<p>Integration av elever inför nationalprov i matematik i niondeklass är centrala teman för mitt examensarbete. Fokus lägger jag på eleverna som betraktas som svaga i ämnet och därmed undervisas med hjälp av en speciell lärobok eller i små grupper, förutom att de går i en vanlig klass. Eftersom elever med utländsk bakgrund brukar överrepresentera gruppen som betraktas som svagast i ämnet, tar jag dessutom upp problematiken över skolans svårigheter/möjligheter att skapa en undervisningsform och undervisningsmiljö i sin uppgift att åstadkomma en skola för alla.</p><p>Syftet med undersökningen är att skaffa mig en verklig vision om vilken syn/filosofi som skolan/lärare har i arbetet att integrera alla elever i undervisningen och ge en skola för alla dvs. en likvärdig utbildning för alla. Till största delen har jag använt mig av den social konstruktivistiska tänkande teoretiska perspektiv, för att genom att undersöka talet hos skolpersonal om meningar ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter” komma fram till svaren. De slutsatser jag har kunnat dra av undersökningen är, att skolor har en dålig uppfattning om skolsvårigheterna när de bara relaterar svårigheter (i det här fallet ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter”) till den absoluta synen av skolsvårigheter (dvs. eleverna egenskaper). Detta dålig uppfattning/ofullständiga synsätt på skolsvårigheter gör att elever i svårigheter med matematik (speciellt eleverna med utländsk bakgrund) inte integreras i undervisningen.</p><p>Eleverna som särplaceras i mindre grupper pga. handikapp- problem eller socialproblem, ingår ej i min studie.</p> / <p>Integration of students before national tests in mathematics in class 9 is the central issue for my work. I focus on the students who are considered to be weak in the subject and therefore are being given education with help of a special book or in small groups beside their normal attendance in a normal class. As students with foreign background usually dominate this group of students, I also bring up the problems for the school to create an education form and education environment in its task to obtain a school for all.</p><p>The aim with the investigation is to obtain a real vision of what view/philosophy that school and teachers have in the work to integrate all students in the education and give them an equal education. Most of the part I have utilized the social constructive theory in order to investigate the opinions of school personnel regarding general “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”. My conclusions are that the school has a bad comprehension about the school difficulties as they only relate difficulties (in this case “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”) to the absolute view of school difficulties (i.e. the characteristics of students). This bad comprehension/uncompleted vision of school difficulties result in that the students with difficulties in mathematics (especially the students with foreign background) are not being integrated into the education.</p><p>Students who are moved into small groups due to disablement problems or due to social problems are not being part of my study.</p>

A avaliação psicológica da criança destaca a importância do estudo da dinâmica familiar que, embora imprescindível, não encerra em si o universo das relações com as quais a criança se vincula. Estudos sobre a avaliação psicológica, especialmente a partir do modelo compreensivo, apontam à necessidade de se considerar a integração de aspectos intrapsíquicos, familiares e sociais. A análise dos aspectos sócio-ambientais, apesar de relevantes diante da queixa escolar, mostra-se pouco sistematizada. O presente estudo teve como objetivos identificar e comparar os processos psicodiagnóstico de crianças com idades entre 7 e 10 anos, com queixa escolar em dois momentos históricos distintos, 1983 e 2001 e descrever e propor estratégias complementares à prática diagnóstica, como a Visita Domiciliar e a Visita Escolar. Para a comparação histórica foram analisados 164 prontuários de clientes atendidos em uma Clínica-Escola, em termos de freqüência absoluta (fa) e freqüência relativa (fr). Destes, 116 (70,73%) foram de casos atendidos em 1983 e 48 (29,23%) referiam-se a 2001. O procedimento utilizado na segunda etapa contou com a análise qualitativa de seis estudos de caso envolvendo a queixa escolar, nos quais foram descritas as Visitas Domiciliar e Escolar. Os resultados da análise documental indicaram que, apesar do crescente desenvolvimento das técnicas e procedimentos para o diagnóstico psicológico, poucas mudanças ocorreram num período de 18 anos, no que se refere à seqüência do processo, aos instrumentos utilizados e ao número de sessões, num período de 18 anos. Observou-se o predomínio da avaliação focalizada na criança e em suas dificuldades. Estes dados subsidiaram a proposição de estratégias complementares, como a visita familiar e a escolar, que sustentadas pelo raciocínio clínico, atingiram a dimensão do social. Assim, a totalidade dos casos apresentados ilustrou como o uso das visitas poderia contribuir fornecendo dados para uma leitura diagnóstica mais contextualizada, e conseqüentemente para o embasamento da entrevista devolutiva, adequando-a a realidade da criança, da família e da escola. A utilização desses procedimentos, não substituiu, nem prevaleceu sobre outros recursos, tampouco se constituiu num procedimento padrão, cabível a qualquer tipo de queixa. Mas, em conjunto com as demais técnicas, possibilitou ampliar a compreensão diagnóstica por meio da observação direta dos espaços de significação da criança