The Two-eyed Seeing Garden is an ethnobotanical garden that is a living description of the interrelationships between land, plants and people that explicates two ways of seeing. The goal of the Two-eyed Seeing Garden is to combine two frameworks, one of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and one of Western Scientific Knowledge, in an attempt to create a bridge between the two knowledges in order for the inter-relationships between the two systems to be made visible. The Two-eyed Seeing Garden emphasizes the worldview of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge as an independent valid knowledge system that describes local knowledge in connection with other local knowledges, nearby and far away. These knowings can be thought of as layers that begin to intersect and eventually connect the same way as ripples do in a pond. Small and central, yet moving out. The physical garden is this too. It is a small place that is nested within a larger region. Although it may have walls and be distinct from it’s immediate surroundings, it can connect to the larger region. The Two-eyed Seeing Garden is an example of wholeness and connectivity from its most minute aspects to its situatedness in the larger context. The relationships make the invisible visible and describe the co-creation and co-existence of all those that inhabit this land now and since time immemorial.

The Two-eyed Seeing Garden is an ethnobotanical garden that is a living description of the interrelationships between land, plants and people that explicates two ways of seeing. The goal of the Two-eyed Seeing Garden is to combine two frameworks, one of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and one of Western Scientific Knowledge, in an attempt to create a bridge between the two knowledges in order for the inter-relationships between the two systems to be made visible. The Two-eyed Seeing Garden emphasizes the worldview of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge as an independent valid knowledge system that describes local knowledge in connection with other local knowledges, nearby and far away. These knowings can be thought of as layers that begin to intersect and eventually connect the same way as ripples do in a pond. Small and central, yet moving out. The physical garden is this too. It is a small place that is nested within a larger region. Although it may have walls and be distinct from it’s immediate surroundings, it can connect to the larger region. The Two-eyed Seeing Garden is an example of wholeness and connectivity from its most minute aspects to its situatedness in the larger context. The relationships make the invisible visible and describe the co-creation and co-existence of all those that inhabit this land now and since time immemorial.

Malaria still remains one of the world’s biggest killers with more than two million people dying from the disease each year. Present drugs have become ineffective because parasites are developing resistance to most of them. Efforts are now being directed in obtaining drugs with different structural features. Plants have provided most of the antimalarial drugs so far and efforts now concentrate on screening plants for new antimalarial drugs. South Africa with its rich floral resources and ethnobotanical history is an ideal place to screen plants for antimalarial activity. The antimalarial activity of 20 extracts from 14 ethnobotanically selected South African plants was screened for antimalarial activity in vitro. Results obtained showed that most of the plants had strong antimalarial activity. IC50 values obtained with the flow cytometric method were between 0.9 and 2 µg/ml for 9 of the 10 selected extracts. This represents a very high number of extracts with very good antimalarial activity. Cytotoxicity of the most active extracts were determined against monkey kidney cells as well as a luminescent bacteria method. Results obtained had a ID50 between 35 and 100 µg/ml with the monkey kidney cell test and between 100 and 2000 µg/ml with the bacteria test. Therapeutic values ranged between 35 and 100. Extracts therefore have a poor selectivity towards Plasmodium. The dichloromethane extract from Ozoroa engleri was further purified with silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex column chromatography and HPLC. Results obtained showed at least five or six compounds responsible for the antimalarial activity of the extract, all with moderate antimalarial activity and no further efforts were undertaken to identify them. The acetone extract of Croton pseudopulchellus was then selected for isolation of active principles and was purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex column chromatography and PTLC. Kaurenoic acid was isolated as one of the active principles and identified by NMR and GC-MS. Kaurenoic acid was found to have an antimalarial IC50 of 38 µg/ml, while its cytotoxicity ID50 was 35 µg/ml. Kaurenoic acid was responsible for only some of the activity found in the purified fraction and other compound(s) in the extract might have much better antimalarial activity. / Dissertation (MSc (Plant Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Plants have been used as medicine since antiquity. Passed on by word of mouth through the generations, this oral tradition is at risk of becoming extinct due to westernization and lack of documentation. The community in the Dwarsrivier valley is one such community who continues to use these medicinal plant remedies on a daily basis. However, these remedies are at risk of becoming extinct due to a lack