at one school in the city of Jönköping were asked to participate in the study. The final sample comprised 117 individuals, 51 with foreign-born parents and 66 with Swedish-born parents. All the individuals were interviewed using a structured questionnaire with visualisation e.g. food packages, sweets and snacks. Information about DFS was collected from case records at the Public Dental Service. RESULTS: In both 1993 and 2003, more 3- and 5-yearolds in the S cohort were caries free compared with the F cohort. In 1993, dfs was higher among 3- and 5-year-olds in the F cohort (p&lt;0.01) compared with the S cohort. In 2003, dfs/DFS was statistically significantly higher in all age groups among children and adolescents in the F cohort compared with the S cohort. In 2003, the odds ratio of being exposed to dental caries among 10- and 15-year-olds in the F cohort, adjusted for gender and age, was more than six times higher (OR=6.3, 95% CI:2.51-15.61; p&lt;0.001) compared with the S cohort (Study I). Fifteen-year-olds born in Sweden with foreign-born parents, or who had arrived before one year of age, had a caries prevalence similar to that of adolescents with Swedish-born parents, whereas children who had immigrated to Sweden after seven years of age had a caries prevalence that was two to three times higher (p &lt;0.06) (Study II). Both in 1993 and 2003, the mean of the percentage of tooth sites with plaque and gingivitis was numerically higher in all age groups in individuals with foreign backgrounds compared with Swedish background, except between the 15-year-olds (Study I). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in caries prevalence, in a ten-year perspective, was less among children and adolescents with foreign-born parents compared with children and adolescents with Swedish-born parents. In 2003, there was statistically significantly more caries in all age groups among children and adolescents with foreign-born parents compared with children and adolescents with Swedish-born parents. Children who immigrated to Sweden at age seven or later had a two to three times higher caries prevalence compared with their Swedish counterparts. The odds ratio for being exposed to dental caries was almost six times higher for 10- and 15-year olds with foreign-born parents compared with their Swedish counterparts. The intake of carbohydrate-rich food was higher among 15-year olds with foreign backgrounds compared to those with Swedish background. There is an obvious need to improve the promotion of oral health care programmes among children and adolescents with foreign-born parents.

<p>Integration av elever inför nationalprov i matematik i niondeklass är centrala teman för mitt examensarbete. Fokus lägger jag på eleverna som betraktas som svaga i ämnet och därmed undervisas med hjälp av en speciell lärobok eller i små grupper, förutom att de går i en vanlig klass. Eftersom elever med utländsk bakgrund brukar överrepresentera gruppen som betraktas som svagast i ämnet, tar jag dessutom upp problematiken över skolans svårigheter/möjligheter att skapa en undervisningsform och undervisningsmiljö i sin uppgift att åstadkomma en skola för alla.</p><p>Syftet med undersökningen är att skaffa mig en verklig vision om vilken syn/filosofi som skolan/lärare har i arbetet att integrera alla elever i undervisningen och ge en skola för alla dvs. en likvärdig utbildning för alla. Till största delen har jag använt mig av den social konstruktivistiska tänkande teoretiska perspektiv, för att genom att undersöka talet hos skolpersonal om meningar ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter” komma fram till svaren. De slutsatser jag har kunnat dra av undersökningen är, att skolor har en dålig uppfattning om skolsvårigheterna när de bara relaterar svårigheter (i det här fallet ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter”) till den absoluta synen av skolsvårigheter (dvs. eleverna egenskaper). Detta dålig uppfattning/ofullständiga synsätt på skolsvårigheter gör att elever i svårigheter med matematik (speciellt eleverna med utländsk bakgrund) inte integreras i undervisningen.</p><p>Eleverna som särplaceras i mindre grupper pga. handikapp- problem eller socialproblem, ingår ej i min studie.</p> / <p>Integration of students before national tests in mathematics in class 9 is the central issue for my work. I focus on the students who are considered to be weak in the subject and therefore are being given education with help of a special book or in small groups beside their normal attendance in a normal class. As students with foreign background usually dominate this group of students, I also bring up the problems for the school to create an education form and education environment in its task to obtain a school for all.</p><p>The aim with the investigation is to obtain a real vision of what view/philosophy that school and teachers have in the work to integrate all students in the education and give them an equal education. Most of the part I have utilized the social constructive theory in order to investigate the opinions of school personnel regarding general “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”. My conclusions are that the school has a bad comprehension about the school difficulties as they only relate difficulties (in this case “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”) to the absolute view of school difficulties (i.e. the characteristics of students). This bad comprehension/uncompleted vision of school difficulties result in that the students with difficulties in mathematics (especially the students with foreign background) are not being integrated into the education.</p><p>Students who are moved into small groups due to disablement problems or due to social problems are not being part of my study.</p>