com queixa escolar. / The psychological evaluation of the child stresses the importance of studying the familiar dynamics as an indispensable procedure, though it does not confine in itself the whole universe of relationships linked to the child. Studies on psychological evaluation, particularly the ones based on a comprehensive model, point to the need of considering the integration of psychological, familiar and social aspects. However, the analysis of social and environmental aspects regarding child’s difficulties in school is scarcely systematized, in spite of its importance. This study examined cases of psychodiagnosis of children with school difficulties aged between 7 and 10, in two different periods of time, in 1983 and in 2001. It aimed to describe and propose strategies complementing diagnostic procedures, as the Home Visit and the School Visit. In order to proceed to a historical comparison, the study analyzed 164 files of a School-Clinic, in terms of absolute and relative frequencies, of which 116 ((70,73%) were from 1983, and 48 (29,23%) from 2001. Following, the study did qualitative analysis of six cases of child’s difficulties in school, in which the Home Visits and School Visit proceedings are described. The results of the files analyses showed that, in spite of the growing development of techniques and other resources for the psychological diagnosis, few changes have occurred in a period of 18 years, concerning proceedings, tools and numbers of sessions. It was noticed the preponderance of an evaluation focused on the children and their difficulties only. The data substantiated the proposal of additional strategies as the Home Visit and the School Visit, thus reaching a social dimension enriched by the clinical reasoning. The totality of the cases presented showed how the visits could contribute with valuable information for a more contextualized diagnostic reading, and also for a more sustained return interview, making it more suitable to the reality of the child, the family and the school. The adoption of these proceedings did not replace, nor did it prevail over other resources. Also, these proceedings do not constitute a standard tool to be used in any kind of school complaint. But, together with the other proceedings, they helped to broaden the diagnostic understanding by allowing the direct observation of the spaces of significance for the child with school difficulties.

Integration av elever inför nationalprov i matematik i niondeklass är centrala teman för mitt examensarbete. Fokus lägger jag på eleverna som betraktas som svaga i ämnet och därmed undervisas med hjälp av en speciell lärobok eller i små grupper, förutom att de går i en vanlig klass. Eftersom elever med utländsk bakgrund brukar överrepresentera gruppen som betraktas som svagast i ämnet, tar jag dessutom upp problematiken över skolans svårigheter/möjligheter att skapa en undervisningsform och undervisningsmiljö i sin uppgift att åstadkomma en skola för alla. Syftet med undersökningen är att skaffa mig en verklig vision om vilken syn/filosofi som skolan/lärare har i arbetet att integrera alla elever i undervisningen och ge en skola för alla dvs. en likvärdig utbildning för alla. Till största delen har jag använt mig av den social konstruktivistiska tänkande teoretiska perspektiv, för att genom att undersöka talet hos skolpersonal om meningar ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter” komma fram till svaren. De slutsatser jag har kunnat dra av undersökningen är, att skolor har en dålig uppfattning om skolsvårigheterna när de bara relaterar svårigheter (i det här fallet ”Språksvårigheter”, ”Språksvårigheter i matematik” och ”Matematiksvårigheter”) till den absoluta synen av skolsvårigheter (dvs. eleverna egenskaper). Detta dålig uppfattning/ofullständiga synsätt på skolsvårigheter gör att elever i svårigheter med matematik (speciellt eleverna med utländsk bakgrund) inte integreras i undervisningen. Eleverna som särplaceras i mindre grupper pga. handikapp- problem eller socialproblem, ingår ej i min studie. / Integration of students before national tests in mathematics in class 9 is the central issue for my work. I focus on the students who are considered to be weak in the subject and therefore are being given education with help of a special book or in small groups beside their normal attendance in a normal class. As students with foreign background usually dominate this group of students, I also bring up the problems for the school to create an education form and education environment in its task to obtain a school for all. The aim with the investigation is to obtain a real vision of what view/philosophy that school and teachers have in the work to integrate all students in the education and give them an equal education. Most of the part I have utilized the social constructive theory in order to investigate the opinions of school personnel regarding general “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”. My conclusions are that the school has a bad comprehension about the school difficulties as they only relate difficulties (in this case “Language difficulties”, “Language difficulties in mathematics” and “Mathematics difficulties”) to the absolute view of school difficulties (i.e. the characteristics of students). This bad comprehension/uncompleted vision of school difficulties result in that the students with difficulties in mathematics (especially the students with foreign background) are not being integrated into the education. Students who are moved into small groups due to disablement problems or due to social problems are not being part of my study.