of interest from the younger generation. The objectives of the study were to identify the plants used for medicinal purposes, provide an inventory and select several plants for elemental analysis and phytochemical screening. Individuals were selected based on their ethnobotanical knowledge and agreed to participate in the study. Over 40 individuals were interviewed from the four communities; Pniel, Lanquedoc, Meerlust and Kylemore. Of the 40 participants interviewed, 25 participants agreed to complete questionnaires. The survey yielded 53 plant species belonging to 31 families of which only 24 are indigenous. Although more exotic plants are used compared to indigenous, the indigenous plants were the more popular choice for medicinal use. Most plants belonged to the Lamiaceae family followed by Asteraceae, Alliaceae, Apiaceae and Rosaceae. The most popular plants in terms of ranking are Agathosma crenulata followed by Artemisia afra and Helichrysum petiolare. This is the first report of Protea cynaroides, Cissus rhombifolia, Canna spp. and Dilatris viscosa used for medicinal purposes.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silene Lima Dourado Ximenes Santos.pdf: 1538492 bytes, checksum: 8626ebfe620fe3f21c2f43463804bbf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-22 / The knowledge concerning the therapeutic properties of animals and plants has been developed by human communities since the times remote and last of generations in generations. As the traditional medicine is intimately related to the natural resources, specifically to the biodiversity, it is more evident that the traditional knowledge associated to the use of the biological resources becomes important for its conservation and durable use. It is still more important in areas as the semi-arid Northeasterner, where the biome Caatinga prevails, which is little studied, above all of the point of ethnobiologic view. It was aimed at to accomplish a rising of the animal species and vegetable employees as medicinal in a rural community of the Queimadas Municipal district, semi-arid of the state of Paraíba, Northeast of Brazil, knowing the several related aspects the those practices. Free interviews were accomplished and applied semi-structured forms to the users of medicinal plants and animals. The value of use of each species and the factor of consent of the informers were calculated. A total of 53 medicinal animals (43 vertebrates and 10 spineless), distributed in 42 families, were mentioned for the treatment of 68 diseases. The animal species more mentioned were Gallus gallus - domestic chicken, and Tupinambis merianae - lizard. A total of 143 plants were mentioned, distributed in 64 families, which are used for the treatment of 88 diseases. The species more mentioned were Anacardium occidentale - purple chestnut and Mentha x villosa-nervata - mint-small. The Breathing Apparel was the isolated organic system with larger number of citations of animals and plants together. Some species of animals and plants threatened of extinction are being used by the community. Studies in pharmacology subsequent will be important for identification of bioactives compositions and therapeutic proofs of the used biological resources. Any conservation strategy should have direct connection with improvement of public health, particular ly for rural communities that have limited access to services of health efficient. / O conhecimento acerca das propriedades terapêuticas de animais e plantas vem sendo desenvolvido por comunidades humanas desde os tempos remotos e passado de gerações em gerações. Como a medicina tradicional está intimamente relacionada aos recursos naturais, especificamente à biodiversidade, é cada vez mais evidente que o saber tradicional associado ao uso dos recursos biológicos torna-se importante para sua conservação e uso duradouro. Torna-se ainda mais importante em áreas como o semiárido nordestino, onde predomina o bioma Caatinga, o qual é pouco estudado, sobretudo do ponto de vista etnobiológico. Objetivou-se, neste estudo realizar um levantamento das espécies animais e vegetais empregados como medicinais em uma comunidade rural do Município de Queimadas, no agreste semi-árido do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, conhecendo os vários aspectos relacionados a essas práticas. Foram realizadas entrevistas livres e aplicados formulários semi-estruturados a usuários de plantas e animais medicinais. Foram calculados o valor de uso de cada espécie e o fator de consenso dos informantes. Um total de 53 animais medicinais (43 vertebrados e 10 invertebrados), distribuídos em 42 famílias, foram citados para o tratamento de 68 doenças. As espécies animais mais citadas foram Gallus gallus - galinha doméstica, e Tupinambis merianae - lagarto. Um total de 143 plantas medicinais foram citadas, distribuídas em 64 famílias, as quais são utilizadas para o tratamento de 88 doenças. As espécies mais citadas foram Anacardium occidentale - cajú-rôxo e Mentha x villosanervata - hortelã-miúda. Doencas do Aparelho Respiratório foi o sistema orgânico isolado com maior número de citações de animais e plantas juntos. Algumas espécies de animais e plantas ameaçadas de extinção estão sendo utilizadas pela comunidade. Estudos farmacológicos posteriores serão importantes para identificação de compostos bioativos e comprovações terapêuticas dos recursos biológicos utilizados. Qualquer estratégia de conservação deve ter conexão direta com melhoria de saúde pública, particularmente para comunidades rurais que têm acesso limitado a serviços de saúde eficientes.