<p><p>The purpose of this paper is to study the diversity in Swedish Public Service Radio channel P4. We study the diversity both among the editorial news staff and in the news-broadcasts. We also study the opinions of two news directors of the Swedish Public Service Radio channel P4. The organisation has a national diversity policy that they should follow. We investigate if it is really followed or if it is just a document.</p><p>We use Social Responsibility Theory to explain why media images should represent the actual society and Media Logic to explain the result of our study. We think it is important that media represent the same population as the region which it covers.</p><p>We used a quantitative method to explore the diversity in the news-broadcasts for two weeks (288 broadcasts) listening for people with a foreign background and qualitative interviews to find the opinions of the news directors in Kalmar and Malmö. To study the diversity in the editorial staff we used e-mail and telephone contact with the management on each of the 25 stations nationwide. We define foreign background as someone who the audience might assume as coming from a different country based on accent, pronunciation or name.</p><p>Our results show that nine percent of the editorial news staff on Swedish Public Service Channel P4 has a foreign background by our definition. 53 percent of them are women and 47 percent are men. 60 percent of these journalists are between 26 and 45 years of age. In Kalmar, 8,4 percent of the people who were heard in the news had a foreign background. This is a little higher than the percentage of the population who was born in another country in the region that these news are supposed to cover. In Malmö, 11,1 percent of the people who were heard in the news had a foreign background. This is lower than the percentage in this station’s region. Both news directors agree that the representation of people with foreign background could be better in their news.</p><p>Our conclusions are that the percentage of people with foreign background in the local area that the news is supposed to cover seems to matter very little when it comes to their representation in the news-broadcasts. We discuss different possible reasons for this in the paper.</p></p>

Integration av elever inför nationalprov i matematik i niondeklass är centrala teman för mitt examensarbete. Fokus lägger jag på eleverna som betraktas som svaga i ämnet och därmed undervisas med hjälp av en speciell lärobok eller i små grupper, förutom att de går i en vanlig klass. Eftersom elever med utländsk bakgrund brukar överrepresentera gruppen som betraktas som svagast i ämnet, tar jag dessutom upp problematiken över skolans svårigheter/möjligheter att skapa en undervisningsform och undervisningsmiljö i sin uppgift att åstadkomma en skola för alla. Syftet med undersökningen är att skaffa mig en verklig vision om vilken syn/filosofi som skolan/lärare har i arbetet att integrera alla elever i undervisningen och ge en skola för alla dvs. en likvärdig utbildning för alla. Till största delen har jag använt mig av den social konstruktivistiska tänkande teoretiska perspektiv, för att genom att undersöka talet hos skolpersonal om meningar ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter” komma fram till svaren. De slutsatser jag har kunnat dra av undersökningen är, att skolor har en dålig uppfattning om skolsvårigheterna när de bara relaterar svårigheter (i det här fallet ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter”) till den absoluta synen av skolsvårigheter (dvs. eleverna egenskaper). Detta dålig uppfattning/ofullständiga synsätt på skolsvårigheter gör att elever i svårigheter med matematik (speciellt eleverna med utländsk bakgrund) inte integreras i undervisningen. Eleverna som särplaceras i mindre grupper pga. handikapp- problem eller socialproblem, ingår ej i min studie. / Integration of students before national tests in mathematics in class 9 is the central issue for my work. I focus on the students who are considered to be weak in the subject and therefore are being given education with help of a special book or in small groups beside their normal attendance in a normal class. As students with foreign background usually dominate this group of students, I also bring up the problems for the school to create an education form and education environment in its task to obtain a school for all. The aim with the investigation is to obtain a real vision of what view/philosophy that school and teachers have in the work to integrate all students in the education and give them an equal education. Most of the part I have utilized the social constructive theory in order to investigate the opinions of school personnel regarding general “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”. My conclusions are that the school has a bad comprehension about the school difficulties as they only relate difficulties (in this case “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”) to the absolute view of school difficulties (i.e. the characteristics of students). This bad comprehension/uncompleted vision of school difficulties result in that the students with difficulties in mathematics (especially the students with foreign background) are not being integrated into the education. Students who are moved into small groups due to disablement problems or due to social problems are not being part of my study.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka ifall invandrare och svenskfödda med utländsk bakgrund någon gång har utsatts för etnisk diskriminering under deras liv i Sverige och hur denna etniska diskriminering i så fall sett ut. Följande frågeställningar har använts för att besvara syftet: har respondenterna någonsin utsatts för etnisk diskriminering i Sverige, om ja hur har diskrimineringen kommit till uttryck samt upplever de respondenter som utsatts för etnisk diskriminering att den på något sätt påverkat deras hälsa? I studien användes en kvalitativ metod med individuella intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Respondentgruppen bestod av två invandrare bosatta i Sverige och tre svenskfödda med annan etnisk bakgrund. Tolkningen av det insamlade intervjumaterialet utfördes med hjälp av de hermeneutiska principerna. Resultaten visade bland annat att samtliga respondenter hade utsatts för etnisk diskriminering i Sverige, varav majoriteten av dessa hade utsatts under en längre period samt vid upprepade tillfällen. De flesta respondenterna som diskriminerades, blev det genom bland annat orättvist behandling, nedvärderande blickar och kommentarer, vilket samtidigt har påverkat deras psykiska hälsa negativt. Den respondent som hade utsatts mest för etnisk diskriminering var av utomnordiskt ursprung, medan respondenten som hade utsatts minst var av europeiskt ursprung. / This study has the purpose to examine if immigrants living in Sweden and Swedish-born with foreign backgrounds have ever been subjected to ethnic discrimination during their residency in Sweden and how the ethnic discrimination would come to look like. In order to answer the purpose, the following questions have been used: have the respondents ever been subjected to ethnic discrimination in Sweden, if yes how has the discrimination been expressed and has this subjection in any way impacted the respondents’ health. In this study a qualitative method was used, with individual interviews as a data collection method. The respondent group consisted of two immigrants residing in Sweden and three Swedish-born with other foreign backgrounds. The interpretation of the obtained interview material was carried out using the hermeneutic principles. The results show that all the participating respondents have been subjected to ethnic discrimination, of which the majority for an extended period of time and repeatedly. Most respondents that were discriminated against were among other things subjected to unfair treatment, disparaging glances and comments, with a negative impact on their mental health. The respondent that had been affected the most where of non-Nordic descent, the least affected respondent was of European descent.