A avaliação psicológica da criança destaca a importância do estudo da dinâmica familiar que, embora imprescindível, não encerra em si o universo das relações com as quais a criança se vincula. Estudos sobre a avaliação psicológica, especialmente a partir do modelo compreensivo, apontam à necessidade de se considerar a integração de aspectos intrapsíquicos, familiares e sociais. A análise dos aspectos sócio-ambientais, apesar de relevantes diante da queixa escolar, mostra-se pouco sistematizada. O presente estudo teve como objetivos identificar e comparar os processos psicodiagnóstico de crianças com idades entre 7 e 10 anos, com queixa escolar em dois momentos históricos distintos, 1983 e 2001 e descrever e propor estratégias complementares à prática diagnóstica, como a Visita Domiciliar e a Visita Escolar. Para a comparação histórica foram analisados 164 prontuários de clientes atendidos em uma Clínica-Escola, em termos de freqüência absoluta (fa) e freqüência relativa (fr). Destes, 116 (70,73%) foram de casos atendidos em 1983 e 48 (29,23%) referiam-se a 2001. O procedimento utilizado na segunda etapa contou com a análise qualitativa de seis estudos de caso envolvendo a queixa escolar, nos quais foram descritas as Visitas Domiciliar e Escolar. Os resultados da análise documental indicaram que, apesar do crescente desenvolvimento das técnicas e procedimentos para o diagnóstico psicológico, poucas mudanças ocorreram num período de 18 anos, no que se refere à seqüência do processo, aos instrumentos utilizados e ao número de sessões, num período de 18 anos. Observou-se o predomínio da avaliação focalizada na criança e em suas dificuldades. Estes dados subsidiaram a proposição de estratégias complementares, como a visita familiar e a escolar, que sustentadas pelo raciocínio clínico, atingiram a dimensão do social. Assim, a totalidade dos casos apresentados ilustrou como o uso das visitas poderia contribuir fornecendo dados para uma leitura diagnóstica mais contextualizada, e conseqüentemente para o embasamento da entrevista devolutiva, adequando-a a realidade da criança, da família e da escola. A utilização desses procedimentos, não substituiu, nem prevaleceu sobre outros recursos, tampouco se constituiu num procedimento padrão, cabível a qualquer tipo de queixa. Mas, em conjunto com as demais técnicas, possibilitou ampliar a compreensão diagnóstica por meio da observação direta dos espaços de significação da criança com queixa escolar. / The psychological evaluation of the child stresses the importance of studying the familiar dynamics as an indispensable procedure, though it does not confine in itself the whole universe of relationships linked to the child. Studies on psychological evaluation, particularly the ones based on a comprehensive model, point to the need of considering the integration of psychological, familiar and social aspects. However, the analysis of social and environmental aspects regarding child’s difficulties in school is scarcely systematized, in spite of its importance. This study examined cases of psychodiagnosis of children with school difficulties aged between 7 and 10, in two different periods of time, in 1983 and in 2001. It aimed to describe and propose strategies complementing diagnostic procedures, as the Home Visit and the School Visit. In order to proceed to a historical comparison, the study analyzed 164 files of a School-Clinic, in terms of absolute and relative frequencies, of which 116 ((70,73%) were from 1983, and 48 (29,23%) from 2001. Following, the study did qualitative analysis of six cases of child’s difficulties in school, in which the Home Visits and School Visit proceedings are described. The results of the files analyses showed that, in spite of the growing development of techniques and other resources for the psychological diagnosis, few changes have occurred in a period of 18 years, concerning proceedings, tools and numbers of sessions. It was noticed the preponderance of an evaluation focused on the children and their difficulties only. The data substantiated the proposal of additional strategies as the Home Visit and the School Visit, thus reaching a social dimension enriched by the clinical reasoning. The totality of the cases presented showed how the visits could contribute with valuable information for a more contextualized diagnostic reading, and also for a more sustained return interview, making it more suitable to the reality of the child, the family and the school. The adoption of these proceedings did not replace, nor did it prevail over other resources. Also, these proceedings do not constitute a standard tool to be used in any kind of school complaint. But, together with the other proceedings, they helped to broaden the diagnostic understanding by allowing the direct observation of the spaces of significance for the child with school difficulties.