Thesis (M. A. (Anthropology)) --University of Limpopo, 2016. / The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata), with more than 300 cultural and ethnobotanical uses in Africa has been identified as one of the most important savanna trees to be conserved, domesticated and valorised on the continent. A decline in baobab populations due to overexploitation could have a significant negative effect on African livelihoods. Therefore, it is important to determine potential strategies for the conservation of this tree species. The study aimed to explore the cultural significance and ethnobotanical use, as well as conservation of baobab trees by the Sagole community in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Furthermore, the conservation efforts of this community and the provincial government were also elucidated. In the Sagole community 40 local community members, aged 20 years and older, were selected via convenience sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to collect information on the cultural significance of baobab trees to members of this community. Research questions focussed specifically on identifying folk taxonomy, the transfer of species-specific information to younger generations, and cultural taboos pertaining to the baobab. It has been discovered that young people of Sagole are not well versed in the cultural value pertaining to baobabs. Furthermore, members of the community and the village head (chief) have limited knowledge related to taboos associated with this species. Thus, when individuals transgressed a taboo related to this tree species there is no formal punishment. Sagole community members use baobab trees for various purposes such as food and medicine. The species is used medically to cure various ailments. Most inhabitants in the community harvest this tree. The most common plant parts harvested for cultural use are the fruits, bark, roots and leaves. However, community members have limited knowledge about the taboos related to harvesting of this majestic tree.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Geography, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-112).

Background. As a result of the AIDS pandemic, many people areimmuno compromised andopportunistic fungal infections (OFIs) such as candidiasis are common. Despite the widespread use of medicinal plants in South Africa, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the use of such plants in the management of these infections. This study evaluates three South African medicinal plants (Arctotis arctotoides, Pittosporum viridiflorum, and Gasteria bicolor) traditionally used in the treatment of OFIs in HIV/AIDS patients, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Materials and methods. A six-stage process of documentation, evaluation and analysis of results was conducted: (1) Selection of medicinal plants most frequently used in the treatment of OFIs through ethnomedical studies and the survey of specialised literature; (2) Collection and preparation of the extract of each plant; (3) Antifungal evaluation of the crude plant extracts. (4) Phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation of the active crude plant extracts; (5) Cytotoxicity evaluation of the bioactive extracts using the Chang liver cell line, and (6) Statistical analysis of the results. Ethnobotanical information was obtained through interviews with traditional healers and AIDS patients with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires, direct observations and by reviewing studies reported in the literature. Following the approval from the University of Fort Hare‘s Ethics Committee, 101 HIV/AIDS patients were recruited through convenience sampling into an anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire study. The agar diffusion and micro-dilution methods were used to determine the antifungal activities of the hexane, acetone and aqueous extracts of A. arctotoides, G. bicolor and P. viridiflorum against 10 opportunistic fungi.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2288.pdf: 709049 bytes, checksum: 694c734061c4ecba37345118443eaac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-17 / The rural area of the municipality of Pedreira presents its fragmented landscape caused by agricultural expansion occurred in the region at the time of deploying cafezais and then pastures. Thus a proposal for agroforestry systems with potential beekeeping presents itself as a highly recommended strategy in the recovery of degraded areas coupled with the increase of income through beekeeping addition to environmental services generated by the activity. The general objectve of this study was to draw up designs for groforestry purposes with bee and analyze the specific objective ethnobotanical knowledge of farmers and beekeepers on local conditions, as a starting point for implementation and execution of plans for recovery of degraded areas, with focus in Areas of Protection Permanent and Legal Reserve. The proposal agroforestry systems with potential beekeeping are likely to be implemented considering the multifunctional to serve, from the legal aspects, ecological, economic and social. / A zona rural do município de Pedreira apresenta sua paisagem fragmentada causada pela expansão agrícola ocorrida na região na época da implantação de cafezais e posteriormente pastagens. Assim sendo uma proposta de sistemas agroflorestais com potencial apícola apresenta-se como uma estratégia altamente recomendável na recuperação de áreas degradadas aliada ao aumento de renda através da apicultura além dos serviços ambientais gerados pela atividade. O objetivo geral desse trabalho foi a elaboração de desenhos de sistemas agroflorestais com finalidades apícolas e o objetivo específico analisar o conhecimento etnobotânico dos agricultores e apicultores sobre as condições locais, como ponto de partida para implementação e execução de planos de recuperação de áreas degradadas, com enfoque à proteção de Áreas de Preservação Permanente e Reserva Legal. A proposta sistemas agroflorestais com potencial apícola são passíveis de serem executadas considerando a multifuncionalidade a que servem, desde os aspectos legais, ecológicos, econômicos e sociais.