The purpose of this paper is to study the diversity in Swedish Public Service Radio channel P4. We study the diversity both among the editorial news staff and in the news-broadcasts. We also study the opinions of two news directors of the Swedish Public Service Radio channel P4. The organisation has a national diversity policy that they should follow. We investigate if it is really followed or if it is just a document. We use Social Responsibility Theory to explain why media images should represent the actual society and Media Logic to explain the result of our study. We think it is important that media represent the same population as the region which it covers. We used a quantitative method to explore the diversity in the news-broadcasts for two weeks (288 broadcasts) listening for people with a foreign background and qualitative interviews to find the opinions of the news directors in Kalmar and Malmö. To study the diversity in the editorial staff we used e-mail and telephone contact with the management on each of the 25 stations nationwide. We define foreign background as someone who the audience might assume as coming from a different country based on accent, pronunciation or name. Our results show that nine percent of the editorial news staff on Swedish Public Service Channel P4 has a foreign background by our definition. 53 percent of them are women and 47 percent are men. 60 percent of these journalists are between 26 and 45 years of age. In Kalmar, 8,4 percent of the people who were heard in the news had a foreign background. This is a little higher than the percentage of the population who was born in another country in the region that these news are supposed to cover. In Malmö, 11,1 percent of the people who were heard in the news had a foreign background. This is lower than the percentage in this station’s region. Both news directors agree that the representation of people with foreign background could be better in their news. Our conclusions are that the percentage of people with foreign background in the local area that the news is supposed to cover seems to matter very little when it comes to their representation in the news-broadcasts. We discuss different possible reasons for this in the paper.

In this phenomenographical study I compare how preschool teachers interpret, work with and experience the task of giving parents involvement and influence in the preschool activities. Eight preschool teachers have participated in the study by either taking part in interviews or answering questionnaires. The preschool teachers either work in preschools with a high proportion of children with foreign backgrounds or at preschools with a low proportion of children with foreign backgrounds. The result has shown that the assignment is interpreted in several ways: it is an important but at the same time complex and difficult task to define. The preschool teachers both have similar and different strategies and methods for working with parents' involvement and influence. Furthermore the result has shown that preschool teachers at preschools with a high percentage of children with a foreign background often experience barriers in getting the parents' involved and the result also indicates that these preschools work more intensively to get these parents involved. In preschools with a low proportion of children with a foreign background it seems to work well for the most part and the barriers in parental involvement are few.