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to find out and present primary school teachers' attitude to the possibilities of the implementation of an individualized approach in terms of the prevention of school difficulties. The method that was chosen in order to achieve this aim was a structured interview carried out with primary school teachers. The collected data were processed with the use of the grounded theory method and assessed in discussion. The results of this thesis offer a great amount of information and topics about the means and conditions of realization of individualized education in the first grade with the aim of the highest development of a pupil who is potentially at the risk of future school difficulties or who already has them. These findings may help not only for broadening of primary school teachers' awareness about the possibilities of an individualized approach but also for another research into this issue. Key words: early childhood, individualization, teacher, school difficulties, family cooperation

Drawing upon data from a qualitative interview study on the life stories of young women, the aim of this study is to analyze young womens experiences of difficult life events. Special interest is directed to how cultural frameworks are reflected in young women’s stories about themselves and the family and school worlds they have lived in. During a period of almost four years, I conducted deep interviews with ten young women on two to four occasions. They were between the ages of sixteen and twenty at the time of the first interview and of different classes and local origins. The young women were recruited to the study through leaders of a youth detention home and of a girl group activity. Methodologically, the thesis is based in the general field of narrative research and more specifically in the field of feminist life story research. I employed a holistic and thematic content analysis inspired by hermeneutic interpretation and the mainly focus has been on what was told in the stories. The thesis is written in a context of feminist epistemology and from a critical perspective (cf. Harding, 1986, 2004). It includes, among other things, an assumption that there is a social, cultural and historically created imbalance of power between different groups in society (cf. Anderson, 2003). The theoretical concepts that form the basis of this part of the theoretical framework are social worlds (cf. Shibutani, 1955), exclusion (cf. Goffman, 1963; Young, 1990, 2000), belonging (cf. Molin, 2010; Spånberger Weitz, 2011), agency (cf. McNay, 2003, 2004), space of agency (cf. Eduards, 2002) and social positions (cf. Anderson, 2003). The young women´s stories about family gathered around experiences of parents’ separation, family violence, parental substance abuse and the separation from parents. Their stories of school life gathered mainly around experiences of being different and othered, and these experiences of otherness and alienation were closely linked to bullying, school difficulties and to a general unhappiness at school (cf. Andersson, 1995). In contemplation of life as a series of life events, the young womens stories highlight the importance of difficult life events and the impact they have had on their ability to live their lives. The results portray the importance of considering life as a series of moving events, instant and recurring, and of understanding the consequences of social structures on how life and its conditions change and are linked across borders, between different worlds and different times. In a consideration of the life events as variable, instantaneous and sometimes recurring and changing, every life event has to be viewed as new and important to pay attention to, both as an event in itself and also how this event spreads to other moments and contexts than the time and world in which it occurred. In the assumption of life as moving and of life events as essential elements in a changeable life course, available positions and spaces of agency are made visible in the young womens stories. The cultural frameworks of the good family, the real schoolgirl and an authentic I represent structuring principles for how the events are possible to understand and talk about for the young women. They can be considered as ideal images that both increase and limit their opportunities to make difficult life events and their own actions in relation to the events understandable. In this thesis, it becomes visible that, in order to understand young women’s experiences of difficult life events, we need to place experiences in a context where the different circumstances, such as social positions and local structures, are made visible, analyzed and reflected upon.