Sweden is considered one of the EU countries with the highest proportion of individuals witha foreign background. Sweden is therefore a highly culturally heterogenous country withdifferent ethnicities and religions. Certain terms, such as “immigrants”, are for this reason,often vague and negatively charged identities for individuals. The aim of this study was toexamine how social workers with a foreign background experience being treated by clientswith different backgrounds. The aim has been broken down into three questions: Does thetreatment differ from the client depending on his/her background? Does the social workerfeel that the treatment changes depending on his/her background? In what way do socialworkers believe that their way of looking at themselves is influenced by the client'streatment? A qualitative method, with semi-structured interviews with eight participants,was used. Data was analyzed using a thematic analysis and the selected themes werebackground, power, age and to tolerate and understand. Data were discussed from anintersectional perspective and with the help of previous research. The results show thatethnicity in many of the cases did not have a negative impact on how social workers weretreated. Something that affected the treatment to a greater extent was the social workers’ age,experience and positions of power. / Sverige anses idag vara ett av de EU-länder med den högsta andelen individer med utländskbakgrund. Sverige är därför ett mycket kulturellt, etniskt, religiöst och socialt heterogentland. Vissa begrepp, som exempelvis ”invandrare”, är därför ofta vaga och negativt laddadeidentiteter för många individer. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur socionomermed utländsk bakgrund upplever sig bli bemötta av klienter med olika etniska bakgrunder.Syftet har även brutits ner i tre frågeställningar: Skiljer sig bemötandet från klientenberoende på klientens bakgrund? Upplever socionomen att bemötandet förändras beroendepå dennes bakgrund? På vilket sätt menar socionomer att deras sätt att se på sig självapåverkas av klientens bemötande? En kvalitativ metod tillämpades och semistruktureradeintervjuer genomfördes med åtta deltagare. Data analyserades med hjälp av en tematiskanalys och de teman som valdes ut var bakgrund, makt, ålder samt att tolerera och förstå.Data diskuterades utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv samt med stöd av tidigare forskning.Resultaten visar att respondenterna bedömer att etnicitet i många av fallen inte påverkadebemötandet negativt. Något som påverkade bemötandet i högre grad var socionomens ålder,erfarenhet samt maktpositioner.

Previous research has shown that in the last 20 years, there has been discrimination againstindividuals with a foreign background in the Swedish labor market. Statistics illustrate thatpeople with a foreign background have weaker representation than Swedish-born inmanagerial positions. The purpose has been to describe how store managers with a foreignbackground experience their working conditions and professional role in Sweden, to presentstore managers 'perceptions of discrimination in retail and to highlight positive leadershipstories where store managers' foreign backgrounds have been an advantage. Throughsemi-structured interviews, the study sheds light on store managers' experiences of theexistence of discrimination and what it is like to be a manager with a foreign background inSweden. An image emerges that a foreign background often becomes a strength in themanagers' work, where their unique habitus enriches their leadership. At the same time, theSwedish labor market is mediated as formally equal but informally unequal. The storemanagers confirm the previous research in many respects; that discrimination occurs, often inthe recruitment process, due to name selection, that individuals have a linguistic break orthrough informal favoritism that occurs when individuals with a foreign background are notgiven access to network. A perspective of discrimination that has not been discussed inprevious discrimination research has been conveyed; that customers act discriminatorytowards store managers. The results of the study indicate that unequal informal structures insociety and in organizations are expressed when low social and cultural capital throughnetworks and language risks becoming a gatekeeper that hinders career development. Thisstudy has shown that despite laws and regulations on discrimination that have been added inthe last 15 years, inequality is still reproduced in organizations which can be understood asinequality regimes. / Tidigare forskning har visat att det under de senaste 20 åren skett diskriminering av individermed utländsk bakgrund på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Statistik visar att individer medutländsk bakgrund har svagare representation än svenskfödda i chefspositioner. Syftet harvarit att beskriva hur butikschefer med utländsk bakgrund upplever sina arbetsförhållandenoch sin yrkesroll i Sverige, att framställa butikschefers uppfattning om diskriminering inomdetaljhandeln samt att belysa positiva ledarskapsberättelser där butikschefers utländskabakgrund utgjort en fördel. Med semistrukturerade intervjuer belyser studien butikschefernasupplevelser om förekomsten av diskriminering och hur det är att vara chef med utländskbakgrund i Sverige. Genom informanterna framkommer en bild av att utländsk bakgrundmånga gånger blir en styrka i chefernas ledarskap. Samtidigt beskrivs den svenskaarbetsmarknaden som formellt jämlik men informellt ojämlik. Butikscheferna bekräftar imånga avseenden den tidigare forskningen; att diskriminering sker, ofta irekryteringsprocessen, på grund av namnselektion, att individer har en språklig brytning ellergenom informellt favoriserande som sker när individer med utländsk bakgrund inte fårmöjlighet till nätverkande. En bild av diskriminering som inte diskuterats i den tidigareforskningen har förmedlats; att kunder agerar diskriminerande gentemot butikscheferna.Studiens resultat indikerar att ojämlika informella strukturer i samhället och i organisationerkommer till uttryck då lågt socialt och kulturellt kapital genom nätverk och språk riskerar attbli en portvakt som hindrar karriärutvecklingen. Denna studie visar att trots lagar ochreglering om diskriminering som tillkommit de senaste 15 åren, reproduceras fortfarandeojämlikhet i organisationer vilka kan förstås som ojämlikhetsregimer.